Franklin D Roosevelt & the New Deal

The New Deal: Big Picture FDR promised America a ‘New Deal’ It was not clear what new measures might be It was clear that FDR intended to use the full power of the gov’t to get US out of depression FDR’s priorities: Get Americans back to work Protect their savings and property Provide relief for sick, old & unemployed Get American industry & agriculture back on their feet

FDR promised America a ‘New Deal’

It was not clear what new measures might be

It was clear that FDR intended to use the full power of the gov’t to get US out of depression

FDR’s priorities:

Get Americans back to work

Protect their savings and property

Provide relief for sick, old & unemployed

Get American industry & agriculture back on their feet

Tackling the Banks First FDR gets to work FDR & advisors (later known as the ‘Brains Trust’ ) produced enormous range of sweeping measures, starting w/ the ‘Bank Holiday’ March 5: FDR’s ‘Bank Holiday’ Day after inauguration Ordered all banks closed for inspection of books by federal officials Sound banks (about 5000) allowed to reopen They were supported by gov’t money Rules & regulations set up to prevent reckless speculation like that leading to Wall Street Crash These two measures were the Emergency Banking Act and the Securities Exchange Commission

FDR gets to work

FDR & advisors (later known as the ‘Brains Trust’ ) produced enormous range of sweeping measures, starting w/ the ‘Bank Holiday’

March 5: FDR’s ‘Bank Holiday’

Day after inauguration

Ordered all banks closed for inspection of books by federal officials

Sound banks (about 5000) allowed to reopen

They were supported by gov’t money

Rules & regulations set up to prevent reckless speculation like that leading to Wall Street Crash

These two measures were the Emergency Banking Act and the Securities Exchange Commission

The ‘Hundred Days’ Begins ‘ Bank Holiday’ start of ‘Hundred Days’ FDR sent 15 proposals to Congress Congress passed all 15 ‘ During the whole Hundred Days Congress, people didn’t know what was going on, but they knew something was happening, something good for them.’ FDR advisor Every Sunday FDR used radio to broadcast his ‘fire-side chats’ explaining his programs March 12, 1933: first chat focused on banking Over 60 million Americans tuned in First time an American president used mass media in this way

‘ Bank Holiday’ start of ‘Hundred Days’

FDR sent 15 proposals to Congress

Congress passed all 15

‘ During the whole Hundred Days Congress, people didn’t know what was going on, but they knew something was happening, something good for them.’

FDR advisor

Every Sunday FDR used radio to broadcast his ‘fire-side chats’ explaining his programs

March 12, 1933: first chat focused on banking

Over 60 million Americans tuned in

First time an American president used mass media in this way

Fact File: The ‘Hundred Days’ 4 March: Roosevelt inaugurated 5 March: closed banks 9 March: Selected banks reopened 12 March: Roosevelt’s first radio ‘fire-side chat’. Encouraged Americans to put their money back into the banks. Many did so. 31 March: The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) set up 12 May: The Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) passed 18 May: The Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) created 18 June The National Industrial Recovery ( NIR ) Act passed

4 March: Roosevelt inaugurated

5 March: closed banks

9 March: Selected banks reopened

12 March: Roosevelt’s first radio ‘fire-side chat’. Encouraged Americans to put their money back into the banks. Many did so.

31 March: The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) set up

12 May: The Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) passed

18 May: The Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) created

18 June The National Industrial Recovery ( NIR ) Act passed

Some New Deals Federal Emergency Relief Administration Tried to meet immediate needs of the poor $500 million for soup kitchens, blankets, nursery schools, employment schemes Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Sought to employ young men Men signed up for six month tours of duty Environmental projects in national parks Most $$$ went to men’s families Employed 2.5 million men Agricultural Adjustment Admin. ( AAA ) Set quotas for cereals to slowly increase prices Also helped farmers modernize, conserve soil Extreme cases received mortgage help Overall, very good for farmers, though modernization had unforeseen consequence of putting more farm laborers out of work!

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Tried to meet immediate needs of the poor

$500 million for soup kitchens, blankets, nursery schools, employment schemes

Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC )

Sought to employ young men

Men signed up for six month tours of duty

Environmental projects in national parks

Most $$$ went to men’s families

Employed 2.5 million men

Agricultural Adjustment Admin. ( AAA )

Set quotas for cereals to slowly increase prices

Also helped farmers modernize, conserve soil

Extreme cases received mortgage help

Overall, very good for farmers, though modernization had unforeseen consequence of putting more farm laborers out of work!

Some New Deals National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) set up two organizations: Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Used gov’t $$$ to build schools, roads, dams, bridges, airports Vital to future growth Employed millions of jobs in the short term National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) Improved industrial working conditions Outlawed child labor Defined fair wages & sensible production levels Sought to get $$$ in hands of workers w/o overproducing goods & causing a slump Voluntary, w/ incentive (display NRA symbol) Over 2 million employers joined

National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) set up two organizations:

Public Works Administration ( PWA )

Used gov’t $$$ to build schools, roads, dams, bridges, airports

Vital to future growth

Employed millions of jobs in the short term

National Recovery Administration ( NRA )

Improved industrial working conditions

Outlawed child labor

Defined fair wages & sensible production levels

Sought to get $$$ in hands of workers w/o overproducing goods & causing a slump

Voluntary, w/ incentive (display NRA symbol)

Over 2 million employers joined

The Tennessee Valley Tennessee Valley touched seven states Great physical problems Wet season: Tennessee River flooded Dry season: river reduced to trickle Farmland in valley was dust bowl Soil erosion turning valley to desert Great social problems T V folks lived in poverty Most had no electricity No one state could fix problems & coordinating seven states was difficult

Tennessee Valley touched seven states

Great physical problems

Wet season: Tennessee River flooded

Dry season: river reduced to trickle

Farmland in valley was dust bowl

Soil erosion turning valley to desert

Great social problems

T V folks lived in poverty

Most had no electricity

No one state could fix problems & coordinating seven states was difficult

FDR Signs TVA Into Law FDR set up Tennessee Valley Authority Independent of states First goal to build dams to harness river Dams irrigated lands & produced electricity Created thousands of new jobs TVA still operates, producing electricity at rates below the national average

FDR set up Tennessee Valley Authority

Independent of states

First goal to build dams to harness river

Dams irrigated lands & produced electricity

Created thousands of new jobs

TVA still operates, producing electricity at rates below the national average

Fact File: Achievements of the Hundred Days Above all, it restored confidence and stopped investors pulling money out of the banks Banking measures saved 20% of home owners and farmers from repossession Farmers were 50% better off under AAA by 1936 TVA brought electrical power to underdeveloped areas Public Works Administration created 600,000 jobs and built landmarks like San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge

Above all, it restored confidence and stopped investors pulling money out of the banks

Banking measures saved 20% of home owners and farmers from repossession

Farmers were 50% better off under AAA by 1936

TVA brought electrical power to underdeveloped areas

Public Works Administration created 600,000 jobs and built landmarks like San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge

A New Spirit The Hundred Days had an immediate effect Restored confidence in gov’t Reporters traveled the country, reported new spirit seen around the country Historians agree that FDR’s bold & decisive action did have a marked effect on the American people Frances Perkins Secretary of Labor

The Hundred Days had an immediate effect

Restored confidence in gov’t

Reporters traveled the country, reported new spirit seen around the country

Historians agree that FDR’s bold & decisive action did have a marked effect on the American people

Focus Task: What was the New Deal of 1933? Look over your notes and complete your own copy of this table. Which measure was most effective? Explain. Which measure was least effective? Explain. Evidence it was/was not effective Action taken/powers of agency Issue/problem it aimed to tackle New Deal measure/agency

Look over your notes and complete your own copy of this table.

Which measure was most effective? Explain.

Which measure was least effective? Explain.

Fin

PSDs on the Hundred Days This is the time to speak the truth frankly and boldly … So let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself – nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyses efforts to convert retreat into advance … This nation calls for action and action now … Our greatest primary task is to put people to work … We must act and act quickly Roosevelt’s inauguration speech, 1933 What do you think Roosevelt means by ‘the only thing we have to fear is fear itself’? The bank rescue of 1933 was probably the turning point of the Depression. When people were able to survive the shock of having all the banks closed, and then see the banks open up again, with their money protected, there began to be confidence. Good times were coming. It marked the revival of hope. Raymond Moley, one of Roosevelt’s advisors during the Hundred Days Congress session

This is the time to speak the truth frankly and boldly … So let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself – nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyses efforts to convert retreat into advance … This nation calls for action and action now … Our greatest primary task is to put people to work … We must act and act quickly

Roosevelt’s inauguration speech, 1933

What do you think Roosevelt means by ‘the only thing we have to fear is fear itself’?

The bank rescue of 1933 was probably the turning point of the Depression. When people were able to survive the shock of having all the banks closed, and then see the banks open up again, with their money protected, there began to be confidence. Good times were coming. It marked the revival of hope.

Raymond Moley, one of Roosevelt’s advisors during the Hundred Days Congress session

PSDs on the Hundred Days Wandering around the country with one of New York’s baseball teams, I find that [what was] the national road to ruin is now a thriving thoroughfare. It has been redecorated. People have come out of the shell holes. They are working and playing and seem content to let a tribe of professional warriors do their worrying for them Rudd Rennie, a journalist, describes what he saw around the country in the early days of the New Deal. From Changing the Tune from Gloom to Cheer , 1934. The CCC, the PWA, and similar government bodies (the alphabet agencies as Americans called them) made work for millions of people. The money they earned began to bring back life to the nation's trade and businesses. More customers appeared in the shops … As people started to buy again, shopkeepers, farmers and manufacturers began to benefit from the money the government was spending on work for the unemployed. This process was described by Roosevelt as ‘priming the pump’. By this he meant that the money the Federal Government was spending was like a fuel, flowing into the nation’s economic machinery and starting it moving again. D B O’Callaghan, Roosevelt and the USA , published in 1966

Wandering around the country with one of New York’s baseball teams, I find that [what was] the national road to ruin is now a thriving thoroughfare. It has been redecorated. People have come out of the shell holes. They are working and playing and seem content to let a tribe of professional warriors do their worrying for them

Rudd Rennie, a journalist, describes what he saw around the country in the early days of the New Deal. From Changing the Tune from Gloom to Cheer , 1934.

The CCC, the PWA, and similar government bodies (the alphabet agencies as Americans called them) made work for millions of people. The money they earned began to bring back life to the nation's trade and businesses. More customers appeared in the shops … As people started to buy again, shopkeepers, farmers and manufacturers began to benefit from the money the government was spending on work for the unemployed. This process was described by Roosevelt as ‘priming the pump’. By this he meant that the money the Federal Government was spending was like a fuel, flowing into the nation’s economic machinery and starting it moving again.

D B O’Callaghan, Roosevelt and the USA , published in 1966

PSDs on the Hundred Days As Roosevelt described it, the ‘New Deal’ meant that the forgotten man, the little man, the man nobody knew much about, was going to be dealt better cards to play with … He understood that the suffering of the Depression had fallen with terrific impact upon the people least able to bear it. He knew that the rich had been bit hard too, but at least they had something left./ But the little merchant, the small householder and the home owner, the farmer, the man who worked for himself – these people were desperate. And Roosevelt saw them as principle citizens of the United States, numerically and in their importance to the maintenance of the ideals of American democracy. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew , 1947. Perkins was Labor Secretary under Roosevelt from 1933. She was the first female Cabinet member in the nation’s history

As Roosevelt described it, the ‘New Deal’ meant that the forgotten man, the little man, the man nobody knew much about, was going to be dealt better cards to play with … He understood that the suffering of the Depression had fallen with terrific impact upon the people least able to bear it. He knew that the rich had been bit hard too, but at least they had something left./ But the little merchant, the small householder and the home owner, the farmer, the man who worked for himself – these people were desperate. And Roosevelt saw them as principle citizens of the United States, numerically and in their importance to the maintenance of the ideals of American democracy.

Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew , 1947. Perkins was Labor Secretary under Roosevelt from 1933. She was the first female Cabinet member in the nation’s history