1. GarmÖkfa (Preface)
esovePAenHsresreLIgkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Idas;sμartI kUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkay RbCaBlrdæExμr
TaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm TaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs RBmTaMgRbCaCatiTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn; Edl
rgeRKaHedaysarkareKobsgát;CiHCan;BIyYnkumμúynisþ eGayPJak;rlwkemIleXIjBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTs Cati
CaBiesscg;bgðajBI b£sKl;bBaða Edl)annigkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ. kñúgnam
eyIgCakUnExμrmYyrUb EdlkMMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKñaKitKUrBIGayuCIvitRbeTsCati
rbs;eyIg edayminRtUvbeNþayeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiiExμr enArgTukçevTna Føak;cUleTAkñúg
kNþab;édyYnkumμúynisþ dUcRbeTscm,a: nig km<úCaeRkameLIy. eyIgCaExμrRtUvBicarNafa etIeyIgrs;
enAelITwkdIExμr smCaBUCExμrsagGgÁrb¤eT? ebIsinCa eyIgmin)ansagGIVCaRbeyaCn_CUnCati EfmTaMg
eyIgminGackarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarekrþ×mt’krbs;dUntaeyIgEdl)ansagTuksMrab;kulbuRtExμr
eGay)anKg;vgSenaH? eyIgminRtUvbeNþayeGayCnBukrlYy mYykþab;tUc bMpøajCati lYcCatiyk
eTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b¤bMerIplRbeyaCn_neya)ayeGaybreTsbnþeToteLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;Kña
minRtUvbeNþayeGayRbeTsExμr CatiExμrkøayCakm<úCaeRkamTI2 tamneya)ayRtCak;rbs;yYn Edl
manrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn CYybiT)aMgenaHeLIy. esovePAenHlatRtdagbgðajb¤sKl;énbBaðaenA
kñúgRbeTsExμr edIm,IeGayRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs;)aneXIjnUvGIVEdlCnpþac;kar BYkkumμúynisþxitxMlak;
)aMgkb;Tuk mineGayRbCaBlrdæExμryl;dwgBIEpnkarneya)ayd¾exμARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumμúynisþ Edlman
mhicätaelbykTwkdIExμr. edaysarmhicätaneya)ayyYnkumμúynisþenHehIy Edl)aneFIVeGay
RbCaBlrdæExμr ExμreRkam nigRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;rgeRKaH søab;)at;bg;CIvitrab;lannak;knøgmk.
Cak;Esþg bc©úb,nñeyIgeXIjRsab;ehIyfa bBaðaCaeRcInkMBugEtekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr dUcCakar
kab;rukranéRBeQI CIkEr: kayPñM rwbGUsdIFøIRbCaBlrdæ BukrlYy biTsiTi§esrIPaB CnGenþaRbevsn_
yYnxusc,ab; kgT½ByYnTaMgÉksNæan TaMgsIuvilenAkñúgRbeTsExμr Etrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn enH
KμanqnÞ³BitR)akdedaHRsayrkyutþiFm’CUnRbCaBlrdæExμr nigKμankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr eyIg
eLIy. müa:gvijeTot tamry³esovePAenHEdr GñkniBnæcg;bgðajGMBIGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an
RbCaBlrdæcg;eXIjkarpøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaMRbeTsnigemdwknaM BIrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kareRkamyYn
RtYtRta eTACaRbeTsmYyman ÉkraCü snþiPaB siTi§esrIPaB nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑ rkSasiT§i

2. RbCaBlrdæExμrCaCnrgeRKaHBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edaysarEtemdwknaMrbs;xøÜnelaPln;
GMNac KitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnCagplRbeyaCn_Cati suxelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæ CaBiessdUcBYkemdwknaM
kumμúynisþpþac;karbc©úb,nñ h‘un Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum )anlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn.
yYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþenHCameFüa)ay mksabeRBaHelIExμr eGayExμrEbk)ak; eRbobdUcTwkexμAmYy
tMNk;EdlRsk;elITwks¥atl¥brisuT§ eRBaHEtcg;deNþImrwbGUsykplRbeyaCn_BIExμr elbTwkdIExμr .
yYnmanectnarMelIgb£sKl;ExμreGayFøak;exSay enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IbMeBjmhicätaelbTwkdIExμr
ehIyRtYtRtaExμrtaMgBIéf¶7 mkra 1979 mk.
RbeTsExμrCaRbeTstUcmYy Edlsm,ÚredayFnFanFmμCati esIÞrEtRKb;Ebbya:g b:uEnþCa
Gkusl eRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkRtYtRtabc©úb,nñ Edlsuxcitþ»nk,aleRkamyYnRtYtRta eGaymkbMpøaj
FnFanFmμCatiExμr nigrwbGUsykeTARbeTseKKμansl; manCaGaT× dI éRBeQI Er: RtI stVéRB
nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnkumμúynisþ)aneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsExμr edayeRbIsini§sBaØaxusc,ab;
Edl)aneFIVeLIgCamYy h‘un Esn Ca sIum ehg sMrin taMgBIqñaM 1979 1982 1983 1985
sþIBImitþPaB snþiPaB shRbtibtþikar nigcuHhtßelxasin§isBaØabMeBjbEnßméf¶TI 10 Extula qñaM2005.
eyIgeXIjehIy rdæaPi)albc©úb,nñpþl;dIsm,TaneGayRkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM Gs;cMnYn
45 PaKry eRkamBaküfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. karrwbGUsdIEdleFIVeLIgedayRkumh‘unyYnenH
)aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrRkIRkya:gxøaMg eRBaHdIERsdIcMkarenaHehIyCaqñaMg
)ayrbs;BlrdæRkIRk.
eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn CaCnlYcCati lk;Cati dUcr)aykarN_købl
viFENs)anpSBVpSay eyIgeXIjfa BYkenHmin)ankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr min)anbMerIpl-
RbeyaCn_eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTAeT pÞúyeTAvij BYkenHRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy lYcCati lk;Cati
eGayyYn EdlCnCMBUkenH ebItamkarbeRgonrbs;RBHsmμasm<úT§fa mRnþIraCkarEdlGyutþiFm’ BukrlYy
KWCaecarEdl eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæevTna BYkCnRbePTenH GaRkk;CagecarFmμtaeTot BIeRBaHfaBYkenH
lYcTaMgRTBü sm,tþiCati nigRTBüsm,tþiRbCaBlrdæ ehIyeFIVeGayCatimanbBaða minecHcb; RbCaBlrdæ
Cam©as;GMNac mansiTi§eBjelj edIm,IdkmRnþITaMgenaH nigdak;TNÐkmμBYkeK.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒ rkSasiT§i

3. ebIsinCaRbCaBlrdæExμr)andwgehIy B¤ehIy eXIjehIy minrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaenH eGay
cb;eT vasnaExμrnigrgTukçevTnadUcCaExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam tkUn tecA eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; yYnEkøg
ePTCaExμr CaminxaneLIy.
cugbBa©b;enH ´rIkrayTTYlnUvkarriHKn;Eklm¥RKb;Ebby:agBIGs;elakGñkGan nUvral;kMhusqÁg
TaMgLayNa EdlmanenAkñúgesovePAenH.
sUmTMnak;TMng tamGIuEm:l sar_dharmmarainsey@yahoo .com
(2)
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓ rkSasiT§i

4. esckþIepþIm (Introduction)
RbeTsExμr CaRbeTsmYymanTItaMgsißtenAGasIuPaKGaeKñy_ manépÞdIcMnYn 181 035 KILÚ
Em:Rtkaer: RBMRbTl;xaglicCab;RbeTséf xageCIgCab;RbeTséfnigRbeTsLav nigxagekItCab;RbeTs
yYn. RbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYn 14 5 00 000 nak; kñúgenaHmanCnCatiyYncMnYn 4 500 000 nak;
kMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr nigmYycMnYneTotCacarkmμyYnEkøgePTCaExμr kMBugRtYtRtaExμrenAkñúgRksYg
sMxan;²sBVéf¶ manTaMgsIuvil eyaFa nigb:UlIseTotpg. ExμrPaKeRcInCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna
nigExμrcMnYntictYckan;sasna GIusøam nigRKwsþ. RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñenHRtYtRtaedayrbbpþac;kar
h‘un Esn EdlyYnelIkbnþúbeLIgeGayeFIVCaGay:g kan;GMNactaMgBITsvtS 1980. enAqñaM 1999
RbeTsExμr)ankøayCasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs;smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ehAkat;fa ¬Gas‘an¦.
RbeTsExμrFøab;)anyYnRtYtRtamþgmkehIy enAkñúgrC¢kalesþcGgÁmIu cenøaHqñaM 1835-1841
EtRtUvExμrerIbMr:HrYcBIGaNaniKmn_enH edayExμrrYbrYmsamKÁIKña egIbeLIgedjyYnecj kalenaHemT½ByYn
eRTOg mijya:g CaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsExμr. eRkaymkeTot Exμr)anFøak;;kñúgGaNaniKmn_)araMgenAcenøaH
qñaM 1863-1954 cab;BIesþc neratþm rhUtmkdl;esþc neratþm sIhnu. Exμrk¾Føab;enAeRkamkar
RtYtRtarbs;Cb:unmYyry³eBlxøI enAkñúgsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 Edr. eRkayBIExμr)anrYcBIGaNa
niKmn_)araMgmk RbeTsExμr)anFøak;cUlenAkñúgsRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI2 . enAkñúgeBlenaH BiPBelak
sßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalsRgÁamRtCak; rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI ¬shPaB sUevot nig shrdæGaemrik ¦.
cMENkÉRbeTsExμr)angakeTArkb:UlfμImYyeTot Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkit ¬mincUlbkSsm<½n§¦ KWcin.
eBlenaH sRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 2 )ancab;epþImeLIg EdlmanyYnxageCIg ¬yYnkumμúynisþ¦ dwknaMeday
hU CImij KaMRTeday cin )ancab;epþImeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,ÚgdwknaMeday eg:a Dijyim
EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM1958 edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmeyokNamTaMgBIr. eKalbMNg
BitR)akdrbs;yYnkumμúynisþmanmhicäta vatTITwkdIcUlmkkñúgTwkdIExμr edIm,Ikan;kab;NÐÚcinTaMgmUl .
kalenaH sIhnu nig sa Lútsr ¬b:ul Bt¦ CaGñkKaMRT CYyxagkumμúynisþ ¬eyokkug¦ edIm,IRbqaMg
ExμrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. eBlEdleyokkug)anTTYlC½yCMnHelIExμr
saFarNrdæenAelITwkdIExμr enAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYn)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenH nigelIkGMNac
eTAeGay sIhnu nig b:ul Bt EdlbMerIxagkumμúynisþ. 13éf¶eRkayBIeyokkugQñHelIrbb
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔ rkSasiT§i

5. saFarNrdæExμr ln; nl; KW enAéf¶TI 30 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYnkumμúynisþ)anbBa©b;sRgÁamrvag
yYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,ÚgPøam. Rtg;enHbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa sRgÁamEdlyYneFIVeLIg maneKal
bMNgvatTITwkdInigplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatieK edIm,Idak;RbeTsTaMgGs;eGayeTACacMNuH shB½n§NÐÚ
cin. dUecñH éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 Caéf¶C½yCMnHrbs;BYkkumμúynisþNÐÚcin EdlmanyYneFIVCaemekøag.
enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü yYn)anerobcMEpnkarl¥itl¥n;tameKalkarN_shB½n§NÐÚcin mkkkUr
sßankarN_kñúgRbeTsExμrkñúgrbbenH rYmCamYyExμrkumμúynisþTaMgBIrRkum EdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:n
menaKmn_kumμúynisþrYcCaeRsc. ktþaTaMgGs;enHehIy CabuBVehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;eTAkñúgeRKaH
mhnþraymYyya:gF¶n;F¶reTAkñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_. yYnykliTi§kumμúynisþCameFüa)ay eFIVeGay
Exμr TaMgExμreRkam nigExμrbc©úb,nñ søab;rgÁalGs;rab;lannak; kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1975-1979. enAcenøaH
eBlenaHRbeTsExμrdwknaMeday neratþm sI hnu nig saLút s ehAfa b:ul Bt. kñúgsRgÁamCamYy
ExμrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; eyokkug)anesøokBak; nigBak;rUbqayl½kçsemþc« edIm,IykQñHxag
citþsaRsþ bMP½nþRbCaBlrdæExμreGayKaMRT edayEkøgeFIVCakgT½BsIhnu. eRkayBIQñHExμrsaFarN³rdæ
yYn)anbþÚrexaGavBIeyokkug eTAesøokBak;exaGavexμAbMP½nþCaExμrRkhmvij rYmCamYyRkumExμrRkhm
EdlbNþúHbNþalBIhaNUy)ansmøab;bBaØvnþExμr GñkR)aCJExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμr eFIVeGayRbeTs
vikvrenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt. eRkaymk yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI bBa¢ÚnkmøaMgT½B cUlmkQøanBanExμr
kan;kab; TwkdIExμrenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979. CemøaHrvag yYn nig cin )aneFIVeGayyYnedaHédBIcin
ehIy)angakeTATMnak;TMngCamYysUevot cMENkÉneya)ayExμrvij yYn)anbþÚrExμrkumμúynisþcas;Edl
niymcin nigelIkExμrkumμúynisþfμIniymyYn dUcCa ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum CMnYsvij eGaykan;
GMNacbMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn. RbeTsExμr)anFøak;cUleTAkñúgsRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI3 rvagyYn
QøanBan nig rbbkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; CamYynigRkumExμresñhaCati ExμrGñkts‘UtamCayEdn.
sRgÁamenH minxusBIsRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 2 EdlmanExμrmçagkumμúynisþyYn sIhnu nig b:ul Bt
¬enATsSvtS 60-70¦ cMENkExμrmçageTotxagesrI ExμrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl; esrImt³eLIy.
sRgÁamenH)anbnþrhUtdl;sRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI bBa©b;enAqñaM 1989. yYnk¾)andkkg
T½BÉksNæaneyaFaecjBIRbeTsExμr Etbgáb;TukkgT½BesøokBak;sIuvilRtYtRtaExμrbnþeTot enAkñúgCYr
KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn edayminGnuBaØateGayGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtYtBinitüeLIy. rhUtdl;kic©
RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIséf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991 ExμrbYnPaKI)ancuHhtßelxa elIkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๕ rkSasiT§i

6. ebIk»kaseGayyYnedaHédecjBIqakGnþrCati rYcxøÜnBIkarecaTRbkan;fa yYnQøanBanExμr eRBaHyYn
man h‘un Esn nig sI hnu CakUnGuk eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamEdlekItmanenAkñúg
RbeTsExμr CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμrTTYl)anBnøWénliTi§RbCaFibetyü tam
ry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ EdlerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. xN³eBl
enaH GgÁkarshRbCaCatiminTan;bBa©b;ebskkmμeBjeljpg Rsab;EteBlEdl h‘un Esn caj;eqñat
enAqñaM1993 h‘un Esn )anbegáIttMbn;Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekIt KMrameFIVsRgÁam eRBaH h‘un Esn
sMGagyYnenABIeRkayxñg EdlkalenaHmanneratþmcRkBgS CaGñkdwknaMeFIV. esþc sIhnu )anedj
GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGaydkecjBIRbeTsExμr ehIyEbgEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn
eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþITI2. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbCaBlrdæExμrKμanvasnaTTYl)annUvsuxsnþiPaB
RbCaFibetyü nigkarGPivDÆn_BitR)akd dUcGIVEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCatixitxMenaHeLIy eRBaHenAéf¶
5-6 kkáda 1997 Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbhardeNþImGMNac smøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr
GñkRbCaFibetyü enAkñúgKNbkShViunsIunbiuc nig smaCikelakta sWn san Gs;Cag 280nak;. enHCa
emeronExμrRtUvcgcaMfa BYkkumμúynisþminEdlcat;TukExμrGñkesñhaCati CaExμrenaHeT vaEtgEtsþab;
ecAhVayyYnrbs;va eRbIl,ice)akR)as;Exμr eGaycUleTAkñúgRTug bnÞab;mkeKcab;smøab;Exμrtamcitþ.
bBaðaTaMgenHk¾edaysarkarlg;eCOemdwknaMe)akR)as;dUcCnkumμúynisþ sI hnu mþgehIymþgeTot.
cMENkkare)aHeqñateRkay²mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkCati
nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT.
karerobrab;bgðajxagelI)ansreGayeXIjfa RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñkMBugEtFøak;eTAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un
Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrrgTukçtElðrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.
3
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๖ rkSasiT§i

7. esckþIEføgGMNrKuN (Acknowledgement)
Cabzm´sUmelIkhtßfVaybgÁM RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇ CaTIskáar³d¾x<g;x<s; nigCamøb;d¾RtCak;
sMrab;sgÁmCatiExμrRKb;sm½ykal. ´sUmRkabfVaybgÁM elak»Buk Gñkmþay EdlCaGñkmanKuN
d¾elIslub )anpþl;kMeNIteGaykUnekItCaCatiExμr ciBa©wmbI)ac;EfrkSakUn edayKμanKitkarenOyht;.
´sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl; elakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüTaMgGs;Edl)anxitxMGs;BIkmøaMgkaycitþ edIm,Ipþl;
cMeNHdwgdl;´ nigsisSanusisSRKb;rUb edIm,ICaRbTIbmYysMrab;bMPøWpøÚvkñúgCIvit. CaBiess ´sUmEføg
GMNrKuNdl;bgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgGs;Edl)ancUlrYm]btßmKaMRT edIm,IeGay
esovePAenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg kñúgkarpþl;cMeNHdwgfμI² dl;RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; EdlminFøab;
)aneXIj minFøab;)anB¤BIerOgra:vRbeTsrbs;xøÜnknøgmk edaysarEtkarlak;)aMg karbMP½nþsMrab;
cMeNjneya)ay plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GMNac nigEpnkarrbs;yYnhaNUy edIm,ImkelbykTWkdI
ExμreyIgEtmþg.
esovePA b£sKl; 7 mkra Edl´)ancgRkgeLIgenH CakarrMlwkKuNdl;virPaBGñk
esñhaCatiExμrRKb;sm½ykal Edl)ants‘UedIm,IbuBVehtuCatiExμr TaMgGñkEdl)an)at;bg;Civit nigGñk
EdlenAmanCivitEtBikar nigrgeRKaHepSg²edaysarBYkkumμúynisþyYn nigh‘un Esn. vaCakUn
esovePAtUc mYysMrab;rYmcMENkkñúgkarpþl;cMeNHdwg CaÉksarsMrab;GñksikSaRsavRCav eGayyl;dwg
bEnßmEpñk neya)ay ehIyCYyykBt’manenHeTApSBVpSaydl;RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; GñkesñhaCatiExμr
GñkCatiniym GñkRbCaFibetyü eGayemIleXIjbBaðaBitR)akdEdl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkñúgsgÁm
Exμr. GaRs½yehtuenH eyIgCaExμrRtUvh‘anegIbeLIg ebþCJacitþTaMgGs;KñaedaHRsay b£sKl;bBaða
enHeGaycb; ha‘nlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,I buBVehtu Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr rbs;eyIg
edayminbeNþay eGayCnmYykþab;tUc EdleGank,albMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumμúynisþ dUcKNbkS
RbCaCn h‘un Esn lk;Cati bMpøajCati eGayrlay tamEpnkarshB½n§NÐÚcinenaHeLIy.
cugbBa©b;´sUm]TiÞsdl;vtßús½kþisiTi§TaMgGs;EdlEfrkSaRbeTsExμr CYyEfrkSabgb¥ÚnCnrYm
CatiExμr CaBiessGñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgGs; Edlh‘anegIbeLIgRbQmmuxedaHRsaybBaðaRbeTsCati
eGay)anesckþIsuxcMerIn suPmgÁl manCIvPaBFUrFar tamkarb:gR)afña. cMeBaHbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμr
EdllHbg;CYyftcMlgesovePAenHpSBVpSaybnþeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr sUmeGayGs;elakTTYl)an
buNükusleRcIn CYbEtsuxsuPmgÁl rYcputBITukçevTnanigeRKaHcéRgepSg²EdlekItmanbc©úb,nñ nig
GnaKt.
eFIVenATIRkugva:sIunetan éf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009
bNÐit s FmμrgSI
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๗ rkSasiT§i

8. matika
esckþIepþIm ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ----------------------------------------------------------- 7
CMBUkTI 1
b£sKl;bBaða
I-edImkMeNItExμrkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr ----------------------------------------- 11
II-b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr --------------------------------------------- 20
III-ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ ------------------------------------- 21
IV-b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra ------------------------------------------------------- 25
V-yYnkumμúynisþQøanBanRtYtRtaExμr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ------------------------------- 26
VI-sRgÁamrvagExμrGñkts‘U CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; ----------- 27
VII-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs ------------------------------------------------------ 28
VIII-kMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgRbeTsExμreLIgvij ------------------------------- 29
IX-karFøak;cuHliTi§RbCaFibetyü ------------------------------------------------- 30
X-RbeTsExμrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI ------------------- 31
XI-KμantulüPaBxagnitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nigtulakar -------------------------------- 32
1-B½t’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 32
2-karGb;rM---------------------------------------------------------- 33
3-kare)aHeqñat ------------------------------------------------------- 34
4-esrIPaBbeBa©jmti --------------------------------------------------- 34
5-c,ab; ------------------------------------------------------------- 35
XII-emdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH b:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ ------------------------------ 35
1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ rwbGUsykdI -------------------------------------- 35
2-GMeBIBukrlYy -------------------------------------------------------36
3-PaBRkIRk -------------------------------------------------------- 37
4-kat;eTasExμrRkhm ------------------------------------------------- 37
5-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI ------------------------------------------------ 39
6-FnFanFmμCati ------------------------------------------------------ 39
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๘ rkSasiT§i

9. CMBUkTI 2
bBa©b;bBaða
I-etIRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)anGIV? --------------------------------------------------- 42
II-etIExμrRtUveFIVGVIxøHedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHExμr? ------------------------------------------ 42
III-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Exμr RtUveFIVdUcemþc? ---------------------- 43
IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? ----------------------- 43
V- RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüÉkraCüBitR)akd - ------------------- 44
1-nitibBaØtþi ---------------------------------------------------------- 45
2-tulakar ---------------------------------------------------------- 45
3-nitiRbtibtþi -------------------------------------------------------- 45
4-B½t’man ----------------------------------------------------------- 45
5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy --------------------------------------------------- 46
6-begIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ ----------------------------------------------- 46
7-KNbkSneya)ay--------------------------------------------------- 46
8-KN³kmμkarerobcMe)aHeqñat -------------------------------------------- 46
9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkmμyYn ------------------------------------------ 47
VI-karsnñidæan -------------------------------------------------------------- 47
Éksareyag --------------------------------------------------------------- 48
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๙ rkSasiT§i

10. CMBUkTI 1
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๐ rkSasiT§i

11. b£sKl;bBaða (The Root of Problems)
I -edImkMeNItExμrkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr (Origin of Khmer Communism in Cambodia)
kñúgdMNak;kalEdlliTi§kumμúynisþkMBugEtrIkraldalxøaMgenATIVbGWur:ub ekItmansRgÁamelakelIk
TI 2 ehIysRgÁamenH)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1945. GgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUv)aneKbegIáteLIg edIm,IedaH
RsaybBaðaBiPBelak kñúgenaHmanRbeTssMxan;²CasmaCikGciéRnþy_ dUcCa shrdæGaemrik
shPaBsUevot cin Gg;eKøs nig)araMg. BiPBelak)anFøak;eTAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak;. kalenaH
BiPBelak)anEbgEckCaBIr kumμúynisþ nigesrI. RbeTskumμúynisþmancMnYn 97 RbeTs nigmYycMnYn
epSgeTotCa RbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI. kumμúynisþmanRbPBedImecjmkBIRbeTsr:UsSIú¬elnIn
sþalIn¦ GaLWm:g; ¬GIuEtø kalma:kS¦ GIutalI GWur:ubxagekIt )araMg cMENkRbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü
esrIvijKWman shrdæGaemrik Gg;eKøs nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. liTi§kumμúynisþ)anrIksayPay
enAGWur:ubnig mktMbn; GasIu kñúgenaHmanRbeTscin ¬emA: esTug ¦ RbeTseyokNam ¬hU CImij¦
nigRbeTsExμrCaedIm Edl)anykliTi§kumμúynisþmkGnuvtþn_. RbeTsExμr)aneFIVtammenaKmn_kumμúynisþ
eBlEdleyokNamykliTi§enHmkpSBVpSay cab;taMgBIExμrenAkñúgsm½yGaNaniKmn)araMg. enAeBl
enaH eyokNamdwknaMeday hU CImij eFIVbdivtþn_pøas;bþÚresþc e)A day nigrMedaHRbeTseGayrYcecj
BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. edayrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg KμansiTi§esrIPaB Bi)akevTna eBlenaH
esþcyYn e)A day )anmanKtibNÐitTukfa eFIVCaRbCaraRsþsamBaØkñúgRbeTsÉkraCü mansiTi§esrIPaB
RbesIrCageFIVesþc mRnþIeRkambreTsRtYtRta. eTIbenAqñaM 1945 e)A day )andak;raCüRbKl;eGay
hU CImij dwknaM. hU CImij )anpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKgBIrbbraCaniymeTACasaFarNrdæsgÁmniymeyok
Nam ehIybnþts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdIrbs;xøÜn. nisSitExμrmYycMnYn Edl)anecjeTAeronenA
eRkARbeTs CaBiess nisSitEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg dUcCa saLúut s eGog sarI )annaMyk
liTi§kumμúynisþmksabeRBaHenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. liTi§kumμúynisþenHminEmnecjBIqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;xøÜn
BitR)akd EdlmansSrHPaB ÉkraCü edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExμreLIy EtCaliTi§kumμúynisþsaxa
rbs;bkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcin Edl)anerobcMdwknaMedayyYn hU CImij. GñkdwknaMmanyYneQμaH swug
g:ukmij ehAGacarü emon bnøMxøÜneFIVCab¥Ún swug g:ukfaj; CaRbFanbkSkumμúynisþkm<úCa ¬saxabkS
kumúμynisþNÐÚcin¦. TU samut nig sa Lútsr )ancUleTAeFIVkareRkambkSkumμúynisþenaH. eBlenaH
ehIyEdlyYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþenH mkbNþúHbNþaldl;kUnecAExμr Edlekμgx©I minTan;dwg
GMBIRbvtþisaRsþ nigneya)ayc,as;las; edIm,IeGayExμrbMerIneya)ayrbs;eK kñúgeKalbMNgRtYtRta
elbTwkdIExμr enAtMbn;NÐÚcinTaMgmUl.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๑ rkSasiT§i

12. kñúgdMNak;kalEdlRbeTsTaMgbI Exμr eyokNam Lav enAeRkamGaNaniKm)araMg edayman
CMnYyBIbkSkumμúynisþcin KUmIgtaMg nigRsbeBlEdl hU CImij )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþ
GnþrCati yYn)anerobcMeFIVbdivtþn_mYyedIm,Iedj)araMgecjBITwkdINÐÚcin. yYn)anykliTi§kumμúynisþ
CameFüa)ay GMBavnaveGayRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;cUlrYmts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdINÐÚcin edIm,IRbeTs
TTYl)anÉkraCü. sUmbBa¢ak;fa menaKmn_kumμúynisþEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalExμrenaH KWCamenaKmn_
kumμúynisþxusTwssMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnb:ueNÑaH. kareFIVdUcenH eRBaHyYncg;rMelIgCatiExμreGay
exSay dUcCaenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμr. yYnkumμúynisþ)ancUlmkbBa©úHbB©aÚlExμrCa
sm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμr bNþúHbNþalExμrenAkñúgTwkdIExμr edIm,IeGayExμrcUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþyYn
cab;taMgBIqñaM1946 . eRkaymk yYn)ancab;kUnExμrcMnYn 3 500 nak; eTA 4 000 nak; ykeTA
bNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþenATIRkughaNUy. BYkekμgExμrTaMgenaHenAekμgx©IxagRbvtþisaRsþ
nigneya)ay eFIVeGayExμrTaMgenaHlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn ehIybMerIneya)ayeGayRkug
haNUy ekobsgát;CiHCan;CatiÉgCabnþbnÞab;mkrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.
emdwknaMyYn eQμaH egVog éGkuk ¬hU CImij¦
bkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcinRtUv)an hU CImij begIáteLIgenATIRkug hug kug naéf¶ 3 kumÖ³ 1930.
bkSkumμúynisþenHmankarKaMRTBIcin nigbkSkumμúynisþGnþrCatir:UsSúI. cin)anbNþúHbNþalkmμaPi)alyYn
pþl;CMnYyEpñkesdækic© smÖar³sBVavuF nigpþl;kEnøghVwkhat;eGay hU CImijenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTscin
xageCIgRbeTséf RbeTslav cMENkÉrU:sIuvijCYyxaghVwkhat;kmμaPi)alyYnsMxan;². hU CImij
)anyklTi§kumμúynisþ BIma:kS elnIn mksabeRBaHenAtMbn;NÐÚcin eRkayBIxøÜn)ancUlCasmaCik
bkSkumμúynisþGnþrCatimYyenH. hU CImij )andwknaMRbeTsTaMg 3 enANÐÚcin edIm,IrMedaHRbeTs
ecjBIGaNaniKmn_)araMg nigpøas;bþÚrkardwknaM RbeTsrbs;xøÜnBIrbbraCaniymeTACarbbsaFarNrdæ
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๒ rkSasiT§i

13. sgÁmniym EdlkalenaH RbeTseyokNamsißt enAkñúgkardwknaMrbs;esþc e)A day enAeLIy.
TIbBa©b; hU CImij )anTTYlC½yCMnHesþcelI e)A day enAqñaM1945 bþÚrRbeTseTACasaFarNrdæ. hU
CImij )anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜnedIm,IedjGaNniKmn_ )araMgecjBINÐÚcineTot. hU CImij maneQμaH
TaMgGs; 19 nigCaGñkmanRbCaRbiymYyrUbkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnevotNam . hU CImij ekItenAéf¶TI 19
Ex]sPa qñaM1890 enAkñúgPUmi KIm elon kñúgextþ ejGan RbeTseyokNam. enAqñaM 1911 hU CImij
)ancakecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTs)araMgtamka)a:l;Twk edayeFIVCacugePArbs;)araMg. hU CImij
)ankøayCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþ)araMgenAqñaM 1920 ehIy)anbþÚreQμaHeTACa egVog éGkuk mann½yfa
GñkesñhaCati. enAqñaM 1921-1929 hU CImij )ancUlrYmskmμPaBneya)ayCamYybkSkumμúyniisþ
GnþrCati nigpSBVpSayesovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa pøÚvbdivtþn_ enAqñaM 1927. enAqñaM 1923 hU CImij
)aneTAshPaBsUevot edIm,IEsVgrkkarKaMRT GMBIbuBVehtuénkarts‘Urbs;Kat;kñúgcMeNamCnCati eyok
Nam EdlCaGñkRbqaMg ehIy)annireTseTAeRkARbeTs. hU CImijk¾)aneFIVdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTscin
PUma nigNÐapgEdr. clnaneya)ay yYneyokmij)ancUlmkeFIVclnas¶at;²enATwkdIExμr Edlkal
enaHmanyYnPaKeRcIn eFIVCakmμkrekAs‘U EtBYkeKCaCnkumμúynisþdMbUg cUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ay
enARbeTsExμr dUcCaenAtamextþkMBg;cam extþkMBt nigextþmYycMnYneTot. yYn)ancab;epþIm
eFIVkareXasna nigeFIVcitþsaRsþCamYyExμr EdleFIVkmμkrenATIenaH edIm,IeGayExμrcUlCasmaCik
rbs;bkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcin bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumμúynisþyYn. tamry³kareXasnayYnkumμúynisþ
¬eyokmijeFμjexμA¦ ExμrmYycMnYn)anlg;eCO cUlbMerIskmμPaBneya)ayeGaybkSkumμúynisþyYnenaH.
enA cenøaHqñaM 1946-1954 ekμgExμr CaeRcInBan;nak; 3500-4000nak; RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAbMBak;
bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþBIRkughaNUy EdleBlenaH ExμrehAfaRbma:t;Rbm:g; eRkay²mkeTotyYn
enAEtbnþykkUnExμreTAbNþúHbNþalCabnþbnÞab;. hU CImij )aneFIVkarts‘UCamYy)araMgrhUtdl;QñH
sRgÁamenA eDon ebonPU enAqñaM 1954 ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;xμaMg bgçMeGay)araMg
cuHhtßelxa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGayNÐÚcin enAéf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM1954. yYncab;epþImbnþeFIV
neya)ay edIm,IRtYtRtaNÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgbnþeTot.
kUnExμrEdlyYnkumμúynisþ bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ eGaysmøab;Exμr
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๓ rkSasiT§i

14. cMENknisSitExμrEdlTTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgvij dUcCa sa Lút sr
eG‘og sarI CYn mMu hU‘ nwm hU‘ yn; )ancab;GarmμN_nigesovePARkhmrbs;kumμúynisþ ma:kS elnIn
EdlkalenaHRTwsþIkumμúynisþkMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyenATIVbGWur:ub. enAeBlenaHnisSitExμrTaMgGs;enaH
)ancab;ykliTi§kumμúynisþ eFIVkarRbqaMgneya)ayCamYyrbbskþiPUmirbs;semþc sI hnu . TIbMput
neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_rbs;nisSitmYycMnYn kñúgenaHman sa Lútsr EdlCaGñk
RbqaMg neratþm sIhnu . enAqñaM 1951 eBlEdl sa Lútsr RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvijTaMgminTan;
eroncb;EpñkxageGLicRtUnicpgenaH sa Lútsr )aneFIVCaRKUbeRgon nigbegIátsalaeronÉkCneQμaH
km<úCbuRt. sa Lúts )aneFIVclnaneya)ayRbqaMgneratþmsIhnuCasm¶at; . eBlEdlEbkkarN_
neratþm sIhnu )anRbkasecaTRbkan;edjcab; sa Lútsr nigbkSBYkmYycMnYn bnÞab;mkRkumrbs;Kat;
)anrt;cUléRB cUlrYmts‘UCamYybkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcin.
bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCaenH dwknaMedayyYneQμaH suwg g:ukmij ehAfa Gacarü emon EdlbnøMeFIVCa
Exμr. karEdlyYndak;eQμaH swug g:ukmij KWedIm,IbMP½nþExμrfaCab¥Únrbs; swug g:ukfaj; mkdwknaMExμr
BIeRBaH swug g:ukfaj; CaemdwknaMExμr manRbCaRbiymYyrUbEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrsÁal;faCaGñk
esñhaCatiExμrnasm½yenaH. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnExμrenaH )ankøayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCadwknaM
eday ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. dUcenH tamkarsegáteXIjfa enAéf¶TI28
Exmifuna qñaM 2009 CaqñaMKMrb;xYbTI 58 rbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa.
eRkayBIsin§isBaØa TIRkughSWENv RbeTsTaMgbI Exμr Lav yYn enANÐÚcin)anTTYlÉkraCü
BI)araMgenAqñaM1954. eyokmijEdlenAkñúgRbeTsExμr RtUv)aneKtMrUveGaydkecjBIRbeTsExμr.
eBlEdlyYneyokmijdkecjeTA yYn)ancab;ykkUnExμrmYycMnYneTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ
xusTws nigExμrmYycMnYn)aneTAtamk)a:l;yYn. ExμrTaMgGs;enaHehIy EdlyYnbBa¢ÚnmkRbeTsExμrvij
edIm,IeFIVCaBiCXatsmøab;Exμr enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. ExμrEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs;enaH
ehIy Cab£sKl;énkarRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;søab;
¬1975-1979¦. cMENkÉvasnakUnExμrTaMgGs;enaH k¾RtUvyYnerobcMEpnkarsmøab;bMbiTPsþútag
CabnþbnÞab; eRkayBIyYneRbIR)as;Gs;plRbeyaCn_ehIy edIm,IkMueGayxUcEpnkarRkughaNUy Edlman
bMNgelbTwkdIExμr.
enAqñaM 1958 yYnkumμúynisþ)ancab;epþImeFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYnxagt,ÚgeTot edayman
eKalkarN_fa edIm,IbRgYbbRgYmRbeTsTaMgBIr rvageyokNamxageCIg nigeyokNamxagt,Úg.
EttamkarBit sRgÁamenHyYnmaneKalbMNgBRgIkTwkdI vatTIenAtMbn;NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. yYn
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๔ rkSasiT§i

15. kumμúynisþ)anecaTyYnxagt,ÚgEdldwknaMeday eg:a DijyIm faCaGay:gbrivarbs;GaemrikkaMg.
yYneyokkugsMueGayExμrCYypþl;CMrkdl;T½BeyokkugRCkenAelITwkdIExμrPaKxagekIt edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam
edjGaemrikkaMg. eRkamelsfa eFIVsRgÁamedjGaemrikaMg BYkRbtikiriyaecjBITwkdINÐÚcin sI hnu
)ancuHhtßelxas¶at;²CamYy hU CImij enAqñaM1965 GnuBaØateGayyYndak;kgT½BeyokkugenAkñúg
TwkdIExμrPaKxagekItman extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI éRBEvg sVayerog nigkMBg;camCaedIm. yYndak;T½BenH
edaysMueGayExμrCYy edIm,IvayyYnxagt,Úg nigedjGaemrikaMgecj EtenHCal,icx©IpøÚvedIr edIm,I
x©b;ykbUrIrbs;yYnkumμúynisþEtb:ueNÑaH eRBaHfayYn)anBRgIksRgÁam enaHFøak;mkelIRbeTsExμr. smr
PUmisRgÁamBitR)akdKW TwkdIExμr eRBaHmUldæanT½BéRByYneyokkugtaMgenAelITwkdIExμr ehtuenH TaMg
yYnxagt,Úg nigGaemrikaMg)anvaylukcUlmkkñúgTWkdIExμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;)at;bg;Civit
nigrgeRKaHya:gxøaMg.
enAéf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØa qñaM 1969 hU CImij )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIysaksBRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk
rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. emdwknaMExμrman sIhnu nig h‘un Esn k¾eGank,aleKarBsBhUCImijEdr. enApÞH
h‘un Esn )anerobcMGasn³dak;taMgrUb hU CImij fVaybgÁM eRbob)andUcCaRBHBuT§.
sIhnu kMBugeKarBexμachUCImij
sRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI2 enH yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH man
dUcCa EpñkhirBaØvtßú EpñksmÖar³ nigsBVavuF nigTwkdIExμr.l. kalEdlhUCImijRtUvsøab; BIeRBaHyYn
RtUvedaHédecjBIcin edaymin)ansgbMNulepSg²eTARbeTscin EdlCYyyYntaMgBIqñaM 1930 .
yYn)anplRbeyaCn_BICMnYyBIGaemrikaMg EdlCYyyYnxagt,Úg eg:a DijyIm nigcMeNjTwkdIExμr
ExμreRkam TwkdIlav. edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_TaMgGs;enH yYn)angakeTAcgsm<½n§CamYyshPaB
sUevotvij. dUcenHeyIg segáteXIjfa yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBImhaGMNacTaMg3 ehIy
nigplRbeyaCn_BIRbeTstUc² dUcCa lav Exμr nigcamCaedIm. kñúgeBlsRgÁamenaH yYneyokkug)an
CMritesdækic©Exμr tamkare)aHBum<luyEkøgkøay TijTMnijExμr )aj;eKaRkbIExμr eFIVCacMNIGahar ¬x©IdI
nigesdækic©Exμr edIm,IciBa©wmkgT½B¦. cMENkyYnxagt,Úgvij )anTTYlCMnYyBIGaemrikkaMg nigkan;kab;
TwkdIExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam. hUCImij suxcitþlHbg;Civitsøab;enAqñaM 1969 edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati eyok
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๕ rkSasiT§i

16. NamTaMgmUl edaymincaM)ac;sgsMNgTaMgLayeTAeGaycin nigGaemrikehIypøas;neya)ay gak
eTArkRbeTsrU:sISú edIm,IRbqaMgnigshrdæGaemrik nigbM)at;kic©snüarvag sI hnu nig hU CImij
edIm,I)anRKb;RKgelbTwkdIExμreTotpg.
sIhnu CYypþl;es,ogeGayyYn nig pþl;CMrkeGayyYn ¬kumμúynisþ¦ b¤eyokkug
hU CImij CasmaCikkumμúynisþGnþrCati KU mIgtaMg . edIm,IBRgIkkumμúynisþenAtMbn;GasIu hUCImij
CasmaCikmYyrUbrbs;bkSkumμúynisþGnþrCatiEdlerobcMbegIátedaycin )aneTARbeTséf m:aeLsIu
nigsigðbUrI edIm,IeFIVCaGFibtIkñúgkarbegIátsaxabkSkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH. shPaBsUevot
)anRbKl;eGay hU CImij TTYlxusRtUvbegáItsaxabkSkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr nigLav EdlCaEpñk
mYyénbkSkumμúynisþGnþrCati tamkaryl;RBmpþl;mUlniFiedayshPaBsUevot. GIVEdlCaEpnkarrbs;
hU CImij begIáteLIgedIm,IBRgIkTwkdIevotNameGayFMedayQøanBanRbeTsExμr lav ehIyeRkay
mkeTot RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcGIVEdlsþalIn nigrU:sSIú)aneFIVeLIg cMeBaHRbeTsCitxagrbs;eK
kñúgkarbegIátshPaBsUevotEdr. enAkñúgsRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 2 edaymanCMnYy]btßmÖnigGnuBaØatBI
neratþm sIhnu yYn)aneRCotcUlTwkdIExμrkan;EteRCAeTABaseBjTwkdIExμr edayyYn)anx©ITwkdIExμr
edIm,IeFIVCasmrPUmiRbyuT§ e)aHBum<luyEkøgkøay edIm,ITijTMnijsac;es,og dUcCa Ggár RCUk eKa
ykeTAciBa©wmkgT½BeK. cMENk sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkMBugEtvikvrenAkñúgRbeTseT
dUcCa)atukmμdutsßanTUteyokkug eyokkugenABaseBjRbeTs edayRtUvmehsI mU:nic nig mþayekμk
naMeTAkMsanþenARbeTs)araMgeTAvij. tMNagraRsþ 2 rUb)aneTAyagRBHGgÁmkBIRbeTs)araMg edIm,IedaH
RsaybBaðaTaMgLay EdlRBHGgÁ)anbegáIteLIg dUcCakgT½BeyokkuglukluycUlTwkdIExμrPaKxag
ekIt nigBIkMBg;esam rhUtmkdl;kMBg;s<WCaedIm. b:uEnþRBHGgÁminRBmyagRtLb;mkvij edaysþab;tam
eyabl;mþayekμk nigmehsI EdlelIkeCIgbeBa¢arfa RBHGgÁCaGñkmanbuNü CaRBH)aTFmμik Kμan
nrNaeFIVGIVekIteT. eTaHCaRBHmata kusm³ TUrs½BÞeTAedIm,Iyagmkk¾eday k¾sIhnucecs minsþab;
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๖ rkSasiT§i

17. eyabl;GñkNaTaMgGs;. ehtuenHehIyeTIb ln; nl; esrImt³ )anTMlak;semþc sIhnu enAéf¶TI 18
ExmIna qñaM 1970 edaykare)aHeqñatdkesckþITukcitþBIsPa edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYneyokug
EdlkMBugEtQøanBanelITwkdIExμrPaKxagekIténRbeTs. eRkayBI sI hnu Føak;BIGMNacRBHGgÁmin
RBmKg;enAes¶omenaHeT eTaHCaeKsnüafanigRbKl;GMNacmkeGayRBHGgÁvij eRkayBIedaHRsay
bBaðaeyokkugQøanBanecjBITwkdIcb;k¾eday. RBHGgÁ)anyageTARbeTs r:UsSIú nig RbeTscin edIm,I
EsVgrkkarKaMRT. eBlenaHcin)anKaMRT yYnCaGñkCYyBIeRkayxñg snüadeNþImraCblø½gÁmkeGay
RBHGgÁvij. tamkarjúHjg;rbs;BYkkumμúynisþ sIhnu eGaybegIátrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa enAéf¶TI 23
ExmIna qñaM 1970 edayRBHGgÁCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa rYmCamYyBYkExμrRkhm EdldwknaM
eday b:ul Bt eGog sarI exov sMpn. cMENkÉyYnkumμúynisþvij CaGñkCYyExμrRkhmxagRKab;rMesv
kaMePIøgtUc FM es,og kmøaMg nigkarhVwkhVWneFIVeGaymanC½yCMnHelIExμrsaFarNrdæ enAéf¶TI 17 Exemsa
qñaM1975. eRkayBITTYl)anC½yCMnHelIBYksarFarNrdæExμr ln; nl; yYn)anelIkGMNaceGayExμr
Rkhm ¬Exμrkumμúyniisþ¦. yYnEdl)anEkøgePTeTACaExμr nigExμrEdlyYnbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_
kumμúynisþenaH )anTTYlbBa¢aBIhaNUy eGaymke)assMGatExμrsaFarNrdæEdlRbqaMgyYn CaehtunaM
eGaymanrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμrrab;lannak;ekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr nigExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam
enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. edIm,Icab;ExμrGñkRbqaMgnigyYnkumμúynisþ eKrkelsecaTRbkan;
TMlak;kMhus dUcCa eKecaTRbkan;faPñak;gar sIu Gay eG rbs;Gaemrik ka es eb b¤xμaMgrbs;bdivtþn_
ehIycab;ykeTAsmøab; . ExμrPaKeRcInenAkñúgsaFarNrdæExμr mannisSit bBaØvnþ GñkesñhaCati
RtUveKkab;smøab;Gs;enAkñúgrbbenaH. rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_enH eFIVeGayExμrxUceQμaHya:gxøaMgenA
elIqakGnþrCati faExμrCatisasn_eXaeXA smøab;Catisasn_Ég cMENkÉyYncMeNjTaMgTwkdI nigRTBü
sm,tþiExμr edayéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)ancUlmkbþÚrneya)ayfμI elIkbnþúbExμrevotmij
EdlyYn)anbNþúHbNþal dUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum eGayeFIVtam
neya)ayrbs;xøÜn.
éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 minEmnCaéf¶EdlyYnrMedaHExμreT b:uEnþCaéf¶EdlyYnQøanBanExμr bøn;RTBü
sm,tþiExμr bnþkab;smøab;ExμrtamyuT§saRsþ edayecaTfa b:ul Bt nigbBa¢ÚnExμreGaysøab;enA tMbn; k
5eTot. yYn)andak;kgT½B 120 000 nak; eFIVGaNaniKmn_elITwkdIExμr ehIyEkERbneya)aytam
sßankarN_ CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. BYkkumμúynisþEdlRbqaMgyYn¬ExμrRkhm¦ RtUvpøas;bþÚrfμI
edayBYkkumμúynisþ¬ExμrRkhm¦niymyYn ehIyyYnhaNUyelIkbnþúbeGaykan;GMNac dUcmanBYk h‘un
Esn ehg sMrin nigCa sIum EdlLÚvenH BYkenHkMBugEtRtYtRtaRbeTsExμr.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๗ rkSasiT§i

18. dUcenHbkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcin hU CImij )ancab;epþImneya)ayGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsExμr
nig RbeTslav edaycat;TukCnCatievotNamPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH CaCnCatiExμr b¤
CnCatilav . karGnuvtþEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaExμrenH eK)anbBa©ÚlPñak;garyYnkumμúynisþEdl)anGb;rM
bNþúHbNþalenAhaNUyrYcehIy edIm,IbegIátmuxrbrepSg²edayxøÜneKenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH ehIyLÚv
enHkUnRbus nigkUnRsIrbs;CnCatievotNamTaMgenaH)anerobcMdwknaMrebobkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr
niglav. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 3 yYn)anrkSaTukkgT½ByYnenAkñúgRbeTslav mancMnYn
ya:geRcInedIm,ICYykumμúynisþRbeTsLav kñúgkarbRgáabBYk m:ug EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.
cMENkRbeTsExμrvij eRkayBIkarcrcarKña nigcuHhtßelxa elIsni§sBaØaRkug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991
yYn)andkEtkgT½BÉksNæan edayyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½BsIuvilCaeRcIneFIVkarenAkñúgRksYgsMxan;² enA
kñúgRbeTsExμr tamkarGnuBaØatedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkarbRgáabBYkGñkRbqaMgnigyYn
kumμúynisþ . cMeBaHRbCaCnyYn)anhUrmkrs;enAelITwkdIExμr CaCnGenþaRbevsn_xusc,as;ya:g GaNa
Fibetyü manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑCaCnCatiExμreTotpg dUcCaenA bwgTenøsab c,arGMeBA GñkelOg RkecH
kMBg;qñaMg nigkMBg;camCaedIm. karbRgáabrbs;yYnkumμúynisþeTAelIBYkRbqaMgTaMgBIrRbeTsEdleK
ecaTfaCabrivaGaemrikaMg b¤BYkRbtikiriya KWeKeFIVdl;b£sKl;vaEtmþg EdlmanBaküesøakeKniyayfa
CIkesμACIkTaMgb£s mann½yfasmøab;GñkRbqaMg brivaGaemrikkaMgeGayGs; enHCaBakümenaKmn_
EdlyYnsabeRBaHelIExμr edIm,IeGayExμrsmøab;Exμr edaymindwgxøÜn EtpÞúyeTAvij yYnCaGñkcMeNjkñúg
karelbTwkdIExμr eBlEdlGñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþExμrsøab;Gs;.
RbFanaFibtIGaemrik rIqat nicsun Bnül;BIkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþenANÐÚcin
bc©úb,nñenH yYn)anbnþneya)aykumμúynisþNÐÚcinrbs; hU CImij edIm,IRtYtRtaExμr nig lav
edayeFIVeGayeKemIleXIjfa RbeTslavCaextþmYyrbs;yYnxageCIg. cMENkRbeTsExμrvij yYn)an
rkSaTukkgT½BesøokBak;sIuvilcMnYn 3000 nak; edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgPñak;garcarkmμ nigkmøaMgBiess
EdlmanrfeRkaH nig]T§mÖcRksßitenAcMgayRbmaN 2 KILÚEm:RtknøHenAeRkATIRkugPñMeBj Cab;TYl
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๘ rkSasiT§i

19. RksMag Ek,rtaexμA CaBiessTahanyYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilmkeFIVCakmμkrcMkarekAs‘U nigtamry³
rUbPaB Rkumh‘unvinieyaK deNþImrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæExμrCabnþbnÞab;. TahanyYnmanenATIenaH edIm,I
FanaGegátemIlfa Gay:grbs;haNUy h‘un Esn mingakerBIneya)ayrbs;RkughaNUykMBugdak;
GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμIenAelIRbeTsExμr. cMENkGgÁrkSrbs; h‘un Esn EdldwknaMeday Gwug b‘un ehog
CaCnCatiyYnlayLMCamYyExμrmancMnYn 40 000 nak;.
kumμúynisþeyokNam)ancab;epþImdak;GaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsExμr nigRbeTslav tam
eKalneya)ayBRgIkTwkdIrbs;xøÜn edaydMbUgeKykkgT½Bmkkan;kab;TwkdIRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybnÞab;
mkeKykRkumRKYsarrbs;eKmktaMgCMrkenAkñúgTwkdIfμI. eRkaymkeTot yYnpøas;bþÚrkgT½BTaMgenaH eTA
esøokBak;CasIuvil eFIVCaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ nig)anpøas;bþÚrTahanTaMgenaHCakgT½BmYyfμI edIm,IBRgIk
kmøaMgbEnßmeTot.
enAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIyYn)ancaj;eRbobxagneya)aykarTUtrbs;clnats‘UTaMg 3 RkumenA
tamRBMuEdnExμréf yYn)anbgçMGay:g h‘un Esn eGaycuHhtßelxaxusc,ab;GnuBaØatpþl;dIPaKxagekIt
énRbeTsExμreGaykgT½ByYn nigBlrdæevotNamTaMgenaHCag 500 000 nak; dUckalEdl sI hnu
cuHhtßelxas¶at;²eGayeyokkugenAqñaM1965 Edr. ehtudUecñHehIy yYnnUbnIykmμenAkñúgRbeTsExμr
ekItmantaMgBIyYn)ankan;kab;RtYtRtaExμrenAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 mk. yYnbgçMeGayrbbGay:g
RkugPñMeBjecjpSayenAqñaM 1982 saracrN_elx 240 sr mc hh nigsaracrN_GMBavnav
eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;BicarNaGMBIkarBRgIksamKÁIPaB CamYyRbCaBlrdæevotNam nigPar³kic©
rbs;eKkñúgkarCYyCnCatievotNamedIm,IRCkekanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. enAqñaM 1989 cMnYnCnCatiyYn
taMgCMrkenAkñúgRbeTsExμrmanrhUtdl; 1 250 000nak;. eRkaymkyYn)anbegIátEpnTIfμI bgçitRBMEdn
fμIBRgIkrhUtdl; 40 KILÚEm:RtcUlmkTwkdIExμr nigTwkdIlav. h‘un Esn )ankat;dItamRBMEdn kat;
ekaHRtl; nigekaHesHTaMgenaHeGayRkughaNUyCapøÚvkar tamry³snii§sBaØaCabnþbnÞab; nigfμI²bMput
sn§isBaØabMeBjbEnßmelIsn§isBaØaxusc,ab;naTsvtS 1980 EdlcuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI 10 tula 2005
edayRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhmunñI. RbCaBlrdæyYnPaKeRcInenAxagekIténRbeTsdUcCa
extþ sVayevog nigéRBEvg.
yYnkumμúynisþ)anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμI edayBRgIkmktamRBMEdn dUcCa
tameqñrsmuRT nigekaH ¬ekaHRtl; ekaHRkckesH¦tamsni§sBaØaxusc,ab;EdlrbbGay:gRkugPñMeBj
)aneFIVxusrMelaPelIsni§sBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs.
LÚvenH GgÁkarmitþPaBkm<úCaevotNamEdlmaneQμaHfa rNsirSrYbrYm edIm,IksagCati nig
karBarkm<úCa CarNsirSrbs;yYn)anbegIáteLIgenAextþRkugTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. rNsirSenH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๙ rkSasiT§i

20. eRbobdUcCarNsirSrMedaHCatiEdlbegIáteLIgeday haNUy GMLúgeBlsRgÁamevotNam EdlehAfa
sRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 2Edr.
enAeBlfμI²enH naqñaM 2004 evotNam)anbBa¢aeGayrbbkumμúynisþGay:g lav nigExμr
cuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogGPivDÆn_tMbn;RtIekaN. kic©RBmeRBogenHeFIVeGayyYnBRgIkTwkdIeday
Rsbc,ab;eq<aHmkTwsxaglic mkextþ cMnYn 3 enAPaKxag|sanþénRbeTskm<úCaman sÞwgERtg rtnKIrI
nigmNÐlKIrI ehIyextþ 3 énRbeTslav man GatW BW eskug nig sarava:n;. Rkumh‘uncMkarekAs‘U
nigRkumh‘unepSg²cMnYn 400 Rkumh‘un EdlCaKMrbbiT)aMgkgT½ByYncUlmkenAkñúgRbeTsExμr eFIVCa
kmμkr ehIynigviTüúyYn EdlniyayPasayYnenARkugRBHsIhnuCaedIm.
eTaHbICa hU CImij søab;eTAehIyk¾eday k¾b:uEnþEpnkarrbs;hUCImijenAEteKykmkGnuvtþ
CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ edayyklMnaMtamrebobshPaBsUevot. RbeTsExμrLÚvenHRKb;RKg
edayGay:grbs;haNUy h‘un Esn nig RtYtRtaBIeRkayxñgminecjmuxedayyYnkumúμynisþ.
II -b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr (The Root of Khmer Genocide)
rhUtmkdl;eBlenH RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcInenAEtmancm¶l; nigmin)andwgc,as;GMBImUlehtu
énkarsøab;BlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 1>7 lannak;enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt . CaBiessExμreyIgmYycMnYn Edl
)ak;s,atedaykarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdleFIVRKb;Ebbya:gmineGayExμryl;dwgB¤GMBIerOg
neya)ay niyayerOgneya)ayCati KwtKUrerOgCati edayBYkvaxitxMlak;)aMgRbvtþisaRsþBitrbs;Exμr.
BYkkumμúynisþ)anBgVk;eGayExμrvegVgtamkarbMBulmenaKmn_epSg² kareXasna EdlCakarerobcM
rbs;BYkkumμúynisþ . BYkvaeFIVeGayExμrenAvegVgCamYykarbMP½nþrbs;kumμúynisþyYn nigkareRbIkll,ic
eXasna rMlwkEtsm½y b:ulBt edIm,IeGayExμrcgkMhwgnigExμrKñaÉg Ebk)ak;samKÁI ehIydwg
KuNyYnéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 faCaGñkl¥mkCYyseRgÁaHExμrCaedIm. EtBYkenHmin)anlatRtdag GMBI
RbvtþisaRsþBitR)akdrbs;Exμr taMgBIsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym saFarNrdæExμr cab;BITsvtSqñaM 60
rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ edIm,IeGayExμr)andwgenaHeT. eRBaHfa ebIniyayBIkarBitenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþ
vab:HBal;GñkmanGMNacsBVéf¶ nigneya)ayQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ. cab;BIeBlenHeTAExμrQb;
vegVgeTotehIy kalBIeBlEdlBYkyYnkumμúynisþ ¬eyokkug¦QøanBandeNþImC½yCMn³elIExμrTaMg
Rsug enAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 BYkeK)anbMpøaj Km<Irk,Ünxñat nigsmøab;ExμrGñkecHecalGs; edIm,I
pþac;b£sKl;Exμr mineGaydwgGMBIRBwtþkarN_ nig RbvtþisaRsþekIteLIgcenøaHeBlenaH. BYkyYnkumμúynisþ
CaGñkerobcMEpnkareGayExμrFøak;eTAkñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_enH edayyYn)anyklTi§kumμúynisþ Ca
meFüay)ay mksabeRBaHbNþúHbNþalelIExμr KYbpSMCamYyemdwknaMExμr dUc sI hnu nig b:ul Bt
EdlelaPln;GMNac lg;eCOkare)akR)as; cin nigyYn eFIVeGayExμrekItklyuK RkLab;cak;Føak;cuH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๐ rkSasiT§i

21. kab;smøab;Kña. kl,icx©IkmøaMgExμr tamkareRbImenaKmn_enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgenAEt
yl;RcLMfa Exμrsmøab;Exμr rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. yYnkumμúynisþEkERbneya)aybnþicmþg² tamry³eRbI
h‘un Esn CakUnGuk bnþRtYtRtaExμr edayminecjmux. eBlEdlExμrFøak;cuHexSaydl;kMritsUnü KμanKm<Ir
Éksar søab;GñkecHdwgGs;ehIy yYngayRsYlRtYtRtaExμr EkERbRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμr
nigdeNþImplRbeyaCn_BIExμrdUcsBVéf¶. dUcenHGñkEdlsmøab;Exμr KWyYnkumμúynisþ b¤kumμúynisþNÐÚcin
EdlykliTi§kumμúynisþCameFüa)ay bMBak;bMb:nExμr eGaysmøab;Exμr nigemdwknaMExμrmYycMnYn Edllg;
kñúgGMNac raCblø½gÁ bMerIeFIVCa]bkrN_yYn edIm,IeFIVeGayExμrvwkvr kab;smøab; elbykTwkdIExμr
tamEpnkarshB½n§NÐÚcin. edIm,IrMelIgCatiExμreGayFøak;exSay gayRsYleKRKb;RKgRtYtRta
ÉksarRtUveKbMpøajecal bBaØvnþRtUveKsmøab; cMENkÉRbvtþisaRsþExμreRkaymkeTot RtUv)aneK
lak;)aMg EkERbbM)at;kñúgeKalbMNgcMeNjneya)ay CaBiessKWÉksar RbvtþisaRsþneya)ay
Bak;B½n§eTAnwgemdwknaMkumμúynisþpþac;karnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. ehtudUecñHehIy b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUC
sasn_Exμr KWCaEpnkarrbs;yYnkumμúynisþEdlykliTi§kumμúynisþCameFüa)ay BgVk;emdwknaMExμr
Edlmanesþc sIhnu b:ul Bt h‘un Esn eGayedIrtammenaKmn_kumμúynisþ EdleKalbMNgcugeRkay
KWedIm,IelbTwkdIExμr dak;CacMNuHyYntamEpnkarshB½n§NÐÚcinrbs;yYnhaNUy.
III -ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_? (Why Cambodia fell in Genocide?)
dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa kumμúynisþExμr manedImkMeNItmkBIbkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcin
EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμúynisþGnþrCati begIáteLIgedayyYn hU CImij enATIRkug hug kug éf¶TI 3 kumÖ³
1930. bkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcinenHmankarKaMRT pþl;hirBaØvtßúBIkumμúynisþGnþrCati. bkSkumμúynisþ
NÐÚcin)anbegIátsaxarbs;xøÜnenARbeTsExμr nigenARbeTslav KWbkSkumμúynisþExμr nigbkSkumμúynisþ
lav RBmTaMgsaxaenARbeTsmYycMnYneTot dUcCa éf ma:eLsIu nigsigðbUrICaedIm. karEdlExμrsøab;
TaMgExμreRkam nigExμrknøgmk vaCaEpnkard¾exμARkxVk;rbs;yYnkumúμynisþ kñúgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr
edIm,IbMeBjmhicätarbs;xøÜnkñúgkarelbTwkdIrbs;RbeTsCitxagenAtMbn;NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. BYkeK)an
eRbIviFIbMP½nþlak;)aMgExμr EkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþExμreTACaRbvtþisaRsþNÐÚcin ¬sRtUvbgb¥Ún¦ eGaykUnExμr
eron eFIVtamRKb;meFüa)ay eKobsgát;ExμrmineGaymansiTi§esrIPaB mineGayExμrdwgBIneya)ay
niyayBIerOgRbeTsCati edayecaTRbkan;tamviFIepSg²cMeBaHGñkEdlniyaykarBit b¤RbqaMg. eFIV
eGayExμrxøac mineGayExμrniyayGMBIerOgneya)ay nigRbvtþisaRsþrbs;xøÜn edaymankarKMramkMEhg
cab; nigsmøab;tamkareRbIvIFIRKb;Ebbya:g. bkSkumμúynisþExμrdwknaMedayyYnbnøMxøÜn eFIVCaExμreQμaH swg
g:ukmij b¤Gacarü emon nigTUsamut sa Luútsr EdlCasaxarbs;bkSkumμúynisþNÐÚcin.
yYnkumμúynisþ)ancUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ayCasm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrenAtMbn;cMkarekAs‘U extþkMBg;cam
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๑ rkSasiT§i

22. enAsMLÚt nigkMBt cab;taMgBIqñaM 1946. yYn)aneXasnaeGayExμr niglavcUlrYbrYmCamYyeK
edIm,IedjGaNaniKmn_)araMgecjBITwkdI EtenABIeRkayxñgneya)ayenH yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRta
NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgvij eRBaHyYnman cin nigsUevot CaGñkenACYyBIeRkayxñg. enAqñaM1954 )araMg)an
cuHhtßelxaenATIRkughSWENv RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGayNÐÚcin eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA
eDon ebonPU. eRkayBIyYnTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgehIy tamsn§isBaØaRkughSWENv)antMrUveGay
kgT½ByYn ¬eyokmij¦ dkecjBIRbeTsExμr niglavTaMgGs;. eBlenaHyYn)andkecjBIRbeTsExμr
edayyYn)ancab;kUnExμrtUc²eTACamYypg edIm,IykeTAbNþúHbNþal enATIRkug haNUy.
cMENkÉ sa Lútsr EdlTTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTAsikSaRbeTs)araMgEpñkGKÁIsnI)ancab;
GarmμN_erOgneya)ay ehIy)anGanesovePAkumμúynisþ¬esovePARkhm¦enARbeTs)araMg. dMbUg
eLIy sa Lútsr )andwknaMeFIVkarts‘URbqaMg nigkardwknaMrbbskþiPUmirbs; neratþm sI hnu taMgBI
Kat;kMBugsikSaenARbeTs)araMg eRkaymkesþc neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_vij edayKat;
minTan;eroncb;pg k¾RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvij. eRkayeBlEdlKat;mkdl;RbeTsExμr edaykarmin
eBjcitþnigrbbskþiPUmi dwknaMeday sIhnu Kat;)anerobcMeFIVneya)aybdivtþn_enAkñúgRbeTsExμr ehIy
Epnkar)anEbkdwgdl;GaCJaFr sIhnu eTIb sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab; sa Lúts nigGñkcUlrYm
kñúgkic©karenHmYycMnYneTot mancMnYn 63 nak;kñúgenaHman sun esn Edr. eBlenaH sa Lútsr
)anrt;cUléRBehIy)ancUleTAeFIVCaelxarbs; TU samut EdldwknaMeday swug g:ukmij. eyIgeXIjfa
yYn)anCYyExμrRkhmeGayRbqaMg nigneratþm sIhnu
sIhnu CaemExμrRkhm bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumúμynisþ yYn nig cin
EtBIeRkayxñgmçageTotyYn)ansMueGay sIhnuu CYypþl;es,ogGarhar nigTwkdICMrkdl;yYn
eyokkugedIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik. sRgÁamenH)anFøak;mk
elIRbeTsExμr eFIVeGayvinasGnþray dUcykePøIgmkdutpÞHxøÜnÉg. yYnxageCIgcab;epþImsRgÁamCamYy
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๒ rkSasiT§i

23. yYnxagt,ÚgtaMgBIqñaM 1958 ehIysRgÁamenH)anrIkraldalenAelITwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab; cab;BIqñaM 1965
edaysarEt sI hnu )anGnuBaØatpþl;TwkdIExμrPaKxagekItcMnYn 5 extþ eGayyYneyokkugdak;T½BcMnYn
60 000 nak; eTA 80 000 nak; eFIVsRgÁamEdlkalenaHkgT½BExμrmanEtcMnYn 30 000 nak; .
cMENkExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam RtUv)anyYneXasnaeGaycUlbMerIxagyYnkumμúynisþ edayyYnkumμúynisþyk
eQμaH sIhnu eTAeXasnafarMedaHTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam ÉExμreRkammYycMnYneTot)ancUleTAxagyYnxagt,Úg
¬esrI¦ edIm,IRbqaMgnigkarQøanBanrbs;BYkyYnkumμúynisþ. yYnkumúμynisþykrUbftsemþc sIhnu nig
fasftsemøg edIm,IeFIVkareXasnaeGayExμreCO sIhnu cUlrYmCamYysemþc edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamrMedaHExμr
km<úCaeRkam. ehtuenHExμrCaGñksøab;TaMgsgxag kumμúynisþ nigesrI edayyYnx©IédExμrsmøab;Exμr.
cMENkExμrxagelIvij ExμrmçagxagsaFarNrdæ ExμrmçageTotxag sIhnu b:ul Bt nigkumμúynisþyYn.
BYkyYneyokkug)anykrUbsBaØa sIhnu Bak;bMP½nþExμreGayKMaRTfaCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGayExμr
KaMRT. sRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg)anbBa©b;enAéf¶ 30 emsa 1975 KW 13 éf¶b:ueNÑaH
eRkayBIyYnkumμúynisþQñHExμrsaFarNrdæenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975. yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_
cMeNjCaeRcIn dUcCa CMnYyBIcin EdlCYyyYnkumμúynisþ CMnYyBIGaemrik EdlCYyyYnxagt,ÚgesrI
EtExμreRkam nigExμrsøab;rab;lannak; ebIk»kaseGayyYnlukluy cUlmkkan;kab;elbTwkdIExμr
bc©úb,nñeTot. eBlEdlkgT½BeyokkugenABaseBjTwkdIExμrPaKxagekItnigtamRkugRBHsIhnu dl;
extþkMBg;s<W sI hnu min)anenAedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYnenAelITwkdIExμr EdlxøÜnGnuBaØatCasm¶at;
enaHeT EtEbrCacakecjeTAedIrkMsanþenARbeTs)araMgCamYyPriya mU:niceTAvij . RBHmata kusm³
)ansresrsMbuRt eTAyagRBHGgÁmkvij EtRBHGgÁsuxcitþsþab;Priyanigmþayekμk min)anyag
RtLb;mkvij edIm,IedaHRsayeyokkugenAeBjTwkdIExμr eTaHbICaRBHGgÁ)ansnüaCamYyGñktMNag
raRsþfa RBHGgÁnigyagmkRbeTsExμr enAéf¶TI 17 ExmIna qñaM1970 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenaHk¾eday
EtpÞúyeTAvij RBHGgÁ)anbdiesFkñúgkaryagRtLb;mkvij. ehtudUecñH edIm,IedaHRsayyYnkumμúynisþ
EdlkMBugEtQøanBanTwkdIExμr eTIbenAéf¶ 18 mIna 1970 sirimt³ ln; nl; eFIVkarRbCMusPa
TMlak;neratþm sIhnu ecjBIGMNac edIm,IedjyYneyokkugecjBITwkdIExμr. eRkayBI ln; nl;
TMlak;esþc sIhnu mk sIhnu )aneFIVdMeNIreTARbeTsr:UsISú nigbnÞab;mkeTARbeTscin edIm,IEsVgrkkar
KaMRT deNþImGMNac raCblø½gÁmkvij . edaymancin nigyYnenABIeRkayxñg cin)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGay
saLút s nigsIhnurYbrYmKñabegIátCarNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCamYyenATIRkugeb:kaMg enAéf¶TI 23 ExmIna
qñaM1970 eFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμrsarFarNrdæ Edlman ln; nl; nigesrImt³ CaedIm. kñúgenaH
cinCaGñkCYy xagsBVavuF es,og cMENkyYnCaGñkCYyxagbec©keTs hVwkhat; bBa©ÚlmenaKmn_
nigCYykmøaMgc,aMg dl;ExμrRkhm. edIm,IEtGMNac nigraCblø½gÁ sIhnu min)anKitBIplRbeyaCn_
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๓ rkSasiT§i

24. RbeTsCati nigGayuCivitrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrEdlsøab;enaHeLIy. kgT½Beyokkug EdlmanenAkñúg
TwkdIExμrRsab;)anBak;pøakrUbPaB sI hnu R)ab;RbCaBlrdæExμrCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGay
RbCaBlrdæExμrCYyKaMRT eRBaHyYndwgfaeBlenaHesþc sIhnu enAmanRbCaRbiycMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμr
enAeLIy. ExμrPaKeRcIn)anCYyKaMRTCYyyYneyokkugTaMgenaH edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYykgkmøaMgExμr
saFarNrdæ ExμrGñkesñhaCati Edlman nisSit bBaØvnþ RBHsgÇ RbCaBlrdæExμr)anrYbrYmKñaeLIg.
cMENkExμrmYycMnYneTotlg;eCO kareXasnarbs;yYneyokkug EdlykeQμaH sIhnu mkeRbI
nigkarRbkasrbs; esþc sIhnu eGayExμrrt;cUléRBma:KI edIm,Ic,aMgdeNþImGMNac nigraCblø½gÁmk
eGayRBHGgÁvij. TIbMputBYkExμrRkhm Edl RbqaMg neratþ sIhnu )anrYbrYmKña edayman cin nigyYn
eyokkugCaGñkCYy edIm,Ic,aMgnigExμrsarFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlRtg;cMNucenH Exμr)anedIr
eRkamyuT§saRsþrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ eFIVtamBYkkumμúynisþ x©IédExμr eFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμr ExμrCaGñkxat
RbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñksøab; TwkdIExμrRtUvbMpøajedaysarsRgÁam TIbMputRbeTsExμrRtUvFøak;kñúgkNþab;éd
yYnkumμúynisþ.
eBlEdlkgT½BshrdæGaemrik)andkecjBINÐÚcin eRkayBIcuHhtßelxaCamYyyYnenATIRkug
hSWENvenAqñaM1973 edIm,IbBa©b;sRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 2 yYn)anenAEtbnþeFIVsRgÁamQøanBanExμreTot
eRkampøak sIhnu nigExμrRkhm CaGñkbiT)aMgeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamsIuvil rhUtdl;yYn
kumμúynisþ)anQñHsaFarNrdæExμrenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMnHenaHeTAeGayExμr Rkhm
Edlman sIhnu nigb:ul Bt CaemdwknaM cMENkyYnvij)anpøas;bþÚrexaGaveyokkugeTABak;Gav
bnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμrRkhm bnþsmøab;Exμr. enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmTTYl)anC½yCMnHenaH kalenaHExμrRkhm
manbIRkumTI1 ExμrRkhm EdlyYncab;eTAbNþúHbNþaledayRkughaNUy BYkenHsMrab;eFIVCa
BiCXatsmøab;ExμrEdlRbqaMgyYnedaykarecaTRbkan;epSg² dUcCaecaTfa Pñak; sIu Gay eG kareseb
nig brivaGaemrikaMgCaedIm. TI2 ExμrRkhmEdlKaMRT sIhnu TI3 ExμrRkhmEdlKaMRT b:ul Bt
ExμrTaMgbIRkumenH suT§EtbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayxusTws BIhaNUy ¬cgkMhwgnigExμr
smøab;ExμrEtKaMRTyYn¦. ehtudUcenHehIy GñkEdlbgávinasskmμsmøab;ExμrenAkñúgRbeTsExμrenAkñúg
rbbenH KWRkumBiCXatEdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþmk ehIyBYkBiCXatTaMgenaHRtUv
)aneKbBa¢ÚnCabnþbnÞab; BIRkughaNUycUlmkkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edIm,Ismøab;Exμr ¬yYnyk
liTi§kumμúynisþenHCameFüa)ay x©IédExμreGaysmøab;Exμr edIm,IbMP½nþExμreGay emIleXIjfaExμrsmøab;Exμr
cMeNjneya)ayyYn 7 mkra 1979¦. RkumTaMgenHTTYlEpnkar pÞal;BIRkughaNUy edIm,Ismøab;Exμr
CIkesμACIkTaMgb£s. menaKmn_rbs;BYkkumμúynisþyYn RbqaMgnigBYkRbtikiriya brivar EdlsMedArMelIg
b£sKl;rbs;CatiExμr eGaydYlrlMFøak;cuH eFIVeGayExμrRcbUkRcbl; CaehtunaMeGayExμrRkhmxag
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๔ rkSasiT§i

25. b:ulBt mankarsgS½y ehIybegIáteGaymankarkab;smøab;tbtvij eRkayBIyYnkkUrsßankarN_kñúg
sgÁmExμr enHCakareRKagTukrbs;yYn eRkayBIExμrRcbUlRcbl;vikvrkñúgRbeTsehIy yYn)ancUlmk
EkERbneya)ayfμI 7 mkra 1979. eBlEdleKsmøab;Exμr GñkecHdwgGs;ehIy dUcenHRbeTsRtUv
Føak;kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumμúynisþNÐÚcinEdlmanyYnCaemekøagrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMeBaHExμr
EdlenAsl;sBVéf¶ xøac)ak;s,at minh‘anniyaykarBit manEtkarQWcab;eFVIKr eFIVføg;minh‘anniyay
bBaðaBitEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgsgÁm nigeGank,aleRkamyYnedIm,ICivitrs; edaykarekobsgát;RKb;Ebb
ya:gtamkareRbIGMNacpþac;karrbs;BYkkumμúynisþsBVéf¶ etIeyIgbeNþayTukeGayCatiExμrTaMgmUlRtUv
rlay)at;bg; ehIyTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIkUnecAeyIgCMnan;eRkayeTot b¤mYyya:gNa?.
IV -b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra (The Root of 7 January)
dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμúynisþeFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hU CImij
EdlerobcMtaMgBIqñaM 1930. edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæCaeRcInrbs;xøÜnrs;enARsYl yYnRtUvvatTITwkdIenA
tMbn;NÐÚcin dUcmanRbeTs lav Exμr cam nig ExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam edIm,Idak;CacMNuHrbs;
shB½n§NÐÚcin. yYnkumμúynisþ)aneFIVsRgÁam lukluyRbeTsExμr eRbIl,ickl, yuT§saRsþRKb;viFI
edIm,IeFIVeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSay. yYn)anerobcMEpnkar pþac;b£sKl;CatiExμreGaydYlrlMFøak;exSay
enAkñúgrbbb:ul Bt dUcCakardutKm<Ir k,Ünxñat lubbM)at;RbvtþisaRsþ nigsmøab;GñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþCaedIm.
sUmbBa¢ak;fa rbbExμrRkhm EdlmansIhnu CaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaeFIVkarshkarCamYy b:ul
Bt enH KWmanyYnRkhm ¬kumμúynisþ¦ b¤ehAfaeyokkugnigcin CaGñkCYyRKb;Ebbya:g rab;taMgBIkar
bNþúHbNþal pþl;sBVavuF RKab;rMesv CYyc,aMgCamYykgT½B ln; nl; esrImt³ rhUt)anC½yCMn³
enAéf¶17 emsa1975. BYkeyokkugTaMgenH )anelIkC½yCMn³eGayBYk ExμrRkhm ¬Exμrkumμúynisþ¦.
eyokkugEdlenAkñúgExμrRsab; nig ExμrEdlyYnbNþúHbNþal bþÚrexaGaveTAesøokBak;exaGavexμA bnøM
eFIVExμr ¬Rkhm¦ edIm,IbMP½nþeGayeXIjfa Exμrsmøab;Exμr enAkñúgrbbenH. eRkayBIyYnkkUrsßankarN_
eGayFøak;cuHdl;kMritsUnüehIy yYn)anbþÚrneya)ayfμI vaylukQøanBanExμr kan;kab;TwkdIExμrTaMgRsug
bnþkab;smøab;Exμréf¶TI 7 mkra 1979Etmþg. karbMpøajexÞcxÞIKm<Irk,Ünxñat smøab;GñkR)aCJ GñkecHdwg
EdlCaRKwHya:grwugmaMrbs;Catisasn_Exμr ehIybnSl;TukGñkEdlecHdwgBIneya)aytictYc. bnÞab;mk
BYkeKxitxMEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþfμIeGaykUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkayeron. edIm,IcMeNjneya)ayelbTwkdI
yYnlak;)aMgRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd mineGayExμrCMnan;eRkay)andwgc,as;las; eFIVeGayExμrvegVgrkkar
BitmineXIj. LÚvenHtamRKb;salaeron nayksalaeKbgçMeGaykan;KNbkSRbCaCn hammin
eGayExμreronRbvtþisaRsþ niyayBIRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd hamR)amRKUmineGayniyayBIerOgsgÁmBit
nig RbvtþisaRsþBit. ebIelakRKUGñkRKUNah‘anniyaykarBit enaHeKecaTfaerOgneya)ay b¤beRgon
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๕ rkSasiT§i

26. neya)ay. EteKkMBugEtbeRgonRbvtþisaRsþNÐÚcinCMnYsvij ¬yYnCaGñkmanKuN CYyrMedaHExμr
CaedIm¦. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl;rbs; éf¶ 7 mkra KW yYnkumμúynisþ ¬shB½n§NÐÚcin ¦
Edl)anyklTi§kumμúynisþmksabeRBaHelIExμr. yYnQñHExμr taMgBIéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 eday
eRbIneya)ayTaMgRtCak;TaMgekþA eRbIBYkExμrkumμúynisþ b¤ExμrRkhmEdlniymyYn ehg sMrin Ca sIum
h‘un Esn eGaykan;GMNacCMnYs rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñedIm,IelbTwkdIExμr sMerctamEpnkarshB½n§
NÐÚcin.
CnCatievotExμrlavrYmsamKÁImWunqña
V -yYnkumμúynisþRtYtRtaExμr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979
(Vietnamese Communist Colonize Cambodia on January 7, 1979)
cab;BIéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI edayyYn)anpøas;bþÚrExμr ¬Rkhm¦
kumμúynisþniymcinecjBIGMNac elIkbnþúbExμrRkhm ¬kumμúynisþ¦niymyYnvij eGaykan;GMNac. BYk
kumμúynisþEdlniymyYnmandUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum say b‘Ufg
nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnelIkExμr edIm,IeFIVCa]bkrN_neya)ayeGayxøÜn eRBaHyYn)angakBIcin ehIyP¢ab;
TMnak;TMngCamYyr:UsIu. cinmanCemøaHCamYyr:UsIu cin)anbþÚrTMnak;TMngeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. Cak;Esþg
enAeBlEdlyYnelIk Eb:n suvNÑ nig can;sIu eGayeFIVCaGay:g bMerIneya)ayrbs;xøÜn EtEb:n suvNÑ
nigcan; sIu mineFIVtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn yYn)ancak;fñaM can; sIu smøab;enAelIynþehaHEdleTABüa)al
enARbeTsr:UsIu. cMENkÉ Eb:n suvNÑvijRtUv h‘un Esn nig say b‘Ufg XubXitCamYyyYn cab;;yk
eTAdak;KukenATIRkughaNUy cMnYn 10 qñaM 52éf¶ enHedaysaEb:n suvNÑ manRbBn§yYnCakUnRbsar
paMva:n;dug emø:HRtUvsøab;dUc can; sIu. yYn)anelIkbnþúbCnelμaPGMNacdUc h‘un Esn Ca sIum nigehg
sMrin eGaykan;GMNacrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYn)anQøanBankan;kab;TwkdIExμr rwbGUsbøn;ykRTBü
sm,tþiExμr cab;BIeBlenaHmk ehIyEfmTaMgedjsmøab;ExμrEdlRbqaMgnigyYn rbbGay:gyYn eday
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๖ rkSasiT§i

27. ecaTfaBYk b:ul Bt. cMENkGñkEdlenAesssl;Rbus² EdlCaGñkmankmøaMg va)ancab;bgçMeGay
eTAeFIVCaTahan nigxøHRtUvcab;mkeFIVCaBlkr eTAsøab;enAtMbn;k 5 PaKeRcInsøab;edaysarCm¶WRKuncaj;
Can;mInCaedIm. enAkñúgeBlenaH yYnkumμúynisþCaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsExμrTaMgRsug. yYn)anedjsmøab;
ExμrGñkts‘UenAtamCayEdneTot edayeFIVsRgÁame)assMGat smøab;ExμrEdlts‘UCamYyyYnenAtam
CayEdnenAqñaM 1984. TIbMputExμrts‘UtamCayEdn)ancaj;yYn ehIy)anRbmUlKñaeTArs;enA
CMrMsayFU nigsayb‘Í CaedIm. enAqñaM 1985 eTIbshrdæGaemrikcab;epþImpþl;CMnYydl;Gñkts‘U eday
pþl;TwkR)ak;RbmaN 5 landuløa pþl;smÖar³swk nighVwkhat;TahanenAkøaMgdug . cMENkyYnRtUv)an
GnþrCati nigRbeTskñúgtMbn; dUcCa cin Gas‘an efáaleTasedaysar karQøanBanrMelaPGFibetyü
PaBRbeTsExμr elIkElgEtRbeTsNÐÚensIuenACaGaBüaRkit cMENkRbeTsr:UsSIúb:ueNÑaHEdlKaMRTyYn.
eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs;shPaBsUevotenAqñaM 1989 sUevotQb;pþl;CMnYyeGayyYn eRBaHr:UsISúman
vibtiþhirBaØvtßú edayGs;fivkaBITunbMrug. karGs;fvikaBITunbMrugenH eRBaHEtshPaBsUevotBRgwg
EpñkeyaFaxøaMgeBk CaBiess xatCaeRcIncMeBaHneya)ayenANÐÚcin EtcMeNjenAxagGWur:ubxagekIt.
yYncaj;eRbobxagkarTUt cMeBaHkmøaMgGñkts‘U EdlCYy]btßmÖedayshrdæGaemrik cin nigGas‘an.
b:uEnþtamkarsikSaRsavRCaveXIjfa kgT½BGñkts‘UExμr BMumanbec©keTsRKb;RKan;kñúgkareFIVsRgÁam
eFIVeGaycaj;eRbobkgT½ByYnEdlmankarhVwkhat;c,as;las; sBVavuFRKb;RKan;. eBlenaH eK)anbBa¢Ún
kgkmøaMgts‘UExμreGayeTAeronenA m:aeLsIu nigRbeTséf . eRkaymkeTIbkmøaMgts‘UmaneRbob
elIyYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkGay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn eRBaHsUevotEdlCasm<½n§miRtrbs;yYn
)ancaj;GaemrikkñúgsRgÁamRtCak; sUevot)angakeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij enAkñúgrdæaPi)al kU )aqUv
edIm,IeGayesdækic©rbs;xøÜndMeNIrkarl¥vij. ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbyYn)anpøas;bþÚrriyabfeGay h‘un
Esn nigsIhnu ccarcuHsn§isBaØasnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsnaéf¶ 23 tula 1991 edIm,IRbmUlExμr
GñkesñhaCati cUlkñúgRTugeGayBYkkumμúynisþcab;Exμrsmøab;mþgmYymþgmYy CabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;
bc©úb,nñ.
VI-sRgÁamrvagExμrGñkts‘U CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn xus c,ab;
(The War between Khmer Resistances with Vietnamese Aggressor and Illegal Dictactor Hun Sen)
cab;taMgBIsRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 2 naTsvtSTI 60 yYnEtgEteRbIExμr eRbIemdwknaMExμrEdlelμaP
GMNac Ca]bkrN_bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn. dUckalBIqñaM 1970 yYn)aneRbI sI hnu nig b:ul Bt
Ca]bkrN_ CaKMrbeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgCasRgÁamsIuvil . cMENkenAqñaM
1979 yYn)aneRbIBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn Ca]bkrN_sMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜn x©IédExμr
eFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμreTot dUckalEdlyYneFIVsRgÁamkalBIqñaM 1970 EdlyYnx©IédExμrRkhm b:ul Bt
nigExμrRkhm sIhnu mkeFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμrsaFarNrdæ. enAeBlenaH yYn)anlukluyRbeTsExμr
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๗ rkSasiT§i

28. BaseBjépÞRbeTs ehIycab;epþImeFIVneya)ayyYnnUbnIykmμenAkñúgRbeTsExμr edayTahanyYn)an
ykRbBn§Exμr cMENkÉRsIyYn)anykbþIExμr ehIyyYncMnYn 5 nak;enATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn 1 nak;
cMENkenAtamCnbTyYn 1nak;Exμr 5 nak;. dMNak;kalenH KWmnxusBIsRgÁamsm½ysaFarNrdæ
i
b:unμaneT eRBaHExμrmçagKaMRTedaykumμúynisþyYn EdlmanBYkGay:g h‘un Esn ehIymçageTotKaMRTeday
cin GaemrikkaMg Gas‘an CaehtueFIVeGayGñkts‘UtamCayEdnmaneRbobelIyYn nig rbbkumμúynisþ
h‘un Esn xusc,ab;. eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM ehIybBa©b;sRgÁamRtCak;CamYyGaemrik
enAqñaM 1989 cMENkRbeTsGaløwm:g;)ankøayeTACaRbeTsEtmYy sUevot)anQb;CYy]btßmÖyYn
eBlenaHyYn)ansMerccitþdkkgT½BesøokBak;ÉksNæanecjBIRbeTsExμrmun EtyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½B
yYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsExμrvij. yYn)aneRbI h‘un Esn eTAcrcarCamYy
sI hnu CabnþbnÞab;rhUtdl;mankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. yYneFIVdUc
enH edIm,IedaHédBIkarefáaleTasBIGnþrCati fayYnQøanBanExμr eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfaCa
sRgÁamsIuvilrvagExμrnigExμr. ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhmEdlmanExμrsøab;rab;lan k¾yYn
eFIVdUcenHEdr edayyYnykExμreTAbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ eFIVCaBiCXadmksmøab;Exμr ehIy
eRbIExμrRkhm sIhnu b:ul Bt edIrtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn bMP½nþExμreGayvegVgrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶.
karcrcarrvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn CabnþbnÞab;enA )a:taya: RbeTséf enAya:kata RbeTsNÐÚensIu
ehIyenATIbMputenA TIRkug)a:rIsRbeTs )araMgenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991.
VII -sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs (Paris Agreement Treaties)
sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs)aneFIVeLIg eRkayBImankarcrcarCabnþbnÞab;rvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn
cab;BIqñaM 1987 mk. cMENksRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1989.
shPaBsUevoteRbImenaKmn_kumμúynisþ cMENkshrdæGaemrikeRbImenaKmn_esrI nigRbCaFibetyü.
shPaBsUevotCaGñkKaMRTyYnkumμúynisþTaMgxagbec©keTs GñkCMnajkar nigsmÖar³sBVavuF. kñúgeBl
enaHCMnajkarsUevotTaMgcl½t nigGciéRnþy_CaeRcInRbmaN 1 Esnnak; eFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTs
eyokNam. cMENkÉRbeTscin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘anCaGñkKaMRTclnats‘UExμrTaMg 3Rkum.
ExμrTaMg3Rkum enaHmanRkumTI1 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμrdwknaMeday elakta sWn san RkumTI
2 km<úCa RbCaFibetyüdwknaMeday exov sMpn cMENkRkumTI3 hViúnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm sI
hnu. edaysarcin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘an )andak;sm<aFkarTUteTAelIrdæa)alRkughaNUy
nigenAeBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM minGacKaMRTyYnbnþeTAeTot eFIVeGayyYncaj;eRbobExμr
Gñkts‘UxagkarTUt nigneya)aykñúgRbeTsyYn)andkkgT½BesøokBak;ÉksNæanRtLb;eTAvij EtTuk
kgT½BesøokBak;sIuvil bgáb;TukenAkñúgRbeTsExμr tamry³karbiT)aMgrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa h‘un
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๘ rkSasiT§i

29. Esn. yYn)aneGay h‘un Esn mkcrcarCamYy sI hnu EdltMNagGñkts‘UExμrCMnYsvij. eBlenaH
yYn)anedaHédecjBIkarefáaleTasBIqakGnþrCati edayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgenA
RbeTsExμrCasRgÁamsIuvil minEmnCasRgÁamQøanBanenaHeT. karcrcarKñaCabnþbnÞab; rvag h‘un Esn
nig sIhnu rhUtQaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAéf¶ 23 tula 1991 Edlman NÐÚensIu nig
)araMg eFIVCashRbFankñúgeBlcuHhtßelxasn§isBaØasnþiPaBbYnPaKI sWn san tMNagrNsirS
CatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr neratþm rNriTi§ hViúnsIunbiuc exov sMpn km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig h‘un Esn
rdækm<úCa. kalEdlRbeTsTaMg 2 enH eFIVCashRbFanenaH BIeRBaHRbeTsTaMg2 enH CaRbeTs
GBüaRkitenAkñúgsRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI3enH edayminKaMRTxagyYn b¤KaMRTxagExμrGñkts‘U. kic©RBm
eRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)annaMeGayRbeTsExμr Qb;)aj;Kña nigeFIVeGayRbeTsQaneTArkliTi§RbCaFibetyü
snþiPaB tamry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatEdlerobcMedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehAkat;fa G‘untak;enAqñaM
1993. enAeBlenaHKNbkShViúnsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriTi§ CaGñkQñHeqñat TTYlsemøg)an
58 ekAGI . KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa)ancaj;eqñatTTYlsemøg)an 51 ekAGI. h‘un Esn erobcMeFIV
Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁ edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam. sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBITwk
dIExμr ehIyEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñgeFIVCanayk
rdæmRnþITI2.
kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIséf¶ 23 tula 1991 CacMNucrbt;neya)aymYyya:gsMxan;sMrab;
RbvtþisaRsþExμr nigCakþIsgÇwmsMrab;RbCaCatiExμrTUeTA BIeRBaHfa kic©RBmeRBogenH )annaMExμrQan
eTArksnþiPaB nigliTi§RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij kic©RBmeRBogenaHRtUv)anlubbM)at;
ecal ERbCatn½y edayCnkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn mineKarBtamkic©RBmeRBogenHeLIy EfmTaMg
eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 rMelaPsiT§imnusS
CabnþbnÞab;. Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;yYn )annaMRbeTsExμreGayFøak;cUl
kñúgrbbkumμúynisþeRkamyYnRtYtRtadEdl.
VIII -edImkMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüsareLIgvij (The Democracy Was Reborn)
edImkMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüsareLIgvij KWenAeBlEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anerobcM
e)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’enAkm<úCanaqñaM 1993. RbeTsCatiRtUvxatbg;CaeRcInenAkñúgsRgÁam
lukluyrbs;yYnenH yYnCaGñkcMeNjRKb;Ebbya:g rab;cab;taMg RTBüsm,tþi elIdI eRkamdI EdlyYn
qk;bøn;ykeTARbeTseK )at;Twk )at;dI tamsinsBaØaxusc,ab;rvagGay:gyYn nigBYkQøanBan.
§i
karBlICivitrbs;ExμrGñkesñhaCati nigbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμrTaMgGs; ERbCatn½y edaysaremdwknaM
qáÜtlIla tamExSjak;neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ dUcesþc sIhnu nig h‘un Esn. eyIgsegát
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๙ rkSasiT§i

30. eXIjfaenAqñaM 1993 RbCaBlrdæ)aneTAe)aHeqñatya:geRcInkuHkr edaysarcg;eGayRbeTsmankar
pøas;bþÚrRbeTsCatimankarrIkcMerIntamRbCaFibetyü BIeRBaH RbCaBlrdæExμrrs;enArgnUvkareKob
sgát;CiHCan; eFIVTukçbukemñj biTsiTi§esrIPaB BIBYkGay:g h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμúynisþ CayUrmkehIy.
GgÁkarshRbCaCati CaGñkerobcMkare)aHeqñatmYyedayesrI nigyutþiFm’. BIeRBaHExμr EdlFøab;rs;enA
rgkareKobsgát;CiHCan; eFIV)abRKb;Ebbya:grbs;BYkGay:g nigyYnkumμúynisþ. b:uEnþRbCaBlrdæExμr
Gs;sgÇwm edaysar sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTs ehIyRbKl;GMNaceGay
BYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn vij. kalenaH eKeXIjRbeTsExμrdwknaMedaynaykrdæmRnþI 2 KWnaykmRnþITI1
neratþm rNriTi§ nig naykrdæmRnþITI2 KW h‘un Esn. cab;BIqñaM 1993 mkdl;qñaM 1997
RbeTsExμr)ansÁal;enABnøWRbCaFibetyümYyry³eBlxøI EteRkaymkBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn)an
eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatiGs;RbmaNCag 280 nak;. matuPUmiCaTIesñha
rbs;eyIg )anFøak;cuHsnSwmbnþicmþg² cUleTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlsißtenAeRkam
yYnRtYtRtaminecjmux rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ.
IX -karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyü (Declining down the Democracy)
karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyüeTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;BYkkumμúynisþKWcab;taMgBI h‘un Esn eFIVrdæRbhar
deNþImGMNacBIKNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriT§ enAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 emøH.
h‘un Esn elIkbnþúb Gwug h‘Yt CatukátaCMnYsvij. kareFIVrdæRbharenH CaEpnkarrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ
EdlmanyYn Caemekøag edIm,Ipþac;b£sKl;GñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüEdlmankmøaMgxøaMgeGayGs;
edIm,IgayRsYlyYnnig BYkGay:g eFIV)abRbCaBlrdæExμrdUcbc©úb,nñ. kalenaHeKeXIjmanGñk
RbCaFibetyü nigGñkesñhaCatiCaeRcIn enAkñúgKNbkShV‘únsiunbiuc nig KNbkSRbCaFibetyü
esIrIniymRBHBuT§sasnarbs;elakta sWn san RtUveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;dUcCa hY sux RkUc eyOm ecA
sm,tþi Ca riTI§Qut nigCaeRcInnak;eTot RbmaNCit 300nak;. cMENkGñkEdlrYcxøÜnenAEss
sl;)anrt;eTAkan;tMbn; GUsμac; ehIyeFIVkarts‘UCamYyBYk h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμúynisþeTot. BYk h‘un
Esn )anelIkGMNac xül;eTAeGay Gwug h‘Yt CMnYsvij dUckalEdlyYncUlmkQøanBanExμr éf¶ 7
mkra 1979 ehIyelIkGMNacxül;eGay ehg sMrin nig hu‘n Esn Edr. eBlEdlBYk h‘un Esn
minGacvayEbkRkumGñkts‘UenAGUsμac;RbmaN 300nak; . eBlenaH RBwT§sPashrdæGaemrik r:UNa
EbK½r )ancuHmkRtYtBinitüpÞal;dl;tMbn;GUsμac; dMNwgenH)aneFIVeGay sIhnu R)ab;kUnneratþm rNriTi§
eGayehA jwk b‘unéq xan; saevOn RtLb;cUleTAkñúgRbeTsvij edaysnüafaeGaytMENgCaedIm
EtTIbMputGMNacenaH RtUvBYkkumμúynisþdkbnþicmþg²rhUtdl;cb;Etmþg. GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt
P½nþRcLMenaHyl;fa esþc sIhnu CaGñkRsLaj;kUnecARbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd EdlGñkesñhaCatiExμr
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๐ rkSasiT§i

31. GñkRbCaFibetyüxMdEgðrtamRBHGgÁtaMgBIts‘UéRBma:KI ts‘UtamCayEdnExμr-éf edaykaryl;RcLMsμan
faesþc sIhnu bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr RsLaj;karBarRbCaBlrdæExμr EtTIbMput esþc sIhnu
CaCnkumμúynisþ EdlEkøgxøÜneTAtamCMenarneya)aybMerIeGaykumμúynisþ tamkarjak;RbmUlExμr
GñkesñhaCati mkeGayBYkkumμúynisþsmøab;CafμI . sI hnu b:ul Bt h‘un Esn suT§EtCaCnkumμúynisþ
EdlehAfa Exμr Rkhm.
dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa kare)aHeqñatEdlekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;eRkayBIrdæRbharqñaM 1997
CakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³
rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. karFøak;eTAkñúgGMNacrbs;BYkkumμúynisþenHehIy eFIVeGayBYk
RbCaFibetyü BYkGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUveKsmøab;CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot edayKμanrkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTas
eLIy. RbeTs)anFøak;kñúgkNþab;édrbs;mnusSEtmñak; rdæCaGñksMerckic©karRKb;Ebbya:g RbCaBlrdæ
Exμr KμansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarsMerckic©karTaMgLay eRBaHxøaceKeRbIRbB½n§ tulakar nigGMNac cab;dak;Kuk
nigKMramkMEhgsMlab;CaedIm.
X -RbeTsExμrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI
(Cambodia fell into Hun Sen Dictatorship under Vietnamese Neo-Colonism)
ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlRbvtþisaRsþExμreyIg cab;taMgBIsm½yRtsk;Ep¥mmk eXIjfaGtItkal
mankarRcbUkRcbl; minc,as;las; eRBaHKm<Irk,ÜnxñatRtUv)aneKbMpøajecal lubRbvtþisaRsþ Kμan
karkt;Rtac,as;las;. ktþaTaMgenH eFIVeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;kñúgPaBRcbUkRcbl; sRgÁamvwkvr minecHcb;
edaysarkarBwgelIbreTs mineCO nigeGaytMélCatisasn_xøÜnÉg. KnøgRbvtþisaRsþenH )anFøak;
mkelIRbeTsExμrmþgehIymþgeTot rhUtmankarkab;smøab;Exμr CitputBUCenAkñúgsm½y b:ul Bt.
Km<Irk,Ünxñat RbvtþiBgSavtaRtUveKdutbMpøajGs; EfmTaMgEkøgRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay mkeGaykUn
ecAExμrCMnan;eRkayeronsURteTotpg. Cak;EsþgenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþExμrfμI²enH eRkayBIExμr)anTTYl
ÉkraCüBI)araMgmk eyIgeXIjfakarEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IbMP½nþExμreGayKaMRT eRBaHGMNac
nigraCblø½gÁb:ueNÑaH. yYn)anerobcMqakneya)ayenAkñúgtMbn;NÐÚcin begIátCabkSkumμúynisþ enAtam
bNþaRbeTsnImYy² man lav Exμr CaedIm. yYnCaGñkbegIáteGaymanExμrRkhm ¬Exμrkumμúynisþ¦.
eRkaymkyYn)anbþÚrExμrRkhm EdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt nig sIhnu edayelIkExμrRkhm ehg sMrin Ca
sIum h‘un Esn eGaykan;GMNac bMerIneya)ayeGayxøÜnbnþeTAeTot. dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa
RbeTsExμr)an Føak;kñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;yYnkumμúynisþtaMgBIéf¶ 7 mkra 1979. éf¶ 7 mkra 1979
minEmnCaéf¶yYnmkCYyExμreT Caéf¶yYnQøanBanelbTwkdIExμr pøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI edIm,IbMP½nþExμrEt
b:ueNÑaH. Gñkkac;cgáÚtneya)ay KWecjBIyYnhaNUydEdl eRBaHyYn)anerobEpnkar pþac;b£sKl;Cati
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๑ rkSasiT§i

32. Exμr KWsmøab;EtnisiStbBaØvnþ . BYkkumμúynisþ kMBugEteXasnaRKb;Ebbya:g eGaymtiRbCaBlrdæ
mtiCati nigGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa RbeTsExμrCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü EtpÞúyeTAvijRbeTsExμr
sißtenAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI. yYnEkøgePTCaExμr RtYtRtaExμr
Bak;pøakRbCaFibetyü taMgesþcCarnaMg)aMg kMueGayExμremIleXIjBIeKalbMNgneya)ayRtCak;rbs;
BYkva edIm,IelbTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. cab;BIyYndkT½BÉksNæaneyaFaeTA bnSl;TukkgT½B ÉksNæan
sIuvil eGaykan;kab;tMENgx<s;² sMxan;² eFIVeGayExμreyIgvegVg nig kll,icneya)ayrbs;yYn
eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμryl;fa RbeTsExμr)ansuxsnþiPaB. EtpÞúyeTAvij ExμrkMBugEtrgTukçevTnaRKb;
Ebbya:g edayrbbpþac;karrbs; h‘un Esn EdlyYn)anelIkbnþúbtaMgBIqñaM 1979. LÚvenH
RbeTsExμrmanEtsMbkxageRkAfaCaExμr EttamBitExμrRtUvsßitenAkñúgGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI edayyYn
ykrUbPaBRkumh‘un c,ab; karecaTRbkan; cab;dak;Kuk edIm,IKMramkMEhg bM)ak;sμartIExμrxøacminh‘an
RbqaMgCamYynigBYkva.
XI -KμantulüPaBxagnitibBaØatiþ nitiRbtibtþi nignititulakar
(No Balance in Legislative, Executive and Court)
tameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü GMNacrdæTaMgbI¬nitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi tulakar¦ RtUvEtman
GMNacesμIrKña ehIysißtenAdac;edayELkBIKña. b:uEnþ cMeBaHkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrvij minEmnCa
RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü mansiTi§esrIPaB BitR)akdeT eRBaHeyIgeXIjfaGMNacTaMg 3
enHsßitenAeRkamEtmnusSEtmñak; KWh‘un Esn. BYkkumμúynisþykRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS mkbiT)aMg
faCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrI edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr. eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaFibetyü
enAkñúgRbeTsExμrxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. GMNactulakar KμanÉkraCü BukrlYy
GyutþiFm’ lMeGogeTAGñkmanluy nigGñkmanGMNac CaBiess GMNactulakar xøacGMNac h‘un Esn
EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn. tamBittulakarminRtUvsißtenAeRkamTi§BlbuKÁlNamñak; KNbkSneya)ay
NamYyeLIy. cMENkÉGMNacnitibBaØatiþvij smaCiksPa RBwT§sPaPaKeRcIn min)anedIrtYrCaGñk
tMNagraRsþ tMNagRbCaBlrdæ BitR)akdeT EbCatMNageGaybkSeTAvij. karCECkBiPakSaedaH
Rsaymin)ansVHEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati EtnaMKñaxitxMedIm,IdeNþImGMNacKña
karBarGMNac RbRBwtþi GMeBIBukrlYy eKgRbv½Ba© CBa¢k;QamBICati sasna nig RbCaCatiExμr mkdak;
plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b:ueNÑaH.
1-B½t’man (Information)
B½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü manesrIPaBeBjeljebIkcMhr. cMeBaHRbB½n§sarB½t’manenAkñúg
RbeTsExμrvij eyIgeXIjfa esÞIrEtRKb;bNþajpSBVpSayBt’man viTüú TUrTsSn_ karEstPaKeRcIn
RtUvRKb;RKgedayKNbkSkan;GMNac b¤sißtenAeRkamTi§Blrbs; ¬KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa¦. enHcMNuc
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๒ rkSasiT§i

33. mYYyeTot EdlpÞúyBIeKalkarN_rbs;RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd eRBaHfatameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü
BitR)akd Bt’manRtUveFIVtamviC¢aCIv³ ÉkraCüRtwmRtUvsMrab;qøúHbBa©aMgTegIVrbs;emdwknaM nigGIVEdlekIt
manenAkñúgsgÁmBitR)akd. RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI RbB½n§sarB½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü
minlMeGogeTArkKNbkSneya)ayNamYyb¤sißtenAeRkamGMNacrbs;buKÁlNamñak;. ebIeyIgRkeLk
emIlkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrvij etICaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü b¤pþac;kar ebImanemdwknaM
Etmñak;kan;GMNac cMENkGñksarBt’man minh‘ansresrkarBitenAkñúgsgÁm PaKeRcInsresIrrdæaPi)al
ebIsinCah‘anriHKn; RtUveKKMramkMEhg eKobsgát;ecaTRbkan; bþwgGMBIbTbriharekrþi_ júHjg;
cab;b¤)aj;smøab;CaedIm. Cak;EsþgenAkñúgeBlfμI²enH GñkkarEst Kwmsm,Úr RtUveK)aj;smøab;
GñkniBn§karEstExμrm©as;RsukmYyrUbeQμaH hgS cRka RtUveKbþwg ehIycab;dak;KukryHeBl 2 qñaM.
ÉelakemOg sun RtUveKecaTRbkan;fa pSayB½t’manminBit nigjúHjg; edaysarEtelakniyaykarBit
R)ab;RbCaBlrdæExμr GMBIkarb:HBal;GcäriyvtßúExμr GgÁrvtþ EdlRtUvBYkCnBukrlYy yYn sux Kg;
kMBugEtdab;fμrR)asaTdak;GMBUlePøIg. ehtuenHehIy ebIsinCaExμreyIgh‘anniyayBIkarBitenAkñúg
sgÁm BYkeKRtUvRbQmmuxeRKaHfñak;dl;GayuCivitnig suvtßiPaB RBYy)armÖ BIsuvtißPaB nigsnþisux.
GñksarB½t’man GñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyüPaKeRcIn EdlXatkr)aj;smøab;GaCJaFr h‘un Esn
minEdlcab;Xatkr b¤CnelμIsykmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy EtpÞúyeTAvij BYkeKcab;EtCnsøÚtRtg;mkdak;
kMhusCMnYsvij. Bt’manmin)anebIkTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæeGay)andwg pÞúyeTAvij GñkEdl
sþab;viTüú GasIuesrI vIGUeG RtUveKbMPitbMP½y KMramkMEhg hammineGaysþab;.
yYn sux Kg; dab;fμR)asaTGgÁrvtþ bMpøajGcäriyvtßúExμr
2-karGb;rM (Education)
karGb;rMRtUvmanTaMgKuNPaB nigbrimaNsMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA. edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy
kMritGb;rMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrenAEtminTan;manKuNPaBsikSaRKb;RKan; tamkMrittMbn; kMritGnþrCati b¤man
kMritesμInwgRbeTsCitxageLIy edayRbB½n§Gb;rMmanGMeBIBukrlYy xVHsmÖar³sikSa xVHeBlevla sikSa
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๓ rkSasiT§i

34. RsavRCavedaysarEtCIvPaBRkIRk RKUR)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; CaehtueFIVeGayRKUKμanTwkcitþkñúgkarbeRgon
nigCaBiesssißtenAeRkamKMnabTi§Blneya)ay min)anelIktMekIgeGayeronRbvtþisaRsþExμrBitR)akd
nigmin)anGb;rMeGayecHRsLaj;Catirbs;xøÜn. karminR)ab;BIeKalbMNgeKaledAdl;sisSeGay)an
c,as;las; edIm,IeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi karBarplRbyaCn_Cati EtbeRgoneGayExμremIleXIj
luyCaerOgsMxan; nigeronedIm,IEsVgrkkargar rkluyCaedIm. RKUbeRgonKμansiTi§esrIPaBRKb;RKan;
kñúgkarniyaykarBit BIbBaðasgÁmenAkñúgRbeTs edaysarkareKobsgát;BInayksalaEdleKbgçM
eGaybMerIKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. GñkEdlh‘anniiyayR)ab;sisSBIerOgsgÁm RtUv)an eKKMramkMEhgfa
xussIlFm’ b£dkhUtsiTi§mineGaybeRgon Cak;EsþgfμI²enH elakRKU su‘n Fun CaRKUbeRgonenA
extþkMBg;FMCaedIm. enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM)ankat;bnßymineGaysikSaeronRbvtþisaRsþ PUmisaRsþBitR)akd
rbs;Exμr EdlGacb:HBal;eTAelIemdwknaMneya)ay kMBugEteFIVneya)ay bMpiøjbMpøajplRbeyaCn_Cati
eFIVeGayExμrvegVgrkkarBit mineXIjKμanÉkPaBKña eQøaHRbEkkKña Ebk)ak;tammenaKmn_neya)ay
rbs;yYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkGñkkan;GMNacEdlminniyaykarBit.
3-kare)aHeqñat (The Election)
RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§e)aHeqñatdUc²Kña . kare)aHeqñatRtUverobcMedayesrI nigyutiþFm’. kar
e)aHeqñateRkay²mk elIkElgEtkarerobcMedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1993 vaCakare)aHeqñat
EdlKμanyutþiFm’RtwmRtUveT. lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH min)anecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμr
BitR)akdeT EtCalT§plEdlerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg
nigcarkmμyYn EdlbnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμrCaeRcInnak;. KN³kmμkarerobcMkare)aHeqñat KμanÉkraCü GBüaRkitü
RtwmRtUv eRBaHKN³kmμkarenHsißtenAeRkamGMNac Ti§BlKNbkSRbCaCn nigh‘un Esn. smaCik
EdleFIVkarenAkñúgKN³kmμkarerobcMkare)aHeqñatPaKeRcIn CasmasPaBKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa.
ebIeTaHCakare)aHeqñatQñHelIGñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüehIyk¾eday k¾BYkkumμúynisþTaMgenH
EdlmanyYnlUkédya:geRCAkkUrsßankarN_neya)ayExμrenaH eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;Exμr deNþImGMNac dUc
krNIrdæRbharéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 eTotCak;CaminxaneLIy.
4-esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmiti (Freedom of Expression)
esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmitisMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμr manEtenAelIRkdas manEtelIrdæFmμnuBaØ Etkar
GnuvtþCak;EsþgKμan. BYkGaCJaFr h‘un Esn biTsiTi§esrIPaB eKobsgát;CiHCan; vayeFIV)ab TaMgRBHsgÇ
TaMgRbCaBlrdæedayKμanRtaRbNIeLIy. RbCaBlrdæRtUveKhamXat;mineGayniyay GMBIerOgRbeTs
Cati KμansiTi§kñúgkarCYbRbCMuepSg² KμanesrIPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbeB©ajmtienATIkEnøgsaFarN³.
naeBlfμI²enH eBlEdlGaCJaFrGbSra)andab;fμR)asaTGgÁrvtþ edIm,Idak;ePøIg eFIVeGayb:HBal;
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๔ rkSasiT§i

35. dl;R)asaTGgÁrvtþ CavtßúGcäriy CaGtþsBaØaNrbs;Exμr EdlbuBVbursExμr)anksagTukeGayExμr.
kareFIVEbbenHbuBVbursExμrmankarekþARkhay eFIVeGayGñkesñhaCatih‘anegIbeLIg edIm,IkarBar
R)asaTGgÁrvtþ karBarTWkdI edayminbeNþayeGayGñkbMpøajCati GñkbMpøajvtßúbUraN eFIVeRscEtcitþ
enaHeLIy. GñkEdlniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati RtUveKecaTfaCaerOgneya)ay ehIyRtUv)aneKKMram
kMEhg RtUv)aneKcab;dak;Kuk b¤tamsmøab;edIm,IbM)ak;sμartI dUcCaeRbIRbB½n§tulakartamcab; elak
emOgsun ecaTRbkan;cab;elak hgS cRka dak;Kuk dkGP½yÉksiTi§rbs;GñkRsI mUsuxhYr nig
GñktMNagraRsþ hU va:n; CaedIm. GñkEdlha‘nkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiRtUveKtamcab;tamsmøab; dUcCa
elak Ca viC¢a RtUveKsmøab; TUc RsInic Bisidæ BalIkarRtUveK)aj;smøab; nigRBHetCKuN Twm saxn
RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAdak;KukyYnCaedIm. RBwtþikarN_TaMgGs;enH pÞúyBIRbeTsEdlmansiTi§esrIPaBeBj
elj EdlRbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti RbCaBlrdæCam©as;GMNac.
5-c,ab; (The Law)
c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr Cac,ab;sMrab;karBarGñkmanGMNac GñkRbRBwtþTuc©rit RbRBwtþBukrlYy
minEmnCac,ab;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæGñkTn;exSayenaHeLIy.
eyIgeXIjehIyfa Cm¶Wd¾F¶n;F¶renAkñúgsgÁmExμrsBVéf¶ KWGMeBIBukrlYy. c,ab;minRtUveKGnuvtþn_eGay
)anRtwmRtUveLIy eRBaHmankarsIusMNUk sUk)a:n; BukrlYy nigniTnþPaB. BYkeKykEtc,ab;Ebb
kumúμynisþ ykmkeRbIsMrab;ekobsgát;GñkTn;exSay. c,ab;sißtenAeRkamGñkmanGMNac nigbkSBYkrbs;
KNbkSRbCaCn. c,ab;TaMgenHCa c,ab;Ebbkumμúynisþ eRBaHfaTaMgRbeTskumμúynisþ nigRbeTsesrIman
c,ab;dUcKña EtRKan;Etc,ab;mYyekItecjBIbuKÁlmYyRkumtUcsMrab;plRbeyaCn_mYyRkumtUc dak;eGay
RbCaBlrdæTUeTAGnuvtþn_ EtsMrab;RbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrIvij c,ab;ekItecjBIRbCaBlrdæ BItMNag
RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ nigplRbeyaCn_Cati. Cak;Esþg eyIgemIlGMeBI
GyutþiFm’EdlekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr eBlEdl h‘un tU RtUvCakμÜyrbs; h‘un Esn )aj;eKsøab;enA
tamdgpøÚv Etc,ab;min)ancab;]RkidæCnmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy eRBaH h‘un tU CakμÜy h‘un Esn Edlman
TaMgluy nigGMNac. GñkRsI Bisidæ BlIkar RtUv b‘un ra:nI EdlCaRbBn§rbs; h‘un Esn )anbBa¢aeGay
eK)aj;smøab; EtKμannrNarkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy rhUtmkdl;eBlenH.
XII -etIemdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH Edlb:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ
(What Does Present Dictator Leader Do to Suffer People)
1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdærwbGUsykdI ( People Eviction for Grabbing Land)
karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæExμrecjBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy edIm,IrwbGUsykdI CaGMeBI]RkidæmYy
ya:gF¶n;F¶renAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn . karrwbGUsykdItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigGPivDÆn_enH
eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæERskRTehayMesÞIrEtRKb;extþRkugenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. tamBiteTAyYnykrUbPaB
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๕ rkSasiT§i

36. Rkumh‘un CakarbiT)aMg cMENkÉBYkGay:g ykBaküfa GPivDÆn_ mkeFIVCaels edIm,IbMeBjmhicäta
rbs;yYn Edlcg;elbTwkdIExμr dUckalEdlyYn)aneFIVenAkñúgTwkdIExμrkm<úCaeRkamEdr. bBaðaenH
)annwgkMBugekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. BYkGaCJaFrpþac;kar h‘un Esn )anRbKl;dIsm,Tan
eGayRkumh‘un yYnmanryHeBlya:gtic 99qñaM. BYkenHrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæ EdlkarrwbGUsdIenH
)anb:HBal;ya:gF¶n;F¶rd;l;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrsBVéf¶. dUckñúgkrNIfμI²enH enAPUmisMbukcab enAPUmidI
Rkhm shKmn_rIkray nigenAtambNþaextþepSg²eTotCaeRcIn. cUreyIgnaMKñaBicarNaemIleTA
karpþl;sm,TandIEdlmanry³eBl 99qñaM eTAeGayyYn etIGnaKtTwkdIExμrGackøayCakmμsiT§
rbs;yYn)anb¤eT ebIsinCaCIvitmFümrbs;Exμrrs;)anRtwmEt 50qñaMenaH. cMENkkarbiTsiT§esrIPaBExμr
karbMéPølubbM)at;RbvtþisaRsþExμrBitR)akd eKeFIVEkERbCabnþbnÞab;. CaBiess enAeBlLÚvenH
CnGenþaRbevsn_yYnrs;enAya:geRcInkuHkrenA elIkTwkdIExμrsBVéf¶enHeTot .
karrwbGUsykdIFøIRbCaBlrdæeRkamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nig GPivDÆn_
2-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption)
GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm¶WmYyd¾FMenAkñúgsgÁmExμr EdlrdæaPi)albc©úb,nñKμanqnÞ³ nigKμansmtßPaB
edaHRsayeGay)ancb;. GMeBIBukrlYyenH CarUbPaBmYyEdleKbiT)aMg GMeBITuc©ritepSg² dUcCakar
lYYcCati lk;RTBüsm,tþiCati ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn CaBiessbgðÚrplRbeyaCn_eTAeGay
RbeTsd¾éTeTot)angayRsYl edayGMeBIBukrlYy. dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa fvikarCati)anxat
bg;Gs; 250-500 landuløa kñúgmYyqñaM² enHebItamsMdIrbs;elakRsI GKÁraCTUtshrdæGaemrikRbcaM
enAkm<úCaeQμaH xar:Ul r:UdlI. eyIgRtUvBicarNaGMBIKNbkSRbCaCn etImanR)ak;Exb:unμanEdlBYkva
manluyrab;lan duløaeTAdak;FanaKareRkARbeTs etIluyTaMgGs;enaHminEmnCarbs;CatiExμr b£luy
)anmkBIBukrlYy lYcCati? etIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;enaH minEmnCasm,tþirbs;CatiExμr eyIgTaMgGs;
KñaeTb£? GMeBIBukrlYyenH rIkraldalya:gxøaMgenAkñúgsgÁmExμr enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM enAkñúgRbB½n§tulakar
nigtulakar ExμrRkhm pgEdr.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๖ rkSasiT§i

37. 3-PaBRkIRk (Poverty)
RbCaBlrdæExμrcMnYn 40 PaKry sißtenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk. nisSitCaeRcIn EdlbBa©b;karsikSa
ehIyKμankargareFIV. kmμkrR)ak;ExticminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarcMNaysMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶. BYkeKeFIVkar
RKan;EtbMerInayTuneragcRkEtb:ueNÑaH. RKUbeRgonR)ak;ExTabd¾Edl EtTMnijenAelITIpSar ekIneLIg
CalMdab; CaBiess saMg EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg eRBaHkalTMnijeLIgéfø
R)ak;ExdEdleFIVeGaycMNayeRcInCagcMNUl R)ak;snSMTab ¬RkIRk¦. RbCaBlrdæExμrcMnYn 85 PaKry
CaksikrRbkbmuxrbrksikmμ. muxrbrciBa©wmCIvitBYkKat;GaRs½yelIdIERs dIcMkar edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit
EtLÚvenH dIERsdIcMkarbs;Kat;mYycMnYn RtUv)anyYnEdlEkøgePTCaExμr nigbkSBYk h‘un Esn
eRbIR)as;CarUbPaBRkumh‘undeNþImdIERsdIcMkarrbs;Kat;Gs; etIGnaKtvasnakUnecAKat;EdlCaExμreTA
Cay:agNa? kUnecARkIRk min)aneronsURt ehIyGs;dIERsdIcMkareTot. tamsm,tþiFnFanrbs;Exμr
EdlmandUcCacMNUl)anBIeTscrN_ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ Er:mas eBRCt,Úg éRBeQI CaedIm eFobeTAnig
RbCaBlrdæExμrRbmaNCag 10 lannak;enaH RbCaBlrdæExμrminKYrRkIRkedIrsMuTaneKenaHeLIy.
etIFnFanTaMgGs;enaH Føak;eTAdl;édGñkNa? RTBüsm,tþirbs;Exμr plRbeyaCn_Exμr RtUvFøak;elI
BYkCnBukrlYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaenHÉg EdleKgRbvB½a©ykeTAdak;plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn. yYn
rwbGUsykeTAbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbeTsrbs;eK.
etIGnaKtkUnExμreTACaya:gNa?
4-kat;eTasExμrRkhm (Khmer Rouge Trial)
emdwknaMExμrRkhmKW sIhnu Edl)anRbkaseGayExμrcUléRBma:kKIrYmCamYy h‘un Esn
Edl)ancUleFIVCaExμrRkhmtaMgBI sI hnu eFIVCaRbFanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa begIáteLIgenARkugeb:kaMg
éf¶23 mIna 1970. sUmsalakþIExμrRkhmkat;eTas sIhnu nigh‘un Esn pg. ebIsinCamin)an
kat;eTas sI hnu pgeT vaCakarlak;)aMgkMhusemdwknaMExμrRkhmd¾sMxan;mñak; eRBaHedaysar sI hnu
enHehIyEdleFIVeGaykmøaMgExμrRkhm nigT½BeyokkugGacykC½yCMnHelIExμrsaFarN³rdæ varwtEteFIV
eGayExμrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTAminGacrkXatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg. b:uEnþ eyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExμr
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๗ rkSasiT§i

38. RKb;Kñadwgc,as;faXatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμúynisþyYn ¬NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:n
lTi§kumμúynisþeGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ Edlrt;cUléRBma:KItamkarGMBavnavrbs; sIhnu nig Exμr ¬Rkhm¦
EdlKaMRT b:ul Bt eGaysmøab;Exμr rYcehIyerobcMEpn smøab;CabnþbnÞab; edIm,IbM)at;bM)at;dan nig
sakSI. eBlEdlyYnkumμúynisþQñH elIkGMNaceGayExμrkumμúynisþ eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab;
lannak; TaMgExμreRkam nigExμrbc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCaExμrfμIelITwkdIExμrvij.
sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumμúynisþ edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_
pÞal;xøÜnÉg nigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH edayCnkumμúynisþTaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr
nigRbCaBlrdæExμreT. RbCaBlrdæExμrkMBugrgcaMyutþiFm’BitR)akdBIsalakþIenH. yYnmincg;eGayExμr
dwgkarBit cMENk h‘un Esn k¾mincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHExμrBitR)akdeT eRBaHxøac)at;bg;
GMNac. Cak;EsþgfμI²enH h‘un Esn )anniyayfasuxcitþeGaysalakþIenHbraC½y ebIsinCanaM
GñkBak;B½n§bEnßmeTotmkkat;eTas. karbegIátsalakþIenHcMeNjeTAkumμúynisþyYnPaKeRcIn ¬ 1-Exμr
enAEtEbk)ak;KñaQWcab;nigExμr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra 3-RbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt
mindwgkarBitfanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμúynisþ RtYtRtaExμrelbTwkdIExμr
bnþ ¦.
éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7
mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumμúynisþyYnQøanBanelIkbnþúbGMNacExμr¬Rkhm¦ h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg
sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμrRkhm begIátExμrRkhm ¬kumμúynisþ¦ k¾minh‘anecj
mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot.
GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlcg;;rkyutiþFm’eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB)ancMNay
luyCaeRcInmkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. edIm,IyutþiFm’sMrab;CnrgeRKaHExμr sUmeGayGgÁkarshRbCa
Cati beBa©jeGayGs;smtßPaB edIm,IsMercnUvkic©karCaRbvtþisaRsþenH.
ebIcg;rkyutiþFm’eGayExμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt sIhnu h‘un Esn nigyYn Edr
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๘ rkSasiT§i

39. 5-GaNaniKmn_EbbfμItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigkarpþl;dIsm,Tan
(The Neo-Colonism through the Picture of Company and Land Concession)
yYn)anbþÚrBIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_edaypÞal; dUckalBIqñaM 1979 mkeRbIGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIvij
edayyYn)anEkøgePTCaExμr edIm,IRKb;RKgExμr. yYn)aneRbIR)as;Rkumh‘unCakarbMP½nþExμr biT)aMgmin
eGayExμremIleXIj faExμrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμúynisþyYn.Rkumh‘unTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCa
Rkumh‘un evotNam EdlykTahanmkeFIVCakmμkr RtYtRtaemIlsPaBkarN_enAkñúgRbeTsExμr.
tamryHBaküfaGPivDÆn_ nig c,ab;sm,Tan yYn)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;
plRbeyaCn_ nigCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg. RbCaBlrdærgTukçevTna tElð QWcab;minecHcb;
GMBIkarrwbGUsdIFøI BIGñkkan;GMNac edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’eGay)ansmrmüeLIy. CaBiess
eBlfμI²enH Rkumh‘un 7 EGnCI Edl)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ nigRkumh‘unenAextþkMBg;s<W enAPñMRsYc
)an)aj;eKaRbCaBlrdæ ehIyrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæCaedIm.
karEdlyYneRbIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIenH edIm,IkMueGayRbCaBlrdæExμremIleXIj nigdwgGMBI
mhicätarbs;yYn. ebIsinCaExμreyIgdwg ExμreyIgemIleXIj GacnaMeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr egIbeLIg
RbqaMgCamYyyYn dUckalsm½yemT½B eRTOg mijya:g cUlmkRtYtRtaExμr. ehtudUcenHehIy karpþl;
dIsm,TaneGay Rkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM enH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfa kñúgeBl
GnaKtd¾xøIxagmux RbeTsCatiExμrGacnwgFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYn EdlEkøgePTeFIVCaExμrTaMgRsugminxan
eLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd rs;enACaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉgdUccam nig
Exμrkm<úCaeRkam.
6-FnFanFmμCati (The Natural Resource)
FnFanFmμCatirbs;Exμr mancab;taMgBIéRBeQI RtIsac; stVéRB Er: RtUvbMpøajedayBYkCn
BukrlYy XubXitKñalYcCatiykmkdak;;plRbeyaCn_buKÁl lk;CatiykmkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn
ehtudUecñHehIy ebIeyIgeFobFnFanExμreTAnigRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYnEtRbmaNCag 10lanenaH
RbCaBlrdæExμr minKYrRkIRk edIrsMuTaneK rt;ecjBIRbeTsExμreTAeFIVkarenARbeTseKenaHeLIy. eRBaHeK
eFIVeGayemIleXIjfa RbeTsExμrKμantMélGIVTaMgGs; nigBi)akkñúgkarrs;enA edaysarCIvPaB
nigKμankargareFIVCaedIm. neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ eFIVkarekobsgát;ExμrRKb;Ebbya:g eday
mineGayExμremIleXIjGMBItMélénCatirbs;xøÜnÉg EsVgrkedIm,Irs;b:ueNÑaH. yYn)aneRbIRkumh‘un
eGaydwkCBa¢ÚneQI Er:RKb;Ebbya:geTARbeTseK. Rkumh‘unyYn nigcin eFIVRKb;Ebbya:geGayExμr
hinehacFnFansm,tþiFmμCatiTaMgGs;enaH. Cak;Esþg eyIgeXIjPñMmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKQUsqay
eFIVeGayxUcRTg;RTay FmμCatiGs;dUcCaenAtMbn;GUk½ør mNÐlKIrI EdlmanRkumh‘uncineTACIkmas enAPñMCI
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๙ rkSasiT§i

40. Rsukrevog enATIenaHkñúgmYyExrab;etanmas EtebIsinCa RbCaBlrdæExμrvijBYkvaminGnuBaØateGayCIkeT
eBlEdlExμrrkeXIjkEnøøgman mas cin nigyYnvadeNþImExμr edayminGnuBaØateGayExμrCIkeLIy.
FnFanExμr kñúgTwk elIdI eRkam nigkñúgdI RtUvBYkCnBukrlYylk;CatiTaMgbI bMpøaj
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๐ rkSasiT§i

41. CMBUkTI 2
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๑ rkSasiT§i

42. bBa©b;bBaða (End Problems)
I.etIRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)anGIV? (What Does Cambodian People Want?)
RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ KμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljeT PaKeRcIn
CYbRbTHPaBRkIRk GyutþiFm’ nigkarrMelaPCiHCan;BIGñkkan;GMNacsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;eGay
RbeTsCatiman sSrPaB ÉkraCü minRBmrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_énRbeTsNamYy CaBiess
GaNaniKmn_énRbeTsevotNamsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæcg;)anRbCaFibetyü snþiPaBBitR)akd rYcput
BIPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm. edIm,IsMercnUveKaledAenH RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúg
sgÁm eTaHenATINak¾edayRtUvrYbrYm samKÁIKña edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. RbCaBlrdæExμr
enOyNay nigQb;cg;rs;enAeRkamkareKobsgát; biTsiTi§rbs;BYkRtYtRtakumμúynisþdEdl²eTotehIy
eRBaHfaGs;ry³eBlCag 2 TsvtSknøgmkenH RbCaBlrdæmankarlM)ak edaysarkareKobsgát;
CiHCan; nigkareFIVTukçbukemñj. ehtudUecñHehIy eBlEdlmankarerobcMe)aHeqñat EdlerobcM nig
RtYtBinitüedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM1993 RbCaBlrdæExμr)aneFIVkarsMerccitþ e)aHeqñat
eRCIserIsemdwknaMfμI nigpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKg. EtKYreGayesaksþay GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an
ecjBIqnÞ³ RtUv)at;bg;eTAvij edaysaresþcsIhnu RbKl;GMNaceGayBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn EdlCa
Gay:gyYnvij. cMENkÉGgÁkarshRbCaCati minTan;bMeBjtYrnaTIcb;pg sI hnu )anedjGgÁkar
shRbCaCatiecjBIRsukExμr ehIyKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbharbøn;GMNac smøab;Gñk
esñhaCati smøab;GñkRbCaFibetyüenAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997. cMENkÉkare)aHeqñateRkay²
mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr nigbMP½nþ
mtiGnþrCati EtlT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT.
II-etIExμreFIVya:gNaedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHExμr ?(How can Khmer help Khmer?)
KμannrNaRsLaj;ExμrCaCagCatiExμrxøÜnÉgenaHeT ehIyk¾KμannrNaGacCYyExμr eRkABIExμrxøÜn
ÉgEdr enHebItam»vaTrbs;RBHsmμasm<úT§EdlCaRBHbrmRKU)anTUnμaneRbonRbedAmkfa xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn .
enAeBlEdlCatieyIgkMBugEtmanbBaða eyIgCaExμrmñak;² minRtUvbENþtbeNþayTukeGayCatieyIg
enAEtmanbBaðaEbbenHeLIy eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. EteyIg
minRtUvnaMKñaedaHRsaycugbBaðaenaHeLIy eyIgRtUvedaHRsayb£sKl;bBaða eTIbbBaðaTaMgGs;enaHcb;.
eyIgmñak;² k¾minRtUvmanemaTPaBfa manEtGtμaGjxøaMgGaceFIVGIVekIt b¤GYtxøÜnykmuxmat; ekrþ×eQμaH
buNüs½káenaHk¾eT ktþasMxan;Kwfa KMniteRcIn RbesIrCagKMnitmYy eyIgCaExμrTaMgGs;RtUveGanlMeTan
eGaytMélKñaeTAvijeTAmk rYbrYmKña Kit niyay eFIV edIm,IeGaysMerceKaledArYmEtmYy KWedIm,I Cati
sasna nig RbCaCatiExμrBit². kalNaeyIgeFIVGIVmYyRBmKña RsuHKña kñúgyuT§saRsþrYm EtmYyenaH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๒ rkSasiT§i

43. eRbob)andUcCaTwkEdlhUrcUlkñúgsmuRTEtmYyya:gdUecñaHEdr etInNamYyminxøac TwksmuRT. eyIgRtUv
rYbrYmKñaedaHRsayedImbBaðaeRkamyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eTIbbBaðaenaHcb; . ehtudUecñHehIy ExμrRKb;rUb
RtUvPJak;rlwkBIRKb;TwsTIRKb;mCÄdæan rYbrYmsamKÁICaFøúgmYy ebþCJacitþ TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IrMedaH karBar Cati
sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGayrYcputBITukçevTna Edlrs;enAKμansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar
h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnRtYtRtaeFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIenH edayeyIgQb;eRbIviFIe)aHeqñat EdlKμanesrI
nigyutþiFm’.
III -etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam ExμrRtUveFIVdUcemþc?
(What do the People in the Region Lao, Hmong, Cham and Khmer do?)
eyIgCaRbCaBlrdærgeRKaH edaysaryYnkumμúynisþTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;NÐÚcin mandUcCa
RbCaBlrdæ Lav m:ug cam Exμr RtUvEtdwgfa siT§iesrIPaB RbCaFibetyü ÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB
sMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaktþasMxan; kñúgnamCamnusS. eyIgminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAedayKμansiTi§esrIPaB
eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. eyIgrs;enACaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ EdlmansiTi§esrIPaB
ÉkraCü RbCaFibetyü eBjeljBitR)akd RbesIrCagkarrs;enAeFIVCaesþcmRnþIeRkamGaNaniKmn_
breTs. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;dUcCa Lav m:ug cam Exμr EdlsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμúynisþ
RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñarYbrYmKñaeRkakeLIg edIm,IsiTi§esrIPaB sSrPaB ÉkraCürbs;CatixøÜn
nImYy². eyIgminbeNþayeGayRbeTsrbs;eyIgnImYy²sißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμúynisþ
biTsiTi§esrIPaBCaerogrhUt dl;eyIg)at;eQμaHenAkñúgBiPBelakenaHeLIy. enAeBlEdlGs;elak
GñkmanesovePAenHGanenAkñúgédehIy RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñaeRkakeLIgtamyuT§saRsþrbs;
emdwknaM nigGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKC½y edayminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAeday
KμansiTi§esrIPaB )at;bg;GtþsBaØaNCaCatimYy Edlrs;enAesμImuxeKenAelIBiPBelakeLIy.
eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvEtnaMKñaegIbeLIg edIm,IÉkraCüCati sSrPaBrbs;eyIg.
IV -etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH?
(What Does EU and US help Cambodian Victims?)
shKmn_GnþrCati nigshrdæGaemrik EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNac EtgEtEsVgrkyutþiFm’
eGayRbCaCatiEdlrgeRKaH eRkamkareKobsgát;biTsiTi§esrIPaB. EtktþasMxan;RbCaCatinImYy²RtUv
mankarxitxMRbwgERbgxøÜnÉgCamun edayminbENþtbeNþaytameRBgvasna b¤k¾facaMEtBwgelIGñkdéT
enaHeLIy. ktþaEdlnaMeGayeyIgeCaKC½yenaH KWGaRs½yelIxøÜneyIgCaktþacMbg ehIycMENkRbeTs
RbCaFibetyüeKemIleXIjGMeBIGyutþiFm’ KμansiTi§esrIPaB eKnwgCYyelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyrkviFIedaH
RsaybEnßmelIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;eyIg. edIm,IEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUndl;RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๓ rkSasiT§i

44. eGayrYcputBIkarbiTsiiTi§esrIPaB TTYl)annUvsiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigRbCaFibetyütamGIVEdl
RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;enHcg;)an.
V -RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd
(Cambodia Must Lead Country Through the Real Principle of Democracy)
RbeTsExμrRtUvmanneya)aymYyEdlman sSrPaB ÉkraCü nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd
tamRbCaCatiExμrcg;)an edayminsißtenAeRkamTi§Blrbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. RbeTsTaMgGs;Edl
enACitxag RtUveKarBGFibetyüPaBKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayesμIPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;GnþrCati. ehtuenH
edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnigdMeNIrkardwknaMrbs;BiPBelak Edlpþl;siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ
RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtamrebobRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. karBarEfrkSaplRbeyaCn_Cati nigGPivDÆn_
CatieGayrIkcMerIneTAmux edaykarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæCakarcaM)ac; sMrab;emdwknaM nigGñkesñhaCati
Exμr. eyIgRtUvelIktMekIgRBHBuT§sasna eGaytMélelIRBHsgÇ nigKm<Irk,Ünxñatrbs;RBHsmμasm<úT§
ehIy ebIkesrIPaBdl;sasnaepSg²eTot. karerobcMsnþisuxsgÁm CaktþacaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;enArbs;
RbCaBlrdæ nigTMnukTukcitþBIbreTs GñkvinieyaKTunepSg² EdlCaCMhanQaneTArkkarbegIánkargar
sMrab;RbCaBlrdæ nigkMeNInesdækic©. karlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm’enAkñúgsgÁm edaykar
begIátc,ab; nigGnuvtþeGaymWugma:t;bMput CaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;sgÁmExμr edIm,IeGaymanesckþIéføfñÚr
s¥ats¥M edayKitplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM. karelIktMélbuKÁlEdleFIVRbeyaCn_eGayCati buKÁlEdl
eFIVl¥kñúgsgÁm GñkesñhaCati erobcMRbB½n§Gb;rMeGaymanKuNPaB nigeKaledAc,as;las; EbgEck
R)ak;cMNUleGaymanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña edIm,IecosevogGñkmankan;Etman cMENkGñkRk
kan;EtRk edaykarpþl;R)ak;ebovtS eGaysmtamCIvPaBrs;enA eBalKWrkTIpSarCUnRbCaBlrdæ. kMrit
R)ak;cMNUleGay)aneRcInCagR)ak;cMNay eTIbRbCaBlrdæmanCIvPaBFUrFar CaBiess KWelIkTwkcitþ
xøaMgcMeBaHGñkEdlRkIRk GñkTn;exSay . RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgBIrePT RtUv)anelIkTwkcitþeGayman
karGb;rMx<s;manKuNPaBdUcKña nigsiTi§esrIPaBesμIKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab;.
CabzmeyIgRtUvBRgwgkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF nKr)aleGaymansmtßPaB mansIlFm’l¥
edIm,IFanasnþisux karBarplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati ecosvagkarrMelaPQøanBanBIsMNak; RbeTsCit
xag. kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFenACakmøaMgGBüaRkitü edayminsßitenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy
b¤Rbkan;ninñakarneya)ayKNbkSCaedIm. kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFeFIVtamtYrnaTICaGñkkarBar bMerICati
sasna RbCaCatiExμr edayesμaHGs;BIdYgcitþ.
cMENkÉmRnþIraCkarRtUveKarBc,ab;CamUldæan. c,ab;Gnuvtþn_cMeBaHCnTUeTAminerIsmux RbCa
CatiExμrTaMgGs;RtUvesμIPaBKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;. KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;)aneLIy
bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyenARKb;mCÄdæanTaMgGs;enAkñúgRKb;mCÄdæanTaMgGs;. kmøaMgTaMgGs;RtUvmansIlFm’
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๔ rkSasiT§i