Nyscate2009

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Gaming and Learning Catherine V. Parsons Assistant Superintendent for Curriculum, Instruction, and Pupil Personnel Service Pine Plains Central School District, NY iSLaka: Victoria Gloucester WoW: Vyktorea

Description Connecting to learners means connecting to the tools of their everyday world. Therefore, video games, now ubiquitous among two full generations, must be considered when examining curriculum and instruction. In this session, participants will deconstruct the learning and design concepts behind video games, examine how these concepts align with research-based classroom practice, and explore ways in which gaming should be incorporated into the deﬁnition of what it means to be literate in society today.

Who am I and who are you?

Housekeeping

VIDEO GAME Take one minute and write down the ﬁrst 5 words or phrases that come to mind when you hear the words “VIDEO GAME”.

Learning Path for Today Fundamental Beliefs and Deﬁnitions Learning Concepts, Engagement (and Gaming) What we can learn (and children are learning) from games Using Games in School Using Games AS School Extending Games Inquiries

Learning Path for Today Fundamental Beliefs and Deﬁnitions Learning Concepts and Gaming (Engagement) What we can learn (and children are learning) from games Using Games in School Using Games AS School Extending Games Inquiries

Role of Education in Society Understanding education in the context of society assists in understanding the intent and effectiveness of the institution (Pai & Adler, 2001). Pai and Adler (2001) noted education, “… can be viewed as the deliberate means by which each society attempts to transmit and perpetuate its notion of the good life… derived from…belief[s] concerning the nature of the world, knowledge, and values” (p. 4).

Authentic Education In order for students to obtain an authentic education, they must discover, think, act, make mistakes, and live. Educational institutions are accountable for a design that allows processes to take place in order for students to learn to be learners and become motivated through experiences.

Interplay “It is important to acknowledge that within a constructivist paradigm of learning, technology tools do not evoke the dynamics of a learning community, but rather these dynamics are the result of the interplay between content, the instructor, and the learners. Although, the affordances of tools may inﬂuence opportunities for discourse and interaction, virtual worlds are another tool for teaching and learning” (Dickey, 2005, p. 132).

Ubiquitous Non-traditional and more constructivist approaches to teaching and learning generate “student satisfaction, interest, engagement, and retention” (Sanborn, Sanotos, Montgomery, & Caruthers, 2007, p. 29). New technology tools require non-traditional approaches, however when educators are faced with planning for ubiquitous technology use they tend to produce tasks that focus on lower order cognitive skills and lower levels of learning lacking constructivist design (Gillespie, 1998; Howard, 2004). The use of technological tools of a society is important to the future success of students becoming productive members of that society (Papert & Caperton, 1999). Howard (2004) questioned the very nature technology in education. Is it precisely the unknown transformative nature of the technologies themselves that creates the stagnating fear of adoption due to the possible change impact on the system.

“It takes a lot of courage to release the familiar and seemingly secure, to embrace the new. But there is no real security in what is no longer meaningful. There is more security in the adventurous and exciting, for in movement there is life, and in change there is power.” Alan Cohen

Deﬁnitions GBL Computer -vs- Console Serious Games MMORPG Virtual World (MUVE) Simulation Digital Presence

Game-Based Learning (GBL) “Applications using the characteristics of video and computer games to create engaging and immersive learning experiences for delivering speciﬁed learning goals, outcomes and experiences”. JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning_innovation/eli_outcomes.aspx

Computer -vs- Console “A video game console is an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device (a television, monitor, etc.) to display a video game. The term "video game console" is used to distinguish a machine designed for consumers to buy and use solely for playing video games from a personal computer, which has many other functions...” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console

Serious Games “A serious game is a term used to refer to a software or hardware application developed with game technology and game design principles for a primary purpose other than pure entertainment. The Serious adjective is generally appended to refer to products used by industries like defense, education, scientiﬁc exploration, health care, emergency management, city planning, engineering, religion, and politics.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_games

MMORPG A massively multiplayer online role- playing game (MMORPG) is a genre of computer role-playing games (CRPGs) in which a large number of players interact with one another in a virtual world. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmorpg

Virtual World (MUVE) “A Virtual World is a computer-based simulated environment intended for its users to inhabit and interact via avatars.” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world

Examples Second Life Active Worlds Club Penguin Wizards 101 There.com Star Doll Whyville EvE WoW Webkinz

Big Deal?

Simulation The imitation of the reality for studying the effect of changing parameters in a model as a means of preparing a decision: www.eyefortransport.com/ glossary/st.shtml In simulated spaces learners, “cooperate... collaborate... make effective decisions under stress... take prudent risks in pursuit of objectives... make ethical and moral decisions... employ scientiﬁc deduction... are quicker to master and apply new skills and information... think laterally and strategically... persist and solve difﬁcult problems... understand and deal with foreign cultures... and manage businesses and people” (Prensky, 2007).

Digital Presence

Learning Literacy Engagement Teaching Play

Learning Learning is the acquisition and development of memories and behaviors, including skills, knowledge, understanding, values, and wisdom. It is the goal of education, and the product of experience: http:/ /en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Learning An exercise of constructing personal knowledge that requires the learner to be mentally active rather than passive; interpreting rather than recording information: www.maine.gov/education/highered/Glossary/ Glossary.htm The change in behaviour that results from experience and practice: http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/1452/1487687/glossary/ glossary.html A change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience. The behavior can be physical and overt, or it can be intellectual or attitudinal: www.rotc.monroe.army.mil/helpdesk/deﬁnitions-1/terms.htm

Engagement “What happens outside of us has a lot to do with what we choose to do, but the outside event does not cause the behavior. What we get, and all we ever get, from the outside is information; how we choose to act on that information is up to us” (Glasser, 1990, p. 41).

Teaching In education, teachers are those who help students or pupils learn, often in a school. The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. The different ways to teach are often referred to as the teacher's pedagogy: http:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching Arranging conditions to bring about learning as planned: http://members.aol.com/JohnEshleman/glossary.html The activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill: http:/ /wordnet.princeton.edu/ perl/webwn

Engagement “People control their own experiences. The only way you can truly get them to behave as you wish is through the threat or actuality of overwhelming superior physical force - and even that is only a temporary solution” (Powers, 1998, p. 122). Perpetual Control Theory

Literacy The ability to read and write http:// wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn The traditional deﬁnition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy The ability to read, write, communicate, and comprehend: http:/ /www.educationoasis.com/curriculum/ Reading/glossary_reading_terms.htm

Engagement “Motivation is a key aspect of effective learning but motivation needs to be sustained through feedback responses, reflection and active involvement in order for designed learning to take place. Therefore the key challenge for effective learning with games is for the learner to be engaged, motivated, supported and interested but also importantly for the learning to be undertaken in relation to clear learning outcomes as well as being made relevant to real world contexts of practice. A key challenge for designers then is to get the correct balance between delightful play and fulfilling specified learning outcomes”. JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning_innovation/eli_outcomes.aspx

Play “A like balance in mental life characterizes process and play and product. We met one important phase of this adjustment in considering play and work. In play, interest centers in activity, without much reference to its outcome. The sequence of deeds, images, emotions, sufﬁces on its own account. In work, the end holds attention and controls the notice given to means. Since the difference is one of direction of interest, the contrast is one of emphasis, not of cleavage. When comparative prominence in consciousness of activity or outcome is transformed into isolation of one from the other, play degenerates into fooling, and work into drudgery” (Dewey, 1910, p. 217).

http://thefuntheory.com/

Engagement “The intellectual harm accruing from divorce of work and play, product and process, is evidenced in the proverb, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." That the obverse is true is perhaps sufﬁciently signalized in the fact that fooling is so near to foolishness. To be playful and serious at the same time is possible, and it deﬁnes the ideal mental condition” (Dewey, 1910, p. 218).

21 Research-based Instructional Strategies Taking student readiness into account Providing contiguity Deﬁning instructional Using repetition effectively expectations Utilizing uniﬁers Providing instructional evaluation Providing one-to-one tutoring Providing corrective instruction Utilizing reminders Keeping students on task Utilizing teamwork Maximizing teaching time Reducing student teacher ratio Providing ample learning time below 21 to 1 Providing transfer of learning Clarifying communication instruction Utilizing question and answer Providing decision-making instruction instruction Utilizing computerized instruction Providing prediction and Utilizing demonstrations problem-solving instruction

Learning Principles in Gaming Active, critical learning principle Intertextual principle Design principle Multimodal principle Semiotic principle “Material Intelligence” principle Semiotic domains principle Intuitive knowledge principle Metalevel thinking principle about Subset principle semiotic domains principle Incremental principle “Psychosocial Moratorium” principle Concentrated sample principle Committed learning principle Bottom-up basic principle Identity principle Explicit information on-demand and just-in- Self-knowledge principle time principle Ampliﬁcation of input principle Discovery principle Achievement principle Transfer principle Practice principle Cultural models of the world principle Ongoing learning principle Cultural models about learning principle “Regime of Competence” principle Cultural models about semiotic domains Probing principle principle Multiple routes principle Distributed principle Situated Meaning Principle Dispersed principle Text principle Afﬁnity group principle Insider principle

Activity

Engagement

Experience

Constant Achievement

Expanding Circle of Competence

No Right Answer

Working Within the Rules

Language, Signs, and Symbols

Social

Identity

Empathy

Simulation

Practice

Applied Learning

Context

Feedback

Multimodal

Mastery

Research?

Byron Review http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/byronreview/

Considerations... “The use of game-based learning can change not just what is learnt but also signiﬁcantly how we learn, for this reason it is important to consider all the possible implications of adopting game-based learning in your practice such as context of use, duration of study periods, technical support, community of practitioners”. JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning_innovation/eli_outcomes.aspx

Using Games in School

Mathematics: Lucas Gillispie (Pantego)

http://wowinschool.pbworks.com/

The Small Egg

Console Gaming in Education

http://www.sesamestreet.org/home

Line Rider

PBS Kids and PBS Go

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/ peace/nuclear_weapons/game.html

http://science.discovery.com/ interactives/literacy/darwin/

http://www.freedomﬁghter56.com

Subject Areas English Foreign Language Science ELL History Drama Art FACS Music Health Physical Education CDOS Mathematics Technology

Using Games AS School

LotR: Dr. Trista Merrill Finger Lakes Community College

Econ 201 University of North Carolina - Greensboro

Second Life

Extending Games Machinima Programming PLC Theory and PLNs Things to consider...

Machinima “Machinima is real-world ﬁlmmaking techniques applied within an interactive virtual space where characters and events can be either controlled by humans, scripts or artiﬁcial intelligence.” http://www.machinima.org/machinima-faq.html

Programming Authoring Games Making Games for Free Alice Scratch Examples

PLC Theory & PLNs Cognitive Dissonance • WoW • Realm: US Sisters of Elune, Alliance • GM: Vyktorea

http://gamesforchange.org/toolkit

Things to consider...

Collaboration or Cheating

Isolated?

Collaboration or Cheating

Inquiries

No Gamer Left Behind

Play “Mental play is open-mindedness, faith in the power of thought to preserve its own integrity without external supports and arbitrary restrictions. Hence free mental play involves seriousness, the earnest following of the development of subject-matter. It is incompatible with carelessness or ﬂippancy, for it exacts accurate noting of every result reached in order that every conclusion may be put to further use” (Dewey, 1910, p. 219).

Fundamental Belief: “It is important to acknowledge that within a constructivist paradigm of learning, technology tools do not evoke the dynamics of a learning community, but rather these dynamics are the result of the interplay between content, the instructor, and the learners. Although, the affordances of tools may inﬂuence opportunities for discourse and interaction, virtual worlds are another tool for teaching and learning” (Dickey, 2005, p. 132).

Thank you!

Contact Information Catherine V. Parsons: c.parsons@ppcsd.org http://www.catherinevictoria.net iSLaka: Victoria Gloucester: victoria.gloucester@gmail.com http:// www.victoriagloucester.net Skype: victoriagloucester Twitter: vgloucester iWoWaka: Vyktorea Realm: US - Sisters of Elune Alliance Cognitive Dissonance

References Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=WF0AAAAAMAAJ&dq=how+we+think+dewey+1910. Dewey, J. (1997 - Original Work published 1959). Experience and education. New York: Touchstone Books. Dickey, M. (2005). Brave New (Interactive) Worlds: A review of the design affordances and constraints of two 3D virtual worlds as interactive learning environments. Interactive Learning Environments, 13(1), p. 121 - 137. Retrieved from EbscoHost. Friedman, M., Harwell, D.H., & Schnepel, K. C. (2006). Effective instruction: A handbook of evidence-based strategies. Columbia, SC: The Institute for Evidence-Based Decision- Making in Education. Gee, J. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. NY, Palgrave Macmillan. Gee, J. (2007). Good vide games + good learning: Collected essays on video games, learning, and literacy. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Gillespie, F. (1998). Instructional design for the new technologies. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 76, p. 39 - 52. Glasser, W. (1990). The quality school: Managing students without coercion. New York, NY: Perennnial Library. Howard, A. (2004). American studies and the new technologies: New paradigms for teaching and learning. Rethinking History, 8(20), p. 277 - 291. Jasko, S. (1997). Education and assessment: How do we measure a game? Education, 118(1), 18-21. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals database. (Document ID: 21746439). Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Kolb, D., Rubin, I., & Osland, J. (1991). Organizational behavior: An experiential approach (5th edition) Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hall. Malone, T., & Lepper, M. (1987). Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In R.E. Snow and M. J. Farr (Eds). APtitude, learning and instruction III: Cognitive and affective process analyses. Hillsdale, NJ: Eribaum, 1987. Pai, Y., & Adler, S. A. (2001). Cultural foundations of education (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice-Hall. Papert, S. & Caperton, G. (1999). Vision for education: The Caperton-Papert platform. 91st annual National Governors' Association. St. Louis, Missouri. Retrieved from http:// www.papert.org/articles/Vision_for_education.html. Prensky, M. (2007). Simulation nation. Edutopia. Retrieved March 26, 2007. Powers, W. (1998). Making sense of behavior: The meaning of control. New Canaan, CT: Benchmark Publications. Sanborn, R., Sanotos, A., Montgomery, A., & Caruthers, J. (2005). Four scenarios for the future of education. The Futurist, 38(7), p 26 - 30. Sullo, B. (2007). Activating the desire to learn. VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

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