2. contents
What is 3D printing?
Different methods of 3D printing
Business impact
New developments
Challenges and limitations
Conclusion
3. 3D 2D D
3D computer graphics are graphics which
are using three dimensional representation
of geometric data.
4. Printing process
Printing is a
process for
reproducing text
and images,
typically with ink
on paper using a
print press.
5. 3D + Printing = 3D Printing
3D Printing is a phrase
used to describe the
process of creating
three dimensional
objects from digital file
using a materials
printer, in a manner
similar to printing
images on paper.
6. The Inventor
The technology for printing physical 3D objects
from digital data was first developed by Charles
Hull in 1984. He named the technique
stereolithography and obtained a patent for the
technique in 1986. The same year, he founded
3D Systems and developed the first commercial
3D Printing machine.
7. Prototyping technologies and
their base materials
3D Printing (3DP): Various materials, including resins
3D Ceramic Printing: Various clay and ceramic materials
Selective laser sintering (SLS): Thermoplastics, metals, sand
and glass
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Thermoplastics
Stereolithography (SL): Photopolymer
Laminated object manufacturing: Laminate sheets, often paper,
and glue
Electron Beam Melting (EBM): Titanium alloys
9. SLS method
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is
an additive manufacturing
technique that uses a high power
laser (for example, a carbon
dioxide laser) to fuse small
particles of plastic, metal (direct
metal laser sintering),ceramic or
glass powders into a mass that
has a desired 3-dimensional
shape.
11. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
Stereolithography
is an additive
manufacturing
process using a
liquid which is UV-
curable
photopolymer ”resi
n” and a UV laser
to build parts a
layer at a time.
13. FDM
Fused deposition
modeling (FDM)
is an additive
manufacturing
technology
commonly used
for modeling,
prototyping, and
production
applications.
14. Laminated object manufacturing
Laminated object
manufacturing (LOM)
is a rapid prototyping
system developed by
Helisys Inc. In it, layers
of adhesive-coated paper,
plastic or metal laminates
are successively glued
together and cut to shape
with a knife or laser
cutter.
15. Electron Beam Melting
Thissolid freeform fabrication method produces fully
dense metal parts directly from metal powder. The
EMB machine reads data from a 3-D CAD model and
lays down successive layers of powdered material.
The layers are melted together with the help of a
computer controlled electron beam. This way it
builds up the parts. The process takes place under a
vacuum, which makes it suited to manufacture parts
made out of reactive materials.
17. Business impact
just-in-time
Less/no inventory
No need to get spare parts delivered at home
Each part of object can be just catalogued
instead of mass produced.
18. New Developments
First ever 3-D printed car.
Urbee is the first prototype car ever to have its entire body
3D printed with an additive process. All exterior
components, including the glass panel prototypes, were
created using Dimension 3D Printers..
3-D printed Buildings?
Architect Enrico Dini is planning to build the first ever
3-D printed building.
20. SUCCESS STORIES
Auto parts: for example, parts of "Formula 1" car
engines, are made by direct laser sintering of metal.
Aircraftparts: F-18 (fight aircraft) tube for the control
system environment.
Individual orthodontics: the company Align
Technology uses the 3D Printing to
generate accurate individual dental braces for
hundreds of thousands Of patients worldwide by
stereolithography from 3D-scans of the mouth.
Individualhearing devices manufactured by Siemens
based on 3D-scan of the ear canal.
22. What will be in the future?
For many products the
standard conveyors
can be greatly
reduced or
completely replace by
3D-printer, because
the end product - for
example, a car - will
not be collected from
hundreds or thousand
process.
23. Risks
Health impact
fine powders
New and unknown characteristics
of materials:
Material science unknown
Quality control in complex
structures
Weapons: no limits?
Ethical issues: organ printing
New levels of Piracy.
Security
24. Challenges and
limitations
Next automation step in
manufacturing
Job losses.
Economies:
economic value of things
produced in 3D printers.
economy of scale for printers?
Additional step e.g. production
of titanium powder
Slow and complicated process.
25.
26. Conclusions
The current manufacturing business model will
soon become obsolete which will imply:
Important disruptions to the economy of
emerging countries and therefore to the
world economy
Manufacturing will go local again.
The democratization of manufacturing will
stimulate major leaps forward in technology.
As more people will have easy access to
design and experiments.