Voting Rights Campaigns

Civil Rights Bill & Voting Rights JFK brings hope JFK’s presidency seen as one of hope CVM leaders wanted a Civil rights Bill that would enshrine black rights JFK & brother, Bobby (Attorney General) wanted to concentrate on voting rights If blacks could vote, that power would lead to further legislation to enshrine civil rights NAACP & CRM groups focused on voting rights campaign (VRC) Organized courses on voting procedures Registered black voters faced threats, intimidation & violence VRC greatly helped by fact that CRM was major national issue & had momentum

JFK brings hope

JFK’s presidency seen as one of hope

CVM leaders wanted a Civil rights Bill that would enshrine black rights

JFK & brother, Bobby (Attorney General) wanted to concentrate on voting rights

If blacks could vote, that power would lead to further legislation to enshrine civil rights

NAACP & CRM groups focused on voting rights campaign (VRC)

Organized courses on voting procedures

Registered black voters faced threats, intimidation & violence

VRC greatly helped by fact that CRM was major national issue & had momentum

Back to Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 Birmingham, Alabama, April 1963 MLK organized march City still not compliant w/ SC desegregation order (remember buses?) Police notoriously racist, w/ links to KKK, especially police chief Bull Connor Goal of march to show nation city’s racism Bull Connor obliged W/ national media watching Connor released fire hoses & attack dogs on peaceful protesters 100+ protesters arrested, including MLK

Birmingham, Alabama, April 1963

MLK organized march

City still not compliant w/ SC desegregation order (remember buses?)

Police notoriously racist, w/ links to KKK, especially police chief Bull Connor

Goal of march to show nation city’s racism

Bull Connor obliged

W/ national media watching Connor released fire hoses & attack dogs on peaceful protesters

100+ protesters arrested, including MLK

From Birmingham to Washington, D.C. Kennedy responds May: pressured Governor George Wallace to release prisoners, give more jobs to blacks and allow blacks to be promoted Birmingham desegregated but bitter September: KKK bomb killed four black children in a Birmingham church August 1963, Washington, D.C. MLK holds most high-profile event 200,000 blacks & 50,000 whites marched Goal was to pressure JFK to introduce Civil Rights bill No trouble on march, not even litter MLK gave famous ‘I have a dream’ speech Event had tremendous positive impact on American public opinion of King, movement

Kennedy responds

May: pressured Governor George Wallace to release prisoners, give more jobs to blacks and allow blacks to be promoted

Birmingham desegregated but bitter

September: KKK bomb killed four black children in a Birmingham church

August 1963, Washington, D.C.

MLK holds most high-profile event

200,000 blacks & 50,000 whites marched

Goal was to pressure JFK to introduce Civil Rights bill

No trouble on march, not even litter

MLK gave famous ‘I have a dream’ speech

Event had tremendous positive impact on American public opinion of King, movement

How much progress had been made in achieving civil rights by August 1963?

Civil Rights Act & ‘Freedom Summer’ 1964 By 1963 CRM key national issue Everyone had an opinion on it Nov’ ’63: JFK assassinated, LBJ President Lyndon Baines Johnson & CRM LBJ committed to ideals of CRM 2 July 1964: signed Civil Rights Act (CRA) CRA made discrimination by gov’t contractors in areas such as housing & employment illegal Summer of 1964: ‘Freedom Summer’ SCLC increased voter registration efforts Many northern, young, white people helped W/in 20 months an additional 430,000 black southern voters were registered

By 1963 CRM key national issue

Everyone had an opinion on it

Nov’ ’63: JFK assassinated, LBJ President

Lyndon Baines Johnson & CRM

LBJ committed to ideals of CRM

2 July 1964: signed Civil Rights Act (CRA)

CRA made discrimination by gov’t contractors in areas such as housing & employment illegal

Summer of 1964: ‘Freedom Summer’

SCLC increased voter registration efforts

Many northern, young, white people helped

W/in 20 months an additional 430,000 black southern voters were registered

Selma, Alabama & Voting Rights Selma one of worst discrimination areas Early 1965: MLK targeted it & marched Only 2.4% of blacks were registered Brutally racist sheriff, Jim Clark Clarke banned march but 600 marched Marchers brutally attacked, ‘Bloody Sunday’ MLK organized 2 nd , token, march but turned back to avoid bloodshed Radical black activists denounced MLK King’s restraint instrumental in getting LBJ’s Voting Rights Bill into Congress in 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Allowed gov’t agents to inspect voting procedures Ended literacy tests After 1965 five major cities had black mayors (including Detroit, Atlanta & Cleveland) In Selma, blacks registered & Clark lost election

Selma one of worst discrimination areas

Early 1965: MLK targeted it & marched

Only 2.4% of blacks were registered

Brutally racist sheriff, Jim Clark

Clarke banned march but 600 marched

Marchers brutally attacked, ‘Bloody Sunday’

MLK organized 2 nd , token, march but turned back to avoid bloodshed

Radical black activists denounced MLK

King’s restraint instrumental in getting LBJ’s Voting Rights Bill into Congress in 1965

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Allowed gov’t agents to inspect voting procedures

Ended literacy tests

After 1965 five major cities had black mayors (including Detroit, Atlanta & Cleveland)

In Selma, blacks registered & Clark lost election

On 7 March 1965, 525 to 600 civil rights marchers headed east out of Selma on U.S. Highway 80. Discrimination and intimidation had prevented Selma's black population, roughly half of the city, from registering and voting; three weeks earlier, 18 February 1965, a trooper (Corporal James Bonard Fowler) shot Jimmie Lee Jackson as he tried to protect his mother and grandfather in a café to which they had fled while being attacked by troopers during a civil rights demonstration. Jackson died of a massive infection at Selma's Good Samaritan Hospital eight days later. The marchers hoped to bring notice to the violations of their rights by marching to the state capitol in Montgomery. In their first march, led by John Lewis and the Reverend Hosea Williams, they made it only as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge, six blocks away. State troopers and the Dallas County Sheriff's Department, some mounted on horseback, awaited them. In the presence of the news media the lawmen attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs, tear gas, and bull whips, driving them back into Selma. Brutal televised images of the attack, which presented people with horrifying images of people left bloodied and severely injured, roused support for the US civil rights movement. Amelia Boynton Robinson was beaten and gassed nearly to death — her photo appeared on the front page of papers and newsmagazines around the world. Seventeen marchers were hospitalized, leading to the naming of the day, "Bloody Sunday".

Activity: Evaluating MLK’s Effect Martin Luther King has been greatly praised. History has almost made him onto a saint. But at the time he was criticized by many political, Church and community leaders. He was even criticized by fellow black activists. Here is a summary of the criticisms: King was pushing the pace of change too fast and the USA was not ready. He should be more patient. King was pushing too slowly-waiting for the Supreme Court to change a law would take too long. He should be less patient. His non-violent actions provoked people into violence from which black people suffered. Non-violence made black people victims. They should fight violently against white discrimination. Black people should not try to fit into the white way of life-they should achieve equality but keep separate from white people. Using all that you have learned write a speech for King answering these questions

Martin Luther King has been greatly praised. History has almost made him onto a saint. But at the time he was criticized by many political, Church and community leaders. He was even criticized by fellow black activists. Here is a summary of the criticisms:

King was pushing the pace of change too fast and the USA was not ready. He should be more patient.

King was pushing too slowly-waiting for the Supreme Court to change a law would take too long. He should be less patient.

His non-violent actions provoked people into violence from which black people suffered.

Non-violence made black people victims. They should fight violently against white discrimination.

Black people should not try to fit into the white way of life-they should achieve equality but keep separate from white people.

Using all that you have learned write a speech for King answering these questions

Fin

PSDs on Civil rights Bill & Voting Rights Instead of submitting to surreptitious cruelty in thousands of dark jail cells and on countless shadowed streets, we are forcing our oppressor to commit his brutality openly-in the light of day-with the rest of the world looking on. To condemn peaceful protesters on the grounds that they provoke violence is like condemning a robbed man because his possession of money caused robbery. MLK commemorating his tactics in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963. Critics had accused him of deliberately stirring up violence But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your brothers and sisters at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick and even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you are harried by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro … when you are forever fighting a degenerating sense of nobodiness; then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait. Extract from MLK’s letter from Birmingham jail, Alabama, 1963

Instead of submitting to surreptitious cruelty in thousands of dark jail cells and on countless shadowed streets, we are forcing our oppressor to commit his brutality openly-in the light of day-with the rest of the world looking on. To condemn peaceful protesters on the grounds that they provoke violence is like condemning a robbed man because his possession of money caused robbery.

MLK commemorating his tactics in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963. Critics had accused him of deliberately stirring up violence

But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your brothers and sisters at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick and even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you are harried by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro … when you are forever fighting a degenerating sense of nobodiness; then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.

Extract from MLK’s letter from Birmingham jail, Alabama, 1963

PSDs on Civil rights Bill & Voting Rights I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering in the heat of injustice … and oppression will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character. From MLK’s most famous speech, Washington, D.C., August 1963

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering in the heat of injustice … and oppression will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character.

From MLK’s most famous speech, Washington, D.C., August 1963