Presentation on Creative Commons Licences to staff of the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, on 24 June 2013. Presentation explains Creative Commons licences and how they are used. Presentation is designed for those in the GLAM sector.

1. Professor Anne Fitzgerald
Queensland University of Technology
Creative Commons Workshop
State Library of NSW
Sydney
24 June 2013
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia.

3. This session …
 Copyright
 What Creative Commons (CC) is
 Overview of how CC is being used in various
sectors
 Government
 Education
 Research
 Creative industries
 Future directions for CC
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

4. Copyright
 Governed by the Copyright Act (Cth)
 No registration required
 Copyright exists automatically once criteria in the Act
are satisfied
 Copyright protects original expression
 Not ideas, information or facts
 But the form in which those ideas, information or facts
are expressed
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

5. Generic 2.0 ‘take the old machine’ by Angelo González, http://www.flickr.com/photos/21251150@N04/5291456294
Photographs, paintings,
images, sculptures…(artistic works)

6. Generic 2.0 ‘I Giovani e la Musica’ by Super UbO, http://www.flickr.com/photos/14443853@N07/5362778675
Music, sound recordings,
radio broadcasts…

7. Generic 2.0 ‘Apollo 11 Video Restoration Press Conference / Newseum’ by NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, http://www.flickr.com/photos/24662369@N07/3726614425
Films, Videos, Theatre,
TV broadcasts…(cinematograph films, dramatical works, television broadcasts)

8. Blogs, books, articles, essays…
(literary works, published editions of works)
Generic 2.0 ‘_MG_0318’ by Zitona, http://www.flickr.com/photos/zitona/5021203226/

9. Compilations of data…
("literary work" includes: … a table, or compilation , expressed in words, figures or symbols – s 10, Copyright Act 1968)
)
Generic 2.0 ‘_MG_0318’ by Zitona, http://www.flickr.com/photos/zitona/5021203226/

10. Copyright as a bundle of
exclusive rights
 For example, for literary, dramatic and musical works
the rights are to:
 reproduce in material form
 publish
 publicly perform
 communicate to the public in electronic form
 transmit;
 make available
 make an adaptation or translation
 control rental, where work is a computer program or is
reproduced in a sound recording: s 31(1)
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

11. Copyright in the digital
environment
 When we use digital technology, we automatically
reproduce content and thereby enter the copyright “zone”,
 because digital technology needs to reproduce material
so it can be played, run or even viewed.
 Copyright has been further extended to protect
 Broader range of subject matter – e.g. computer programs
 Broader range of rights – e.g. right to communicate electronically to
the public
 Technological Protection Measures (TPMs) (eg encryption/anti-
copying devices) applied to control access or copying;
 Electronic Rights Management Information (ERMI)
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

12. Copyright
In a nutshell…
 copyright automatically applies to a lot of material
 the exclusive rights of the copyright owner are very
broad
 remedies for infringement are strong and enforcement
is effective (through civil and criminal actions)
 exceptions are limited (e.g. fair dealing) available
Which means that.....
 the consequences of infringement will deter use/reuse
unless it is clear that the use is permitted
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

13. Generic 2.0 That time of year again… by Etwood, http://flickr.com/photos/etwood/231364920
legal advice (s43)
research or study (s40)
criticism or review (s41)
parody or satire (s41A)
reporting of news (s42)
Fair dealing
Unless the law provides otherwise…

14. Copyright
 General rule = You need permission/licence to do
anything within the scope of the copyright owner’s
rights (economic or moral rights) unless the law
provides otherwise (eg where there is an exception
permitting that use)
 express permission to use should be obtained
 importance of clear statement of permitted uses
 any other rights/obligations (other than copyright) also
need to be considered
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

15. Copyright licensing –
traditional practice
 “All rights reserved” (or, at least, most rights reserved)
 Use requires prior permission from the copyright owner
unless within an exception to owner’s rights (e.g. fair
dealing) under the Copyright Act
 Negotiating terms is cumbersome, time consuming,
expensive – inefficiency means high transaction costs
 Has led to multiple non-standard licences
 Problem of “orphan” works – no identifiable copyright
owner from whom permission may be obtained
 Arose from pre-internet era - not geared to the immediate
and global nature of the internet
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.
©all rights reserved

16. ©all rights reserved

17. Creative Commons

18. Creative Commons
 a standardised system for licensing the use of
copyright materials
 a suite of 6 standardised licences
 available in 3 forms: plain english (summary); legal code
and machine-readable code
 Each licence grants baseline permissions to users to
use copyright material
 that is, to copy, publish, distribute in digital form,
publicly perform
 whether the whole or a substantial part of it
 on specified, standardised core conditions
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

19. Copyright licensing – with CC licences
 Based on copyright
 Only some rights reserved
 Relatively short, simplified, standardised licences which provide
permission in advance
 BUT
 do not cover all possible kinds of permissions – other kinds of
permissions will have to be negotiated
 Do not contain detailed provisions covering all relevant aspects of
the law
 Must be read in the context of copyright law (legislation &
judgments) and often other relevant bodies of law (e.g. private
international law – “jurisdictional” issues and applicable law)
 Also have to be read in context of other relevant “information” laws
notably privacy (data protection), security, and interception of
communications (telecommunications) - See Chang v. Virgin
Mobile USA, LLC, 2009 WL 111570 (N.D.Tex. January 16, 2009)
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

20. Creative Commons IS NOT…
 anti-copyright
Creative Commons IS…
 Based on copyright
 A copyright licence (permission)
 A new way of managing copyright
 A set of licences that are free for everyone to use
© 2012 Anne Fitzgerald..

21. Baseline permissions
 Fundamental baseline rights granted by all CC
licences:
 Reproduce
 Distribute
 Publicly perform
 Additional baseline permission granted in four of the
six CC licences to create derivative works and
 Reproduce
 Distribute
 Publicly perform
the derivative work
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

22. Core Conditions
Attribution (BY) – attribute the author, and no false attribution
This applies to all CC licences
Non Commercial (NC) – no “commercial use” (as defined)
No Derivatives (ND) – no changes allowed to original work
Share Alike (SA) – changes allowed, but new work is to be
distributed under the same licence as the original work
* ND and SA cannot be used together
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

23. Licence combinations
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

24. CC BY
 Core condition:
 Attribution (BY) – attribute the author, and no false
attribution
 Baseline Rights:
 Reproduce
 Distribute
 Publicly perform
 Create derivative works (and reproduce, distribute and
publicly perform the derivative work)
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

25. Human-readable summary

26. “Legal Code”

27. http://creativecommons.org/choose/
Machine-readable code

28. http://creativecommons.org/choose/

29. CC operates as a direct licence,
from copyright owner to user
© 2012 Anne Fitzgerald..

30. Attribution (BY)

31. Attribution (BY)
 Copyright notice - Keep notices that refer to the
Licence or Disclaimers
 Name of author and other Attribution parties
 Source and Title of the work
 Licence URL/hyperlink
 In a Derivative Work, identify the changes made to the
original
 No suggestion of endorsement
 “In a manner reasonable to the medium you are using”

32. Non Commercial (NC)

33. Non Commercial (NC)
 “Commercial” defined as meaning “primarily intended
for or directed towards commercial advantage or
private monetary compensation”

34. No Derivative Works (ND)

35. No Derivative Works (ND)
 “Derivative Work" means material in any form that is
created by editing, modifying or adapting the Work, a
substantial part of the Work, or the Work and other
pre-existing works.
 Derivative Works may, for example, include a
translation, adaptation, musical arrangement,
dramatisation, motion picture version, sound
recording, art reproduction, abridgment,
condensation, or any other form in which the Work
may be transformed or adapted…

36. Share Alike (SA)

37. Share Alike (SA)
 Clause 4B(a) Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Australia:
 You may only Distribute or publicly perform a
Derivative Work if You apply one of the following
licences to it:
 i) this Licence;
 ii) a later version of this Licence with the same Licence
Elements (such as Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Australia); or
 iii) a Creative Commons Unported licence or a licence from
another jurisdiction (either this or a later version) that has the
same Licence Elements; or
 iv) a Creative Commons Compatible Licence. (* note this last
option is not available in CC BY NC SA 3.0 Australia)

38. CC BY SA
Most of Wikipedia's text and many of its images are dual-
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA) and the GNU
Free Documentation License (GFDL)
The small print:
“ Text is available under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike License; additional terms
may apply. See Terms of Use for details ....”
Information for text contributors to Wikimedia
projects
To grow the commons of free knowledge and free culture,
all users contributing to Wikimedia projects are required
to grant broad permissions to the general public to re-
distribute and re-use their contributions freely, as long as
the use is attributed and the same freedom to re-use and
re-distribute applies to any derivative works. Therefore,
for any text you hold the copyright to, by
submitting it, you agree to license it under the
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported License. For compatibility reasons, you are
also required to license it under the GNU Free
Documentation License. Re-users can choose the license(s)
they wish to comply with. Please note that these licenses
do allow commercial uses of your contributions,
as long as such uses are compliant with the
terms.
As an author, you agree to be attributed in any of the
following fashions: a) through a hyperlink (where possible)
or URL to the article or articles you contributed to, b)
through a hyperlink (where possible) or URL to an
alternative, stable online copy which is freely accessible,
which conforms with the license, and which provides credit
to the authors in a manner equivalent to the credit given
on this website, or c) through a list of all authors. (Any list
of authors may be filtered to exclude very small or
irrelevant contributions.)

39. How do people use CC?
 Licensing out: use CC on copyright materials you create
 enable others to find your material online through using the standard
search engines; give permission to others to lawfully use your material
(eg copy, on-distribute, post to a website, value add, mashup
 e.g.
 Repositories – Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube
 Institutions/Organisations – ABC, Al Jazeera
 Licensing in: use copyright materials created by others that
are licensed under CC
 enable you to find their material online through using the standard
search engines; give permission to you to lawfully use their material eg
copy, on-distribute, post to a website, value add, mashup e.g.
 students using CC material from Wikipedia in their projects
 teachers using Open Educational Resources (OER) licensed under CC
 In either case, the scope of re-use will depend on which CC licence
selected

40.  Creative Commons, The Power of Open, available at http://thepowerofopen.org/,
licensed under CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
CC licensed material

41. “Visitors to this website
agree to grant a non-
exclusive, irrevocable,
royalty-free license to the
rest of the world for their
submissions to
Whitehouse.gov under the
Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 License.”

43. http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
260 million of 8 billion photos
licensed under CC

45. http://www.flickr.com/search/advanced/

46. http://www.flickr.com/search/advanced/

48. http://www.zoo-m.com/flickr-storm/

49. http://labs.ideeinc.com/multicolr/

50. http://labs.ideeinc.com/multicol
r/

51. http://labs.ideeinc.com/multicol
r/

52. AUSTRALIA

53. Geoscience Australia - Landsat 8 data
 Landsat 8 satellite launched in early 2013 - GA is making the
satellite images publicly available free of charge, under a
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Austalia licence (CC BY)
to facilitate legal reuse of the images
 Jeff Kingwell, Section Leader of GA’s National Earth Observation
Group :
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..
Our experience is that using the Creative
Commons Attribution Licence – which is the
default licence for GA information – makes the
data more useful and easier to apply. For
example, to help the Indonesian government to
monitor forest management, GA supplies Landsat
data from a number of foreign data archives. Since
we can apply the same licence conditions to each
data source, the information is much more useful
and easier to share and reuse.
Example of a Landsat 7 image, CC BY 3.0 Au
© Geoscience Australia

54. AUSTRALIA

56.  2010 Federal Budget
Papers licensed under CC
Attribution 2.5
Australia
 2011 and 2012 Federal
Budget Papers under CC
Attribution 3.0 Australia

57. Commonwealth Government’s
Statement of IP Principles (2010)
 11.(b) Consistent with the need for free and open re-use and adaptation,
public sector information should be licensed by agencies under the
Creative Commons BY standard as the default.
 An agency’s starting position when determining how to license its public sector
information should be to consider Creative Commons licences
(http://creativecommons.org.au/) or other open content licences.
 Agencies should license their public sector information under a Creative
Commons licence or other open content licence following a process of due
diligence and on a case-by-case basis.
 Before releasing public sector information, for which the Commonwealth is not
the sole copyright owner, under a Creative Commons BY standard or another
open content licence, an agency may need to negotiate with any other
copyright owners of the material.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

58. Australian Government IP Manual and Guidelines
on Licensing PSI (2012)
 Australian Government (Attorney General’s Department) released two
documents (under CC BY 3.0 Australian licence) which implement the
Government’s Statement of Intellectual Property Principles for
Australian Government Agencies:
 Guidelines on Licensing Public Sector Information for Australian
Government Agencies; and
 Australian Government Intellectual Property Manual (“IP Manual”).
 Chapter 9 of the IP Manual (which deals with “Sharing and Granting
Public Access to IP”) makes it clear that PSI should be released free of
charge under a CC BY Australian licence by default.
 Refers to our CC and Government webpage for more detailed
information.
© Anne Fitzgerald 2013. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.

59. Australian Government Attorney General’s
IP Guidelines and IP Manual (2012)
 In 2012, the Australian Government released two documents which
implement the Statement of IP Principles for Australian Government
Agencies:
 Guidelines on Licensing Public Sector Information for Australian
Government Agencies;
 Australian Government Intellectual Property Manual (IP Manual).
 Both documents are available on the Attorney-General’s Department
website under the CC BY 3.0 Australian licence.
 Attorney General’s IP Manual makes it clear that PSI should be
released by default free of charge under a Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) Australian licence by default. (Chapter 9 -
“Sharing and Granting Public Access to IP”)
 Agencies are now required to make licensing decisions about
whether to use Creative Commons licences (or other open
content licences) when publicly releasing their PSI.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

63. Queensland IP Principles (2011)
 Queensland Government IP Principles (revised 2011) endorse the use of
CC licences and specify that the CC BY licence is the default licence,
to be applied as a first choice unless there are clear indicators that
the default licence is inappropriate in the circumstances:
Clause 1.3: Creative Commons licensing of government copyright
information
 In assessing the appropriate licence to apply to public information, the
Government Information Licensing Framework (GILF) mandates that:
(a) agencies license their public sector copyright information using the
Creative Commons least restrictive licence (i.e. the Attribution BY
licence) as the default licence of preference following a process of due
diligence assessment on a case-by-case basis. However this least
restrictive licence may not always be the appropriate licence to use.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

65. Premier’s message at
http://data.qld.gov.au/about
 “So that people using our data can do so effectively,
agencies must provide it in a standard way. Agencies
will:
 follow metadata standards
 apply clear licences (preferably open licences such as
Creative Commons)
 assess and advise of data quality
 outline any limitations on data use.”

67. http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/

70.  In 2009 the Al Jazeera Network launched a repository
of broadcast quality footage under a variety of CC
licences
 Initial focus was on footage of the conflict in Gaza,
which was released under a CC BY licence.
 The aim of allowing the broadest possible reuse
(including commercial use) was to make people more
aware of these issues as well as profiling the Al Jazeera
Network throughout the world.
 See Al Jazeera CC Repository at http://cc.aljazeera.net/

71. http://pool.abc.net.au
/

72. http://pool.abc.net.au/content/pool-special-conditions-
use

73. ABC “80 Days that Changed our Lives”
 To celebrate ABC’s 80th anniversary , ABC released 22 files capturing
historic moments on Wikimedia under CC BY-SA
 first collection of broadcast “packaged” footage released to Wikimedia
Commons under a free license

74.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

75. Wikimedia
 “What is Wikimedia Commons?
 Wikimedia Commons is a media file repository making available public domain and
freely-licensed educational media content (images, sound and video clips) to everyone, in
their own language. It acts as a common repository for the various projects of the
Wikimedia Foundation, …
 Launched on 7 September 2004, Wikimedia Commons hit the 1,000,000 uploaded media
file milestone on 30 November 2006 and currently contains 13,546,116 files and 106,660
media collections. …
 Unlike traditional media repositories, Wikimedia Commons is free. Everyone is allowed to
copy, use and modify any files here freely as long as they follow the terms specified by the
author; this often means crediting the source and author(s) appropriately and releasing
copies/improvements under the same freedom to others. The license conditions of each
individual media file can be found on their description page. The Wikimedia Commons
database itself and the texts in it are licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution/Share-Alike License. More information on re-use can be found at
Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia and Commons:First steps/Reuse.”
 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Welcome

76. OER and MOOCs

77. The concept of “OER”
 The OECD defines OER as:
 ‘digitised materials
 offered freely and openly
 for educators, students, and self-learners
 to use and reuse
 for teaching, learning and research.
OER includes learning content, software tools to develop,
use and distribute content, and implementation
resources such as open licences.’
 OECD, “Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open
Educational Resources”, OECD, Paris, 2007, at p 38, available at
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/7/38654317.pdf.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

78. Reuse, remix, distribution are at the
heart of OER
 The OpenCourseWare Consortium identifies the
relevant acts that need to be able to be performed with
OER as:
 Reuse: using the work verbatim;
 Rework: altering or transforming the work;
 Remix: combining the verbatim or altered work with
other works; and
 Redistribute: share the verbatim work, the reworked
work, or the remixed work with others.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

79. MOOC ≠ OER
 David Wiley:
“There are a number of reasons why the term MOOC is a misnomer.
- Many MOOCs are massive but not open (e.g.,
http://www.udacity.com/legal/)
- Many MOOCs are open but not massive (e.g.,
http://learninganalytics.net/syllabus.html)
- Many MOOCs try very hard not to be courses (e.g.,
http://cck11.mooc.ca/how.htm)
…
Bonus complaint: The MOOCs which are “massive but not
open” pose a special threat to the future of OER, but no one
seems to be paying attention… Before long the general public will
feel that “free” is good / innovative enough, and no one will care
about “open,” permissions, or licensing. The good has once again
become the enemy of the best. And how to you wage a PR war
against “the good?”
 ‘The MOOC Misnomer’, 1 July 2012, http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2436
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

81. Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College
and Career Training Grant Program (TAACCCT):
US $2 billion in funding provided under federal education
fund to create OER resources for use in community colleges
P062311PS-0339 by The White House (US Government Work) http://www.flickr.com/photos/whitehouse/5937200216

82. TAACCCT
 The first round of grants (Wave 1) awarded nearly $500
million in 2011, and the second round (Wave 2),
announced on 27 February 2012, will make another
$500 million available to eligible higher education
institutions.
 Wave 1 - materials produced must be distributed under
a CC BY licence.
 Wave 2 - the CC BY license must also be applied to
modifications made to pre-existing, grantee-owned
content using grant funds.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

83. California digital textbooks project
 Legislative implementation of OER policy
 In September 2012, California Governor Jerry Brown
signed two bills providing for the creation of free,
openly licensed digital textbooks for the 50 most
popular lower-division college courses offered by
California colleges.
 A crucial component of the California legislation is
that the textbooks developed will be made available
under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC
BY).
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

84. Khan Academy

85. Khan Academy – Terms of Service
7. Licensed Educational Content.
 7.1 …Unless otherwise indicated, all Licensed Educational Content
is the property of Khan Academy or its subsidiaries or affiliated
companies and/or third-party licensors and, subject to the terms and
conditions of these Terms, is licensed to You under the Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United
States License (available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-sa/3.0/us/) (the “Creative Commons License”). …
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

86. Blackboard xpLor
 xpLor is a new cloud-based learning object repository
that will work across the various learning
management systems (LMS) in use at educational
institutions
 Objective is to dissolve content boundaries between
LMS’s and institutions so that instructors can more
easily share, discover, and reuse course content.
 xpLor has CC licensing options - instructors and
institutions can create, share, and build on each
other’s CC-licensed content through the same
interface.

87. Blackboard xpLor – CC BY default

90. Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)
 The literature that should be freely accessible online is that which scholars give to the world without
expectation of payment. Primarily, this category encompasses their peer-reviewed journal articles,
but it also includes any unreviewed preprints that they might wish to put online for comment or to
alert colleagues to important research findings.
 There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By "open access“ we
mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to:
 read
 download
 copy
 distribute
 print
 search, or
 link to the full texts of these articles
 crawl them for indexing
 pass them as data to software or
 use them for any other lawful purpose,
without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself.
 The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in
this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the
right to be properly acknowledged and cited. http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

91. Open Access publishing: the Green and
Gold roads
 Green OA
 Authors retain rights to their work
 make their articles (usually in the form of “accepted manuscripts”)
available through institutional repositories or personal websites –
check OAK List for publisher’s policy on this:
http://www.oaklist.qut.edu.au/
 QUT ePrints – eg “Open Content Licensing: Cultivating the Creative Commons”
(2007), Sydney University Press and QUT ePrints -
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/6677/ - licensed under CC BY NC ND 2.5 Licence - >
8,000 downloads, ranks 15th in QUT ePrints
 QUT Law and Justice Journal/QUT Law Review (from 2013): licensed under CC BY
– see https://ljj.law.qut.edu.au/
 Gold OA
 OA that is provided by a publisher, i.e. the article is published
immediately under OA conditions by the journal publisher.
 may be funded in different ways - certain publishers may require the
payment of a fee by the author to make the work available under OA.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

92. Gold OA consistent with CC
 PloS One (OA journal, reportedly the world’s largest scholarly journal
by volume)
 Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a non-profit organisation ‘dedicated
to making the world’s scientific and medical literature a freely available
public resource’.
 PloS applies CC BY licence to all works it publishes
 Research monographs published by Bloomsbury Academic
(commercial publisher Bloomsbury Publishing’s academic branch)
 Content made available online under a CC BY-NC licence (in addition to
publishing in print and e-book format and offering print-on-demand
copies).
 Frances Pinter, Publisher of Bloomsbury Academic explains:
 ‘[o]ur business model is simple. We may lose some print sales because of free
access, but we will gain other sales because more people will want the print edition’.
 Jane Park, ‘An Interview with Frances Pinter of Bloomsbury Academic’, CC News, 20
October 2008, available at http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/10100.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

93. ANU’s IP Policy
(1 July 2010) http://policies.anu.edu.au/policies/intellectual_property/policy
Part 4 - Section 14. "Open Content" Licensing by
[Staff] Member
14.1 …. A [Staff] Member who Creates copyright matter which
is owned by the University is granted a perpetual,
irrevocable, worldwide, non-exclusive licence in respect
of the copyright to grant licences to third parties over the
copyright matter:
(a) being an open content licence of the form
maintained by the Creative Commons Corporation; or
(b) being an open source licence in respect of Software,
of the form maintained by the Open Software Initiative or
the Free Software Foundation; or
(c) in any other form of open content licensing
determined from time to time in writing by the Vice
Chancellor.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

94. QUT’s IP Policy: Scholarly works
(22 June 2011) http://www.mopp.qut.edu.au/D/D_03_01.jsp
3.1.5 Ownership of copyright
 In accordance with general law principles noted in section 3.1.4
above, QUT as an employer is the owner of copyright where
the work is created by staff members in the course of their
employment. QUT’s ownership of copyright applies to both
academic and professional staff.
Assignment of scholarly works
 Provided that QUT does not have contractual obligations to a
third party which would prevent QUT effecting such an
assignment, QUT assigns the right to publish scholarly
works to the creator(s) of that work. The assignment is
subject to a perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free,
non-exclusive licence in favour of QUT to allow QUT to use
that work for teaching, research and commercialisation purposes
and to reproduce and communicate that work online for
non-commercial purposes via QUT's open access digital
repository.
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

96. National Health and Medical Research
Council (NHMRC) policy on access to
research publications and data
 Revised policy, effective 1 July 2012, mandates that:
 any publications arising from an NHMRC supported
research project must be deposited into an open
access institutional repository within a twelve
month period from the date of publication.
 http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/media/notices/2012/revised-
policy-dissemination-research-findings
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

97. Australian Research Council (ARC)
Open Access policy
 Effective 1 January 2013
 Any publications arising from an ARC supported
research project must be deposited into an open access
institutional repository within a twelve (12) month
period from the date of publication
 Requirement subject to legal or contractual obligations
(i.e. restrictive publishing contracts which prohibit/do
not allow for open access)
 http://www.arc.gov.au/applicants/open_access.htm

98. ARC Funding Rules for Discovery
Projects commencing in 2013
Clause 21: Material Produced under this Agreement,
Publication and Dissemination of Research Outputs
 21.3 The ARC will support publication and dissemination
costs as per clause 7.8 of this Agreement. The ARC
strongly encourages publication in publicly accessible
outlets and the depositing of data and any
publications arising from a Project in an appropriate
subject and/or institutional repository.
 21.4 The Final Report must justify why any
publications from a Project have not been deposited
in appropriate repositories within 12 months of
publication. The Final Report must outline how data
arising from the Project has been made publicly
accessible where appropriate.

99. Validity and enforceability of CC
licences
Jacobsen v. Katzer, 535 F.3d 1373 (United States Federal
Circuit Court of Appeals, 2008) -
“Copyright holders who engage in open source
licensing have the right to control the modification
and distribution of copyrighted material. ….
The choice to exact consideration in the form of
compliance with the open source requirements of
disclosure and explanation of changes, rather than as
a dollar denominated fee, is entitled to no less legal
recognition.”
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

100. Validity and enforceability of CC
licences
Curry v Audax (2006) (Netherlands)
 Adam Curry uploaded photos to Flickr under a CC BY
NC SA licence
 The photos were copied and reproduced in a magazine
sold commercially in The Netherlands
 Court held there was no permission to use the photos -
as this was commercial use – only Non Commercial
was licensed
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

103. Why use CC licences?
 Other standardised licences e.g. UK Open Government
Licence (OGL) are not fully internationally recognised
 Permits international platforms (collaborations and
contributions across various sectors)
 No other standardised licence has an equally supportive
and viable central organisation
 CC applies to all government and non-government
copyright material (except software)
 CC uses icons (which have gained full international
recognition and which are not language specific)
 CC’s licence metadata / digital code is embedded, making
it machine-readable, searchable & retrievable
 CC provides for a clear statement about the source of the
data (attribution/provenance) – increased user confidence
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

104. Advantages of using CC
 Discoverability and retrieval of CC materials by search engines (CC
machine readable code)
 Explicit statement of re-use rights: information provided upfront to
users about what they CAN do with the material
 Standard, internationally recognised icons depict the licence
conditions – surmounts language barriers
 Facilitates legal re-mix and re-use of CC-licensed materials
 Identification and attribution of the creator/owner of the licensed
material
 Licences have been held to be valid and enforceable by courts
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

105. CC Australia
 More information at www.creativecommons.org.au
 Twitter: @ccAustralia @eduCCau @govCCau
 Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ccAustralia
 Professor Anne Fitzgerald
 Publications:
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/view/person/Fitzgerald,_Anne.html
 Twitter: @AnneMFitzgerald
CC & Government Guide: Using Creative Commons 3.0
Australia Licences on Government Copyright Materials
Anne Fitzgerald, Neale Hooper & Cheryl Foong (2011)
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/38364/
http://creativecommons.org.au/sectors/government