Midtermreview

Looking back at Life Science 7…

Slug Lab
Scientific Method
Hypothesis – an educated guess about an outcome (ex. My slug will eat more lettuce in room temp. than it will outside overnight)
Theory – an explanation that ties together many hypotheses and observations
Control – The part of the experiment that stays the same or is unaffected
Variable – What you are testing. (temperature, light color, food types, etc)

Characteristics of living things
Have at least one cell. (Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system -> Organism)
Eat (nutrition)
Move things around in their bodies (transport)
Make more of themselves (reproduction – Sexual or Asexual reproduction)
Maintain homeostasis
Respond to stimuli
Grow and develop
All living things…

Taxonomy
Classification of life
There are 6 kingdoms (Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria)
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Canis lupus – Scientific name of the wolf
Genus: Canis Species: lupus
We use dichotomous keys to identify unknown organisms based on certain features

Two Types of Cells
Eukaryotes – Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-covered organelles (fungi, animal, plant, protists)
Prokaryotes – Cells that lack membrane-covered organelles (Bacteria)

Plant Cells
Usually square and green
Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, and LARGE vacuole – all missing in animal cells
Photosynthesis
Animal Cells
All sorts of different shapes/colors
Cellular Respiration

Cell Organelles
Nucleus – Control center/”brain” Holds DNA
Mitochondria – The powerhouse. Creates ATP (energy) from cellular respiration
Cell membrane – outside layer. Protection and allows things in and out
ER – canal system to transport things around the cell
Ribosomes – makes proteins (building blocks of the body)
Golgi body – packages and secretes materials for shipment
Cell Wall – tough outer “skeleton” in plant cells for support
Cytoplasm – the liquid interior of the cell
Chloroplast – catches sunlight to help make food in photosynthesis
Vacuole – Storage container for water and food

Cell Processes
Diffusion – movement of LOTS toward an area of LITTLE. Nutrients, water, blood, and oxygen automatically move to where they are needed.
Osmosis – the diffusion of water
Passive transport – no ATP (energy) is needed…happens automatically (high to low)
Active transport – ATP is required (low to high)

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the way a plant makes food for itself. Chlorophyll in the "green" part of the leaves captures energy from the sun and this powers the building of food from very simple ingredients - carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is released as a by-product of photosynthesis. 6 Waters + 6 Carbon Dioxides + Sunlight energy------> Glucose+ 6 Oxygens

Cellular Respiration
Organisms eat food and breath oxygen. Their bodies take that broken down food (glucose) and combine it with oxygen to give it ENERGY with leftover carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Glucose (food) + 6 Oxygens  6 Waters + 6 Carbon Dioxides + ATP

Mitosis
Mitosis/Asexual reproduction/Cloning – all mean pretty much the same thing. One cell copies it’s DNA and it splits into two new cells. The only way the new cells could be different from the parent are from random mutations during copying. All cells except egg and sperm reproduce like this

Meiosis
Sex cells ONLY (egg and sperm)
Cell division results in ½ the number of chromosomes as the parent
Mutations are passed on to the offspring!
Ex. Human 46 Chromosomes 23 Chromosomes

Cancer
Uncontrolled division of damaged cells that invade other tissues/organs
Genetic and Environmental causes (Ex. A poor diet might lead to colon cancer but it could also run in the family)
Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Viruses
Very small – smaller than bacteria
Have some characteristics of living things (can reproduce) but cannot live on their own
Can infect bacteria as well as animals, plants, etc.
Hijack healthy cells, inject their DNA, and use them to make more viruses
Few cures
Antibiotics DO NOT work against viruses

Kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Two of the six kingdoms are bacteria
Bacilli (rod), cocci (sphere), spirilla (spiral) shapes
All prokaryotes, asexual reproduction (binary fission)
Double every 10-30 minutes with in ideal environments (warm and moist)
Antibiotics kill bacteria but mutations and quick reproduction allow bacteria to evolve resistance.
Good bacteria – in foods, antibiotics, clean up pollution, decompose dead things, fix nitrogen for plants

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Midtermreview

by Chad DeVoe on Jan 19, 2010

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Midtermreview — Presentation Transcript