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Turfgrass & K: Reviewing the Relationship
Thursday, Dec. 10, 2015
Sponsored by:
Presenters
Doug Soldat, Ph.D., Department of Soil
Science
Mark Davis, Senior Agronomist
Sponsored by:
Agenda
• Webinar user instructions
• Presentation
• Participant questions
Sponsored by:
• 2nd Most abundant mineral nutrient
• Does not have any structural role
• Important in turgor and water relations,
cofactor for enzymes, “stress” tolerance
Potassium in the Plant
Sponsored by:
• Increased rooting?
• “Winterizer”?
• Increased drought tolerance?
• Increased wear tolerance?
• Disease susceptibility?
Benefits of K Fertilization
From: Drew, 1975
Effect of soil P+ K on Root Distribution
• Increased cold tolerance
– Bermudagrass (Adams & Twersky, 1960; Alexander & Gilbert, 1963;
Gilbert & Davis, 1971; Juska & Murray, 1974)
– Centepedegrass (Palmertree et al., 1974)
• No effect
– Tall fescue (Cook & Duff, 1976)
– Perennial ryegrass (Turner, 1980)
Cold Tolerance?
(includes freezing tolerance and winter injury)
Adam Moeller @AdamMoeller
Mar 16
Rutgers Poa plots with < 50 ppm soil K
much more damaged from freeze injury
compared to those with higher soil K
Sponsored by:
• Improved Wear Tolerance:
– Shearman and Beard (1973)
• No Effect on Wear Tolerance or Recovery:
– Hawes and Kecker (1977)
– Carrow et al. (1987)
– Carroll and Petrovic (1991)
– Trenholm et al. (2001)
– Hoffman et al. (2010 a and b)
Wear Tolerance?
Sponsored by:
Sponsored by:
Hoffman et al. 2009
Sponsored by:
Hoffman et al. 2009
Drought Tolerance?
• Delayed Wilting:
– Waddington et al., 1978
– Escritt and Legg, 1970 –
took 20 years to show up
– Huang, 2001
• Faster Recovery:
– Schmidt and Breuninger,
1981
– Grady and Dickens, 1997
• No effect:
– DiPaola and Engel, 1976
Sponsored by:
Diseases Tolerance?
Turfgrass and K: Reviewing the Relationship
K & Recovery from
Snow MoldPercentsnowmoldincidence
From Woods et al. 2006
K2O applied – lbs/M
0 3 6 10 13 16 19 0 3 6 10 13 16 19
Sponsored by:
Percentsnowmoldincidence
0 3 6 10 13 16 19 0 3 6 10 13 16 19
K & Recovery from
Snow Mold
Sponsored by:
From Woods et al. 2006
K2O applied – lbs/M
Potassium fertilization affects psychrophilic
pathogen susceptibility of annual bluegrass
David R. Moody and Frank S. Rossi
Cornell University
November 1, 2010
Sponsored by:
“Mid-winter”
Constant temperature (- 4ºC)
Buried in snow to
prevent desiccation
Inoculation
0 d 90 d 180 d 208 d 236 d 316 d
Establishment K Treatments ‘Hardening’ ‘Mid-winter’ ‘Early-spring’
Greenhouse Low Temperature Reefer
Inoculation
Sponsored by:
TissueKContent(gkg
-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fertilization Period
K Treatment
(180d)
'Hardening'
(208d)
'Mid-winter'
(236d)
'Early Spring'
(316d)
Stage of Experiment Preceeding Harvest
(Days After Seeding)
Establishment
(90d)
NS
C
C
B
A
A
E D
C
B
D D
C
B
A
D C
B
A A
A
Tissue K Content
† Within each sampling date,
means adjacent to the same letter
are not significantly different
(α=0.05)
‘Sufficiency level’
†
K Level
1
2
3
4
5
Rate
0.00
0.25
0.50
2.00
3.00
K Treatments
Grey Snow Mold
Tissue K Content (g kg-1
)
12 14 16 18 20 22 24
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Mean days to 50% necrosis versus tissue K content
at time of inoculation with T. incarnata
Daysto50%Necrosis(Day50)
r2 = 0.98
Pr > F = 0.0009
n = 5
Sponsored by:
Pink Snow Mold
Tissue K Content (g kg
-1
)
12 14 16 18 20 22 24
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
Mean days to 50% necrosis versus tissue K content
at time of inoculation with M. nivale
Daysto50%Necrosis(Day50)
r2 = 0.69
Pr > F = 0.08
n = 5
Sponsored by:
Turfgrass and K: Reviewing the Relationship
K Research at UMASS:
– Gray Snow Mold increased 40% as K rate increased from 1
to 9 lbs/M
Ebdon et al., 2006
Sponsored by:
Turfgrass and K: Reviewing the Relationship
Anthracnose
Sponsored by:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10 20 30 40
Areaunderdiseaseprogresscurve
Tissue K content (g kg-1)
Critical value = 19.6 g
kg-1
R2 = 0.723
From Charles Schmid, Bruce Clarke, Jim Murphy
Sponsored by:
Rutgers Anthracnose Data 2012
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10 20 30 40
Areaunderdiseaseprogress
curve
Tissue K content (g kg-1)
Critical value = 19.4 g
kg-1
R2 = 0.834
Rutgers Anthracnose Data 2013
Sponsored by:
From Charles Schmid, Bruce Clarke, Jim Murphy
Soil Test Interpretation
Two main philosophies:
– Sufficiency Level of Available Nutrients (SLAN)
• Feed the Plant
– Base Cation Saturation Ratio (BCSR)
• Feed the Soil
Sponsored by:
• “Ideal” ratios of the major exchangeable cations
• CEC central to use of BCSR
Base cation saturation ratio
Sponsored by:
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
Mg2+
H+
K+
Cation Exchange Capacity
Ca2+
• The “Ideal” Soil
–65 to 85% Ca
–6 to 12% Mg
–2 to 5% K
–Remaining H+, NH4
+
Reasons I Dislike the BCSR Approach
1. Ignores differences in nutrient needs among plants
– Genetic aspects
– Ecological aspects
2. Scientific literature does not support the claims
3. Results in inefficient use of resources
Sponsored by:
#1: BCSR Ignores the Plant
• Different plants prefer different soil pH
• BCSR results in a very narrow range of pH 6.0 – 6.5
• Many turf managers attempt to favor bentgrass over annual bluegrass by
modifying root zone pH
Sponsored by:
Soil Science Society
of America Journal
Sponsored by:
Turfgrass and K: Reviewing the Relationship
Summary
• Potassium is an essential nutrient that plays varied roles in the
plant
• Research on how to best manage potassium in turfgrass is
evolving
• Evidence for potassium affecting wear tolerance is weak
• Potassium plays an important role in drought tolerance, winter
injury, and disease pressure
Sponsored by:
Managing Potassium:
• Focus on N: K Ratios and Soil Test Levels
• N: K2O in the plant is about 1.5 : 1
– Apply 1.5 : 1 to maintain soil K levels when soil K is
adequate (according to research-based soil testing
guidelines)
Sponsored by:
Managing Potassium:
• For bentgrass– follow tissue testing for optimum results
– Keep K above 2% in tissue in summer
– Allow K to drop to 1.5% or lower in fall
• Keep tissue levels above 2% in situations where snow mold
is not a concern.
Sponsored by:
What Counts When it Comes to
Potassium Source?
Mark Davis, Senior Agronomist
Sponsored by:
Considerations When
Selecting a K Source
• % K2O
• Other nutrients in the fertilizer
• Dry or liquid
• Salt index
• Particle size
• Uniformity Index
Sponsored by:
The Right Source
Evaluate nutrient content and associated other nutrients
High chloride may be
injurious to some crops
Potassium Fertilizers
and Salt Index
• Salt index provides a relative scale to compare the impact of
fertilizer on soil water
• In cases where fertilizer is concentrated, or on salt sensitive crop,
salt index is critical
Salt Index
Potassium Fertilizers Salt Index Salt Index/unit of K2O
SOP 46.1 0.88
KNO3 69.5 1.216
MOP 116.2 1.936
KMS 43.2 1.96
KTS 64 2.56
Sponsored by:
Salt Tolerance of
Common Turf Grasses
Salt Impacts
• Water imbalance in the Plant,
creating physiological drought
• Ion imbalance, increase energy
consumption to maintain
metabolic process
• Toxicity from specific ions,
Sodium, Chloride and Boron
• Salt impacts plant growth,
stunting, darker green leaf color,
leaf burn and reduced yields
Grass
*Rating
Bermudagrass T
Zoysiagrass MT
Creeping bentgrass MS
Perennial ryegrass MT
Rough bluegrass S
Tall fescue MT
Kentucky bluegrass S
Annual bluegrass S
*T=tolerant, S=sensitive, M=moderately
Sponsored by:
Particle Size
• Particle size is defined by the size guide number (SGN) value. The
SGN is determined by calculating the average particle size of the
product granules in millimeters and multiplying by 100.
– Materials and products used on turfgrass generally have an SGN
range of 75 to 350.
– Greens products range from 75 to 100,
– close cut turf from 125 to 150 and higher
– cut turf like lawns 150-240.
– SGN is important for fertilizer efficacy because it reflects the
number of particles applied per square inch. Estimated particles
per square inch for SGN values of 100, 150, 200, and 240 are
14-16, 8-10, 6-8, and 4-6, respectively
• Make sure your potassium source is sized to the right
application and the other fertilizers in the blend
Sponsored by:
Uniformity Index (UI)
• Uniformity Index (UI) is a value representing the relative particle
size variation of the granules within a product.
– A UI of 50 means that the ratio of the smallest particles is one-
half the size of the largest particles. A UI of 100 means that all of
the particles within the product are equal in size.
– UI values range from 35 to 60 and a value of 50 is considered
acceptable for good uniformity of spread.
– UI is important because with rotary spreader equipment larger
granules travel a greater distance than do finer granules.
– A low UI value increases the likelihood of a poor uniformity of
spread.
• Make sure your potassium source has a high UI to ensure good
spreadability
Sponsored by:
Key Facts About
CMP’s Protassium+
• CMP is the only North American
producer of sulfate of potash.
• Our SOP from the Great Salt Lake is
all-natural, produced in OMRI
approved organic and non-organic
forms.
• Our SOP is virtually chloride free
which enhances quality and yield for
chloride sensitive crops.
• SOP is a unique dual nutrient,
containing both 50% Potassium
(K2O) and 17% Sulfur (S).
Sponsored by:
Protassium+ (0-0-50-17S)
• High K2O analysis 50%
– Cost benefits per unit of nutrients
• High S 17%
– Sulfur in the sulfate form, immediate plant available form
• Low Cl less than 1%
– Balanced plant nutrition total 67% potassium and sulfur
everything you need and nothing you don’t
• Low salt index
– Flexibility in application and timing
– Safety for the plant and soil systems
• pH neutral
– Will not change soil pH or require liming materials over time
Sponsored by:
Turf Protassium+ Product
Turf Granular
 Suitable for blends used by the turf and ornamental markets. Ideal for
roughs and fairways Typical SGN 220/UI 58.
Turf Blend Greens-Grade
 SOP Turf Blend™ GREENS-GRADE is best used for micro-sized blends or
direct applications on short cut golf greens. Typical SGN 90/UI 59.
Turf Blend Mini-Granular
 Ideally suited for mini-size turf blends. Mini-Granular has the highest uniformity
index of all the granular SOP's. Mini-Granular can be used on fairways and tees.
Typical SGN 140/UI 66.
Soluble Fines
 Fine screened for rapid dissolution in making liquid fertilizer solutions and
suspensions.
Sponsored by:
QUESTIONS
Thanks for participating!
Sponsored by:

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Turfgrass and K: Reviewing the Relationship

  • 1. Turfgrass & K: Reviewing the Relationship Thursday, Dec. 10, 2015 Sponsored by:
  • 2. Presenters Doug Soldat, Ph.D., Department of Soil Science Mark Davis, Senior Agronomist Sponsored by:
  • 3. Agenda • Webinar user instructions • Presentation • Participant questions Sponsored by:
  • 4. • 2nd Most abundant mineral nutrient • Does not have any structural role • Important in turgor and water relations, cofactor for enzymes, “stress” tolerance Potassium in the Plant Sponsored by:
  • 5. • Increased rooting? • “Winterizer”? • Increased drought tolerance? • Increased wear tolerance? • Disease susceptibility? Benefits of K Fertilization
  • 6. From: Drew, 1975 Effect of soil P+ K on Root Distribution
  • 7. • Increased cold tolerance – Bermudagrass (Adams & Twersky, 1960; Alexander & Gilbert, 1963; Gilbert & Davis, 1971; Juska & Murray, 1974) – Centepedegrass (Palmertree et al., 1974) • No effect – Tall fescue (Cook & Duff, 1976) – Perennial ryegrass (Turner, 1980) Cold Tolerance? (includes freezing tolerance and winter injury)
  • 8. Adam Moeller @AdamMoeller Mar 16 Rutgers Poa plots with < 50 ppm soil K much more damaged from freeze injury compared to those with higher soil K Sponsored by:
  • 9. • Improved Wear Tolerance: – Shearman and Beard (1973) • No Effect on Wear Tolerance or Recovery: – Hawes and Kecker (1977) – Carrow et al. (1987) – Carroll and Petrovic (1991) – Trenholm et al. (2001) – Hoffman et al. (2010 a and b) Wear Tolerance? Sponsored by:
  • 12. Drought Tolerance? • Delayed Wilting: – Waddington et al., 1978 – Escritt and Legg, 1970 – took 20 years to show up – Huang, 2001 • Faster Recovery: – Schmidt and Breuninger, 1981 – Grady and Dickens, 1997 • No effect: – DiPaola and Engel, 1976 Sponsored by:
  • 15. K & Recovery from Snow MoldPercentsnowmoldincidence From Woods et al. 2006 K2O applied – lbs/M 0 3 6 10 13 16 19 0 3 6 10 13 16 19 Sponsored by:
  • 16. Percentsnowmoldincidence 0 3 6 10 13 16 19 0 3 6 10 13 16 19 K & Recovery from Snow Mold Sponsored by: From Woods et al. 2006 K2O applied – lbs/M
  • 17. Potassium fertilization affects psychrophilic pathogen susceptibility of annual bluegrass David R. Moody and Frank S. Rossi Cornell University November 1, 2010 Sponsored by:
  • 18. “Mid-winter” Constant temperature (- 4ºC) Buried in snow to prevent desiccation
  • 19. Inoculation 0 d 90 d 180 d 208 d 236 d 316 d Establishment K Treatments ‘Hardening’ ‘Mid-winter’ ‘Early-spring’ Greenhouse Low Temperature Reefer Inoculation Sponsored by:
  • 20. TissueKContent(gkg -1 ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Fertilization Period K Treatment (180d) 'Hardening' (208d) 'Mid-winter' (236d) 'Early Spring' (316d) Stage of Experiment Preceeding Harvest (Days After Seeding) Establishment (90d) NS C C B A A E D C B D D C B A D C B A A A Tissue K Content † Within each sampling date, means adjacent to the same letter are not significantly different (α=0.05) ‘Sufficiency level’ † K Level 1 2 3 4 5 Rate 0.00 0.25 0.50 2.00 3.00 K Treatments
  • 21. Grey Snow Mold Tissue K Content (g kg-1 ) 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Mean days to 50% necrosis versus tissue K content at time of inoculation with T. incarnata Daysto50%Necrosis(Day50) r2 = 0.98 Pr > F = 0.0009 n = 5 Sponsored by:
  • 22. Pink Snow Mold Tissue K Content (g kg -1 ) 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 Mean days to 50% necrosis versus tissue K content at time of inoculation with M. nivale Daysto50%Necrosis(Day50) r2 = 0.69 Pr > F = 0.08 n = 5 Sponsored by:
  • 24. K Research at UMASS: – Gray Snow Mold increased 40% as K rate increased from 1 to 9 lbs/M Ebdon et al., 2006 Sponsored by:
  • 27. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 10 20 30 40 Areaunderdiseaseprogresscurve Tissue K content (g kg-1) Critical value = 19.6 g kg-1 R2 = 0.723 From Charles Schmid, Bruce Clarke, Jim Murphy Sponsored by: Rutgers Anthracnose Data 2012
  • 28. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 20 30 40 Areaunderdiseaseprogress curve Tissue K content (g kg-1) Critical value = 19.4 g kg-1 R2 = 0.834 Rutgers Anthracnose Data 2013 Sponsored by: From Charles Schmid, Bruce Clarke, Jim Murphy
  • 29. Soil Test Interpretation Two main philosophies: – Sufficiency Level of Available Nutrients (SLAN) • Feed the Plant – Base Cation Saturation Ratio (BCSR) • Feed the Soil Sponsored by:
  • 30. • “Ideal” ratios of the major exchangeable cations • CEC central to use of BCSR Base cation saturation ratio Sponsored by:
  • 32. • The “Ideal” Soil –65 to 85% Ca –6 to 12% Mg –2 to 5% K –Remaining H+, NH4 +
  • 33. Reasons I Dislike the BCSR Approach 1. Ignores differences in nutrient needs among plants – Genetic aspects – Ecological aspects 2. Scientific literature does not support the claims 3. Results in inefficient use of resources Sponsored by:
  • 34. #1: BCSR Ignores the Plant • Different plants prefer different soil pH • BCSR results in a very narrow range of pH 6.0 – 6.5 • Many turf managers attempt to favor bentgrass over annual bluegrass by modifying root zone pH Sponsored by:
  • 35. Soil Science Society of America Journal Sponsored by:
  • 37. Summary • Potassium is an essential nutrient that plays varied roles in the plant • Research on how to best manage potassium in turfgrass is evolving • Evidence for potassium affecting wear tolerance is weak • Potassium plays an important role in drought tolerance, winter injury, and disease pressure Sponsored by:
  • 38. Managing Potassium: • Focus on N: K Ratios and Soil Test Levels • N: K2O in the plant is about 1.5 : 1 – Apply 1.5 : 1 to maintain soil K levels when soil K is adequate (according to research-based soil testing guidelines) Sponsored by:
  • 39. Managing Potassium: • For bentgrass– follow tissue testing for optimum results – Keep K above 2% in tissue in summer – Allow K to drop to 1.5% or lower in fall • Keep tissue levels above 2% in situations where snow mold is not a concern. Sponsored by:
  • 40. What Counts When it Comes to Potassium Source? Mark Davis, Senior Agronomist Sponsored by:
  • 41. Considerations When Selecting a K Source • % K2O • Other nutrients in the fertilizer • Dry or liquid • Salt index • Particle size • Uniformity Index Sponsored by:
  • 42. The Right Source Evaluate nutrient content and associated other nutrients High chloride may be injurious to some crops
  • 43. Potassium Fertilizers and Salt Index • Salt index provides a relative scale to compare the impact of fertilizer on soil water • In cases where fertilizer is concentrated, or on salt sensitive crop, salt index is critical Salt Index Potassium Fertilizers Salt Index Salt Index/unit of K2O SOP 46.1 0.88 KNO3 69.5 1.216 MOP 116.2 1.936 KMS 43.2 1.96 KTS 64 2.56 Sponsored by:
  • 44. Salt Tolerance of Common Turf Grasses Salt Impacts • Water imbalance in the Plant, creating physiological drought • Ion imbalance, increase energy consumption to maintain metabolic process • Toxicity from specific ions, Sodium, Chloride and Boron • Salt impacts plant growth, stunting, darker green leaf color, leaf burn and reduced yields Grass *Rating Bermudagrass T Zoysiagrass MT Creeping bentgrass MS Perennial ryegrass MT Rough bluegrass S Tall fescue MT Kentucky bluegrass S Annual bluegrass S *T=tolerant, S=sensitive, M=moderately Sponsored by:
  • 45. Particle Size • Particle size is defined by the size guide number (SGN) value. The SGN is determined by calculating the average particle size of the product granules in millimeters and multiplying by 100. – Materials and products used on turfgrass generally have an SGN range of 75 to 350. – Greens products range from 75 to 100, – close cut turf from 125 to 150 and higher – cut turf like lawns 150-240. – SGN is important for fertilizer efficacy because it reflects the number of particles applied per square inch. Estimated particles per square inch for SGN values of 100, 150, 200, and 240 are 14-16, 8-10, 6-8, and 4-6, respectively • Make sure your potassium source is sized to the right application and the other fertilizers in the blend Sponsored by:
  • 46. Uniformity Index (UI) • Uniformity Index (UI) is a value representing the relative particle size variation of the granules within a product. – A UI of 50 means that the ratio of the smallest particles is one- half the size of the largest particles. A UI of 100 means that all of the particles within the product are equal in size. – UI values range from 35 to 60 and a value of 50 is considered acceptable for good uniformity of spread. – UI is important because with rotary spreader equipment larger granules travel a greater distance than do finer granules. – A low UI value increases the likelihood of a poor uniformity of spread. • Make sure your potassium source has a high UI to ensure good spreadability Sponsored by:
  • 47. Key Facts About CMP’s Protassium+ • CMP is the only North American producer of sulfate of potash. • Our SOP from the Great Salt Lake is all-natural, produced in OMRI approved organic and non-organic forms. • Our SOP is virtually chloride free which enhances quality and yield for chloride sensitive crops. • SOP is a unique dual nutrient, containing both 50% Potassium (K2O) and 17% Sulfur (S). Sponsored by:
  • 48. Protassium+ (0-0-50-17S) • High K2O analysis 50% – Cost benefits per unit of nutrients • High S 17% – Sulfur in the sulfate form, immediate plant available form • Low Cl less than 1% – Balanced plant nutrition total 67% potassium and sulfur everything you need and nothing you don’t • Low salt index – Flexibility in application and timing – Safety for the plant and soil systems • pH neutral – Will not change soil pH or require liming materials over time Sponsored by:
  • 49. Turf Protassium+ Product Turf Granular  Suitable for blends used by the turf and ornamental markets. Ideal for roughs and fairways Typical SGN 220/UI 58. Turf Blend Greens-Grade  SOP Turf Blend™ GREENS-GRADE is best used for micro-sized blends or direct applications on short cut golf greens. Typical SGN 90/UI 59. Turf Blend Mini-Granular  Ideally suited for mini-size turf blends. Mini-Granular has the highest uniformity index of all the granular SOP's. Mini-Granular can be used on fairways and tees. Typical SGN 140/UI 66. Soluble Fines  Fine screened for rapid dissolution in making liquid fertilizer solutions and suspensions. Sponsored by: