Mexican Revolution

Porfirio Diaz Born 1830 in Oaxaca, Oaxaca Mestizo (Mixtec NA & Spanish) Tutored by Benito Juarez Led Mexican troops to victory against (F) @ Battle of Peubla May 5, 1862 … Cinco de Mayo! Ruled Mexico for 1st term w/ slogan “No Re-election!” Eventually resumed control, removed term limits Drove political opponents into exile

Born 1830 in Oaxaca, Oaxaca

Mestizo (Mixtec NA & Spanish)

Tutored by Benito Juarez

Led Mexican troops to victory against (F) @ Battle of Peubla May 5, 1862 … Cinco de Mayo!

Ruled Mexico for 1st term w/ slogan “No Re-election!”

Eventually resumed control, removed term limits

Drove political opponents into exile

Porfirio Diaz & Economic Development “ Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United States.” Advised by ‘ cientificos ’ (modern economists) to build infrastructure (railroads, telegraph-telephone lines) U.S. investment caused Diaz trouble b/c few liked U.S. ‘ Hacienda’ class opposed capitalist economy b/c they benefited from feudal economy Bought off ‘hacienda’ class by allowing them to take peasant lands “ A dog w/ a bone neither barks or bites” Created powerful police force to enforce theft

“ Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United States.”

Advised by ‘ cientificos ’ (modern economists) to build infrastructure (railroads, telegraph-telephone lines)

U.S. investment caused Diaz trouble b/c few liked U.S.

‘ Hacienda’ class opposed capitalist economy b/c they benefited from feudal economy

Bought off ‘hacienda’ class by allowing them to take peasant lands

“ A dog w/ a bone neither barks or bites”

Created powerful police force to enforce theft

Military Phase

Fall of Diaz Causes Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906-1907 Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures) Worker’s strikes 1906 Consolidated Copper Mine 1907 Textile workers Agitation of middle class reformers Dissatisfaction of some large landholders / capitalists (Madero)

Causes

Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906-1907

Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures)

Worker’s strikes

1906 Consolidated Copper Mine

1907 Textile workers

Agitation of middle class reformers

Dissatisfaction of some large landholders / capitalists (Madero)

Francisco Madero

Francisco Madero Leading critic of Diaz political machine Family was part of elite social class with political and economic ties to Diaz Agreed with Diaz’ liberal economic policies but wanted liberal political movement Insisted 1910 V.P. candidate come from outside Diaz clique Ran for president in 1910 when Diaz ignored V.P. request

Leading critic of Diaz political machine

Family was part of elite social class with political and economic ties to Diaz

Agreed with Diaz’ liberal economic policies but wanted liberal political movement

Insisted 1910 V.P. candidate come from outside Diaz clique

Ran for president in 1910 when Diaz ignored V.P. request

Francisco Madero cont. Ran under Anti-Reelectionist Party ticket Diaz jailed over 5000 supporters and Madero himself just before election Plan of San Luis Potosi

Ran under Anti-Reelectionist Party ticket

Diaz jailed over 5000 supporters and Madero himself just before election

Plan of San Luis Potosi

Plan of San Luis Potosi Written by Madero while in jail Published once he was in Texas Provisions Declared that 1910 elections were null and void Madero assumed title of Provisional President Called for free elections when conditions permitted Made no specific promises for land or labor reform

Written by Madero while in jail

Published once he was in Texas

Provisions

Declared that 1910 elections were null and void

Madero assumed title of Provisional President

Called for free elections when conditions permitted

Made no specific promises for land or labor reform

Madero Supporters

Pancho Villa - north

Venustiano Carranza - north

Emiliano Zapata - south

Alvaro Obregon - north

Pasqual Orozco - north

Treaty of Ciudad Juarez Issued after Pro-Madero capture of Ciudad Juarez Diaz flees Provisions Ended hostilities Resignation of Diaz Placed Francisco de la Berra in as provisional president

Issued after Pro-Madero capture of Ciudad Juarez

Diaz flees

Provisions

Ended hostilities

Resignation of Diaz

Placed Francisco de la Berra in as provisional president

Madero takes power Madero elected in 1912 Quickly is at odds with Zapata over land reform Plan of Ayala announced by Zapata Bernardo Reyes (Diaz aide) & Felix Diaz (nephew) attempt revolt Madero can’t deal with the many decisions, at the mercy of aides (Huerta is commander of military)

Madero elected in 1912

Quickly is at odds with Zapata over land reform

Plan of Ayala announced by Zapata

Bernardo Reyes (Diaz aide) & Felix Diaz (nephew) attempt revolt

Madero can’t deal with the many decisions, at the mercy of aides (Huerta is commander of military)

Emiliano Zapata Agrarian Revolutionary Slogan of “Tierra y Libertad” Leader of landless peasants Called for return of land that had been taken during land concentration of Diaz Quickly became disillusioned with Madero

Agrarian Revolutionary

Slogan of “Tierra y Libertad”

Leader of landless peasants

Called for return of land that had been taken during land concentration of Diaz

Quickly became disillusioned with Madero

Plan de Ayala All foreign owned lands would be seized All lands previously taken from villages would be returned (ejidos) 1/3 of all land held by “friendly” haciendados taken for redistribution All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement would be taken

All foreign owned lands would be seized

All lands previously taken from villages would be returned (ejidos)

1/3 of all land held by “friendly” haciendados taken for redistribution

All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement would be taken

Madero’s Fall Coup led by Victoriano Huerta aided by American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson Revolt aided by release of Reyes and Felix Diaz (bombard Mexico City) La Decena Tragica Madero is killed February 1913 Huerta assumes control

Coup led by Victoriano Huerta aided by American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson

Revolt aided by release of Reyes and Felix Diaz (bombard Mexico City)

La Decena Tragica

Madero is killed February 1913

Huerta assumes control

Victoriano Huerta Served as General for Diaz Never recognized by Woodrow Wilson due to method of gaining power Henry Lane Wilson is recalled U.S. aids Huerta’s opponents Wanted to reestablish a form of Diaz regime Could never gain full control

Served as General for Diaz

Never recognized by Woodrow Wilson due to method of gaining power

Henry Lane Wilson is recalled

U.S. aids Huerta’s opponents

Wanted to reestablish a form of Diaz regime

Could never gain full control

U.S. Intervention U.S. continually opposes Huerta regime Tampico incident Veracruz occupation Other Mexican leaders reacted against U.S. actions (we were expecting their support) Huerta had to pull troops away from Revolution to Veracruz, leaves him vulnerable

U.S. continually opposes Huerta regime

Tampico incident

Veracruz occupation

Other Mexican leaders reacted against U.S. actions (we were expecting their support)

Huerta had to pull troops away from Revolution to Veracruz, leaves him vulnerable

Huerta’s Fall Blames U.S. Forced into exile by Zapatistas, Pancho Villa, Carranza and U.S. Later attempts revolt from U.S. and is arrested and jailed

Blames U.S.

Forced into exile by Zapatistas, Pancho Villa, Carranza and U.S.

Later attempts revolt from U.S. and is arrested and jailed

Pancho Villa Also agrarian revolutionary with different land reform plan All land confiscated would be used for revolution by government and distributed after revolution ends Supporters were small ranchers, cowboys and other unemployed Created well equipped and well paid professional army Most formidable of Carranza’s military opponents

Also agrarian revolutionary with different land reform plan

All land confiscated would be used for revolution by government and distributed after revolution ends

Supporters were small ranchers, cowboys and other unemployed

Created well equipped and well paid professional army

Most formidable of Carranza’s military opponents

Venustiano Carranza Governor of state of Coahuila Dissident member of landowning elite Believed Mexico needed “energetic middle class” Huerta’s most dangerous enemy Issues Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) to counter Plan de Ayala Took control of Mexico City in July 1914

Governor of state of Coahuila

Dissident member of landowning elite

Believed Mexico needed “energetic middle class”

Huerta’s most dangerous enemy

Issues Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) to counter Plan de Ayala

Took control of Mexico City in July 1914

Plan de Guadalupe Carranza assumed leadership of rebellion against Huerta Declared Huerta’s claim to power to be illegitimate Declared himself “First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army” Followed by edicts stating: (Obregon) restoration of ejidos and establishing national agrarian commission called for improved conditions of poor

Carranza assumed leadership of rebellion against Huerta

Declared Huerta’s claim to power to be illegitimate

Declared himself “First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army”

Followed by edicts stating: (Obregon)

restoration of ejidos and establishing national agrarian commission

called for improved conditions of poor

Aguascaliente Convention (October 1914) Tension grew between Carranza & Villa because Carranza never clarified his position on issues concerning the poor Zapata never recognized Carranza’s leadership, insisting on his Plan de Alaya Convention of Zapata’s, Villa’s and Carranza’s supporters Villa & Zapata insist on Carranza’s resignation Carranza moves to Veracruz for “safety” Villa’s troops take control of convention hall Villa’s suicide statement Adopts Plan de Ayala Conventionists v. Constitutionalists

Tension grew between Carranza & Villa because Carranza never clarified his position on issues concerning the poor

Zapata never recognized Carranza’s leadership, insisting on his Plan de Alaya

Convention of Zapata’s, Villa’s and Carranza’s supporters

Villa & Zapata insist on Carranza’s resignation

Carranza moves to Veracruz for “safety”

Villa’s troops take control of convention hall

Villa’s suicide statement

Adopts Plan de Ayala

Conventionists v. Constitutionalists

Carranza consolidates power Chaos during this period Villa & Zapata meet in capital, appoint General Eulalio Guti é rrez as provisional president Disagreements over land issues, inability to unite social classes, and Guti é rrez’s secret sabotaging of the talks meant that the convention would not unite the country Carranza issued “Adiciones” to his plan de Guadalupe, promising agrarian reforms and improved workers’ rights Obregon defeats Villa with Villa returning to the north and Zapata continuing to attack in the south Carranza moves to Mexico City Call for a constitutional convention in 1916 Constitutional convention takes place in 1917

Chaos during this period

Villa & Zapata meet in capital, appoint General Eulalio Guti é rrez as provisional president

Disagreements over land issues, inability to unite social classes, and Guti é rrez’s secret sabotaging of the talks meant that the convention would not unite the country

Carranza issued “Adiciones” to his plan de Guadalupe, promising agrarian reforms and improved workers’ rights

Obregon defeats Villa with Villa returning to the north and Zapata continuing to attack in the south

Carranza moves to Mexico City

Call for a constitutional convention in 1916

Constitutional convention takes place in 1917

U.S. Expedition Pancho Villa, reacting to embargo, raids Columbus, NM Woodrow Wilson sends General Pershing into Mexico to capture and punish Villa Carranza opposes action, sees this as a "foreign invasion" of Mexico Expedition is unsuccessful and finally recalled

Pancho Villa, reacting to embargo, raids Columbus, NM

Woodrow Wilson sends General Pershing into Mexico to capture and punish Villa

Carranza opposes action, sees this as a "foreign invasion" of Mexico

Expedition is unsuccessful and finally recalled

Uncle Sam intervenes in Mexico. Source: A Roubille in Fantasio, Vol 4, 15 May 1914

Constitutional Convention Call for a constitutional convention in 1916 Convention takes place in 1917 Carranza presents draft of recommendations that show little social change, no agrarian reform and limited regard for labor Control of Convention taken by radicals

Call for a constitutional convention in 1916

Convention takes place in 1917

Carranza presents draft of recommendations that show little social change, no agrarian reform and limited regard for labor

Control of Convention taken by radicals

Constitution of 1917 Final document was more liberal than Carranza had intended Major clauses Article 3 - Secular education Article 27 - Land reform Article 123 - Labor reform Article 130 - Restrictions on Church

Final document was more liberal than Carranza had intended

Major clauses

Article 3 - Secular education

Article 27 - Land reform

Article 123 - Labor reform

Article 130 - Restrictions on Church

Article 3 Compulsory elementary education Public education will be free Prohibited religion from having any influence in public education

Compulsory elementary education

Public education will be free

Prohibited religion from having any influence in public education

Article 27 Nation is the original owner of all lands, waters and subsoil State could expropriate with compensation All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and void

Nation is the original owner of all lands, waters and subsoil

State could expropriate with compensation

All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and void

Article 123 8 hour work day Prohibited child labor Equal pay for equal work Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods, tokens or vouchers (end the tienda de raya) Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike

8 hour work day

Prohibited child labor

Equal pay for equal work

Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods, tokens or vouchers (end the tienda de raya)

Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike

Article 130 Nation can not create law establishing religion Marriage was a civil contract Only individuals born in Mexico can be "ministers" Limited property ownership by church

Nation can not create law establishing religion

Marriage was a civil contract

Only individuals born in Mexico can be "ministers"

Limited property ownership by church

Carranza's final years Moved to the right Did not fully implement the Constitution Received de jure recognition from the U.S. Remained neutral in World War I Zimmerman Telegram Announced that Article 27 was retroactive (U.S. very upset)

Moved to the right

Did not fully implement the Constitution

Received de jure recognition from the U.S.

Remained neutral in World War I

Zimmerman Telegram

Announced that Article 27 was retroactive (U.S. very upset)

Carranza's Fall Carranza's term ends in 1920 He supports Ignacio Bonillas (ambassador to the U.S.) who he could control Obregon comes out of retirement to run Carranza attempts to manipulate electoral process in favor of Bonillas Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta led revolt to oust Carranza

Carranza's term ends in 1920

He supports Ignacio Bonillas (ambassador to the U.S.) who he could control

Obregon comes out of retirement to run

Carranza attempts to manipulate electoral process in favor of Bonillas

Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta led revolt to oust Carranza

Carranza's Fall (con’t) Carranza loads train full of bullion and heads for Veracruz Train is attacked Carranza escapes to mountains but is trapped and murdered there Adolfo de la Huerta is named interim president

Carranza loads train full of bullion and heads for Veracruz

Train is attacked

Carranza escapes to mountains but is trapped and murdered there

Adolfo de la Huerta is named interim president

Reform Phase

Obregon's presidency Elected to office in special election, assumes control in November 1920 Pragmatic business approach to government Sought accommodation with all groups except reactionary clergy and landlords Modern version of "pan o palo”

Elected to office in special election, assumes control in November 1920

Pragmatic business approach to government

Sought accommodation with all groups except reactionary clergy and landlords

Modern version of "pan o palo”

Obregon's Policies Land reform Labor Education Indigenismo U.S. relationship

Land reform

Labor

Education

Indigenismo

U.S. relationship

Land Reform Agrarian reform was useful safety valve for peasant discontent Created national agrarian commission which oversaw state commissions Power to expropriate haciendado land for landless villages Paid for with 20 year bonds Reform proceeded slowly due to: Litigation by landlords

Agrarian reform was useful safety valve for peasant discontent

Created national agrarian commission which oversaw state commissions

Power to expropriate haciendado land for landless villages

Paid for with 20 year bonds

Reform proceeded slowly due to:

Litigation by landlords

Land Reform (con’t) Armed resistance by landlords Opposition by clergy 3 million acres distributed 320 million acres in hands of haciendados Even with land, failure occurred as government did not provide: seeds, tools, adequate credit or training

Armed resistance by landlords

Opposition by clergy

3 million acres distributed

320 million acres in hands of haciendados

Even with land, failure occurred as government did not provide: seeds, tools, adequate credit or training

Labor Encouraged labor to organize Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM) - labor union headed by Luis Morones Ties to Samuel Gompers and the AFL in the United States Semi-official status, supported by the government Co-opted by Obregon

Encouraged labor to organize

Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM) - labor union headed by Luis Morones

Ties to Samuel Gompers and the AFL in the United States

Semi-official status, supported by the government

Co-opted by Obregon

Education Jose Vasconcelos - Secretary of Education Created new type of rural school, La Casa del Pueblo (The House of the People) Designed to serve all of village Three Rs, art, music, sports, theater, instruction in sanitation and agriculture Idealistic but at times unprepared teachers Itinerant teachers were sent to train those in the villages

Jose Vasconcelos - Secretary of Education

Created new type of rural school, La Casa del Pueblo (The House of the People)

Designed to serve all of village

Three Rs, art, music, sports, theater, instruction in sanitation and agriculture

Idealistic but at times unprepared teachers

Itinerant teachers were sent to train those in the villages

Education (con’t) Murals on public buildings Conflict between new secular schools and religious schools Priest denounced secular education Obregon did not enforce Article 3 of the Constitution (ban on religious primary schools) In the absence of state resources better to be taught by priest than stay illiterate

Murals on public buildings

Conflict between new secular schools and religious schools

Priest denounced secular education

Obregon did not enforce Article 3 of the Constitution (ban on religious primary schools)

In the absence of state resources better to be taught by priest than stay illiterate

Indigenismo Reassessment of Indian cultural heritage, pushing the greatness of old Indian arts Manuel Gamio - director of Office of Anthropology (1st in Americas) Study of Teotihuacán Preserve & restore cultural heritage Amass data for sound plan of economic and social recovery Partisans of Revolution idealized Aztec Mexico

Reassessment of Indian cultural heritage, pushing the greatness of old Indian arts

Manuel Gamio - director of Office of Anthropology (1st in Americas)

Study of Teotihuacán

Preserve & restore cultural heritage

Amass data for sound plan of economic and social recovery

Partisans of Revolution idealized Aztec Mexico

U.S. Relationship Problem with retroactivity of Article 27 (Obregon will not openly state non-retroactivity) U.S. withholds diplomatic recognition of the Obregon government Obregon compromises threat of counterrevolutionary coup against selection of Plutarco Calles as successor

Problem with retroactivity of Article 27 (Obregon will not openly state non-retroactivity)

U.S. withholds diplomatic recognition of the Obregon government

Obregon compromises

threat of counterrevolutionary coup against selection of Plutarco Calles as successor

U.S. Relationship (con’t) Bucareli Agreement - August 1923 Obregon confirms non-retroactivity U.S. gives formal recognition to Obregon government Coup attempt - December 1923 put down coup with military supplies purchased from the U.S.

Bucareli Agreement - August 1923

Obregon confirms non-retroactivity

U.S. gives formal recognition to Obregon government

Coup attempt - December 1923

put down coup with military supplies purchased from the U.S.

Calles' Presidency Dominates the next decade of Mexican politics Continued on foundations of Obregon Radical rhetoric - pragmatic policy

Dominates the next decade of Mexican politics

Continued on foundations of Obregon

Radical rhetoric - pragmatic policy

Calles' Economic and Land Policies Rapid growth of national capitalism Creation of National Bank strengthens fiscal/monetary policy National Road Commission organized National Electric Codes enacted stimulates growth of construction and consumer goods industries

Rapid growth of national capitalism

Creation of National Bank

strengthens fiscal/monetary policy

National Road Commission organized

National Electric Codes enacted

stimulates growth of construction and consumer goods industries

Calles' Economic and Land Policies (con’t) Aid given to industry (foreign and domestic) protective tariffs subsidies Land reform distribution increased from Obregon over twice as much land distributed 8 million hectares problems Haciendados were able to choose the land they gave up, most of it was not arable Calles did not provide tools or other items to make the land productive

Aid given to industry (foreign and domestic)

protective tariffs

subsidies

Land reform

distribution increased from Obregon

over twice as much land distributed 8 million hectares

problems

Haciendados were able to choose the land they gave up, most of it was not arable

Calles did not provide tools or other items to make the land productive

Calles' Economic and Land Policies (con’t) Government bank was created to lend money to ejidos 4/5 of money went to the haciendados because of superior credit ratings Land reform judged a failure because the grain production of 1930 was below the production of 1910 Calles concluded peasant proprietorship was not economically desirable and ended land redistribution

Government bank was created to lend money to ejidos

4/5 of money went to the haciendados because of superior credit ratings

Land reform judged a failure because the grain production of 1930 was below the production of 1910

Calles concluded peasant proprietorship was not economically desirable and ended land redistribution

Labor Trade unions serve two purposes keep growing power of capitalism in check barricade in the event of attack on capitalists Labor began to split from CROM form independent unions disillusioned with corrupt leaders and low wages

Trade unions serve two purposes

keep growing power of capitalism in check

barricade in the event of attack on capitalists

Labor began to split from CROM form independent unions

disillusioned with corrupt leaders and low wages

Conflict with U.S. Calles welcomed foreign capital but believed that Mexico had the right to regulate the conditions surrounding it 1925 dispute over land ownership

Calles welcomed foreign capital but believed that Mexico had the right to regulate the conditions surrounding it

1925 dispute over land ownership

Conflict with U.S. (cont.) Mexican Congress passes laws implementing Article 27 Oil ownership becomes a lease arrangement exchange title for 50 year concession (lease agreement) possible 30 year renewal possible further extension

Mexican Congress passes laws implementing Article 27

Oil ownership becomes a lease arrangement

exchange title for 50 year concession (lease agreement)

possible 30 year renewal

possible further extension

Mexican view Eliminated vagueness and gave oil companies firm titles. Stopped calls for outright nationalization of oil

Mexican view

Eliminated vagueness and gave oil companies firm titles. Stopped calls for outright nationalization of oil

Oil Company view Law was confiscatory, they threatened to drill without confirming concessions

Oil Company view

Law was confiscatory, they threatened to drill without confirming concessions

Conflict with U.S. (cont.) American hardliners were "saber rattling" American ambassador "there is little white blood in Calle's government" Secretary of State Kellogg stated that there were "Bolshevik aims in Mexico and Latin America"

American hardliners were "saber rattling"

American ambassador "there is little white blood in Calle's government"

Secretary of State Kellogg stated that there were "Bolshevik aims in Mexico and Latin America"

Conflict with U.S. (cont.) Intervention was stopped by arguments from: progressive senators press, church, academic groups realization that war with Mexico would have little national support

Intervention was stopped by arguments from:

progressive senators

press, church, academic groups

realization that war with Mexico would have little national support

Conflict with U.S. (cont.) Dwight Morrow appointed Ambassador to Mexico Negotiated an understanding with Calles concerning the time limitation on concessions Mexican Supreme Court ruled that aspect of the law unconstitutional Crisis was averted Law still provided for confirmatory concessions and reaffirmed national ownership of the subsoil

Dwight Morrow appointed Ambassador to Mexico

Negotiated an understanding with Calles concerning the time limitation on concessions

Mexican Supreme Court ruled that aspect of the law unconstitutional

Crisis was averted

Law still provided for confirmatory concessions and reaffirmed national ownership of the subsoil

Religious Conflict Church v. modernizing thrust of the Revolution January 1926 the church hierarchy disavowed the Constitution Calles enforces dormant anti-clerical clauses of the Constitution Calles law registration of priests closing of all religious primary schools

Church v. modernizing thrust of the Revolution

January 1926 the church hierarchy disavowed the Constitution

Calles enforces dormant anti-clerical clauses of the Constitution

Calles law

registration of priests

closing of all religious primary schools

The Mexican government seeks to suppress religion : but when priests are arrested at Vera Cruz, it sparks off a popular riot in favor of the Church Source: Vittorio Pisani in La Tribuna Illustrata 12 December 1937

Religious Conflict Church suspended all services in Mexico and boycotted all goods except necessities Militant Catholics took up arms - Cristeros (Catholic guerrillas) government schools and young teachers were targets government repression was severe

Church suspended all services in Mexico and boycotted all goods except necessities

Militant Catholics took up arms - Cristeros (Catholic guerrillas)

government schools and young teachers were targets

government repression was severe

Presidential Election 1928 Deal between Calles and Obregon supporters in Congress change the Constitution to allow former presidents to be reelected after one term term was extended from 4 to 6 years

Deal between Calles and Obregon

supporters in Congress change the Constitution to allow former presidents to be reelected after one term

term was extended from 4 to 6 years

Presidential Election 1928 (cont.) Two opponents for the office conspire against Obregon and Calles Calles has them arrested and shot Obregon is elected, then three weeks later he is assassinated by a fanatical Cristero in Mexico City

Two opponents for the office conspire against Obregon and Calles

Calles has them arrested and shot

Obregon is elected, then three weeks later he is assassinated by a fanatical Cristero in Mexico City

Calles - "El jefe maximo" Calles places three different men in the office of president to fulfill Obregon's term but he is the power behind the office. Each one resigns after displeasing "el jefe" Military uprising is crushed in 1929, the "last hurrah" of the military caudillos

Calles places three different men in the office of president to fulfill Obregon's term but he is the power behind the office. Each one resigns after displeasing "el jefe"

Military uprising is crushed in 1929, the "last hurrah" of the military caudillos

National Revolutionary Party (PNR) Calles institutionalizes the rule of the "revolutionary family" (military and political leaders since 1920) Under different names this party has been ruling Mexico since 1929. Their official presidential candidate had never lost until the election of Vicente Fox, the present president of Mexico.

Calles institutionalizes the rule of the "revolutionary family" (military and political leaders since 1920)

Under different names this party has been ruling Mexico since 1929.

Their official presidential candidate had never lost until the election of Vicente Fox, the present president of Mexico.

National Revolutionary Party (PNR) After consolidating power the "revolutionary family" turns conservative shift coincides with beginning of the Great Depression By 1933 a progressive wing of PNR emerges with General Lazaro Cardenas as leader of the reformers has been a part of the inner circle of the party 1930 was named Party Chairmen

After consolidating power the "revolutionary family" turns conservative

shift coincides with beginning of the Great Depression

By 1933 a progressive wing of PNR emerges with General Lazaro Cardenas as leader of the reformers

has been a part of the inner circle of the party

1930 was named Party Chairmen

National Revolutionary Party (PNR) 1934 elections Cardenas is nominated by the Party ( with Calles’ blessing) for the presidency seen as a concession to reformers in the party Calles thought he would remain loyal cabinet was hand picked by Calles

1934 elections Cardenas is nominated by the Party ( with Calles’ blessing) for the presidency

seen as a concession to reformers in the party

Calles thought he would remain loyal

cabinet was hand picked by Calles

Cardenas' Programs Established a Six Year Plan Mexican Revolution continues under Cardenas Established a spirit of service in the bureaucracy Closed down the gambling houses Cut his own salary in 1/2

Established a Six Year Plan

Mexican Revolution continues under Cardenas

Established a spirit of service in the bureaucracy

Closed down the gambling houses

Cut his own salary in 1/2

Agrarian Reform Land distribution on large scale Ejido was the focal point of agrarian reform land given to both the ejido (communal) and the rancho (individual land) where appropriate large collective farms were established government provided seeds, machinery and credit

Land distribution on large scale

Ejido was the focal point of agrarian reform

land given to both the ejido (communal) and the rancho (individual land)

where appropriate large collective farms were established

government provided seeds, machinery and credit

Agrarian Reform (cont.) 45 million acres of land distributed productivity was increased Structural defects of reforms conceived to satisfy land hunger instead of real agricultural development ejido parcel was very small land distributed was often of poor quality technical assistance was often inadequate

45 million acres of land distributed

productivity was increased

Structural defects of reforms

conceived to satisfy land hunger instead of real agricultural development

ejido parcel was very small

land distributed was often of poor quality

technical assistance was often inadequate

Labor Reform Corrupts leaders are removed Confederacion de Trobajadores Mexicanos (CTM) replaces CROM Strikes supported by government (where appropriate)

Corrupts leaders are removed

Confederacion de Trobajadores Mexicanos (CTM) replaces CROM

Strikes supported by government (where appropriate)

Fall of Calles All of these actions angered Calles, he begin to plot against Cardenas Cardenas calls for the resignation of the cabinet and forms and new Anti - Calles cabinet By 1935 Cardenas is the master of Mexico. 1936 Calles is deported for "plotting against the government"

All of these actions angered Calles, he begin to plot against Cardenas

Cardenas calls for the resignation of the cabinet and forms and new Anti - Calles cabinet

By 1935 Cardenas is the master of Mexico.

1936 Calles is deported for "plotting against the government"

PRM - Party of the Mexican Revolution Cardenas reorganized and purged the party of Calles influence. It emerges as the PRM The three pillars of this party are labor, the peasantry and the army.

Cardenas reorganized and purged the party of Calles influence.

It emerges as the PRM

The three pillars of this party are labor, the peasantry and the army.

Oil Crisis American and British oil companies v. workers unions Strike leads to arbitration Arbitration finding is scaled down from original union demands but the companies refuse to settle March 18, 1938 Cardenas nationalized the oil companies

American and British oil companies v. workers unions

Strike leads to arbitration

Arbitration finding is scaled down from original union demands but the companies refuse to settle

March 18, 1938 Cardenas nationalized the oil companies

Oil Crisis (cont.) Economic Independence Action was not a precedent, 90% of mining was still in foreign hands U.S. took no strong action due to Good Neighbor Policy being in effect under Franklin Roosevelt Ambassador to Mexico understood Cardenas policy and reasons

Economic Independence

Action was not a precedent, 90% of mining was still in foreign hands

U.S. took no strong action due to

Good Neighbor Policy being in effect under Franklin Roosevelt

Ambassador to Mexico understood Cardenas policy and reasons

Oil Crisis (cont.) Timing of the move was also fortunate War in Europe was looming Cardenas announced Mexico would pay all just claims

Timing of the move was also fortunate

War in Europe was looming

Cardenas announced Mexico would pay all just claims

Cardenas’ Presidency was the high-water mark for the reform movement

In 1940 election, Avila Camancho, loyal to Cardenas but more conservative, was elected president