Tourism: a 2500 year old phenomenon

Tourism from A to Ω Tourism: a 2500 year old phenomenon

Timeline Ancient Greece Ancient Rome, Alexandria Olympia Delphi Middle Ages (5-15 th ) Renaissance (14 th -17 th ) 20 th century 19 th century 21 st century Grand Tour Elite 776 BC Changes in Europe Cities and Places Travel writers Industrial Revolution The TOUR Travel goes Global Tourism 2.0 Modern history Ancient history mass

1. Travel in Ancient Times From ancient Greece to 7 wonders

Travel incentives in ancient Greece
Greek Festivals
Olympic Games (776 BC)
Spas and health tourists
Knowledge trips to the known world
Source: http://www.fjkluth.com/festival.html / wikipedia

Festivals in Ancient Greece
Panhellenic Festivals
Olympic Games
Pythian Games
Isthmian Games
Nemean Games
Other Festivals
Asclepieia
Gymnopaidiai
Carnea
Heraea
Daidala
Eleutheria
Lyycaea
Hyancinthia
Athenian -Attic
Festivals/month
Hekatombaion
12 – Kronia
16 – Synoikia
28 – Panathenea
Metageitnion
15,16,17,18 –
Eleusina
Boedromion
5 – Genesia
12 Democratia
17 or 18 Epidauria
Anthesterion
11,12,13 – Anthesteria
23 - Diasia
Elaphebolion
10,-17 Great Dionysia
17 - Pandia
Mounichion
16 – Munichia
19 - Olympeia
Thargelion
7 – Thargelia
19 – Bendideia
24 – Callynteria
25 - Plynteria
Skirophorion
3 – Arrephoria
12 – Scira
14 - Bouphonia
Pyanopsion
6 – Proerosia
7 – Pyanopsia
8 – Theseia
8 – Oschophoria
9 – Stenia
11,12,13 Thesmophoria
19,20,21 or 26,27,28
Apaturia
30 – Apaturia
Maimakterion
? – Pompaia
Poseideon ( Ποσῐδηϊών)
8 - Posidea ( Ποσῐδεῖα)
26 – Haloa
Gamelion
12,13,14,15 – Lenea
27 – Theogamia
Source: http://www.fjkluth.com/festival.html

Greece and philoxenia
Xenios in Ancient Greek was an epithet of Zeus, describing him as presiding over the laws of hospitality, and protecting strangers. The feminine Xenia Athena means the same for Athena . Crete is called the land of Xenios Zeus .
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus

Travel writers in ancient Greece
Herodotus (480-421 BC) History contains plenty of information after his travels
Pausanias (150 BC)writes books about Greece
Source: wikipedia

The Olympic Games 776 BC- 39 3 AD
Games took place in ancient Olympia, Greece every 4 years
Games were organized for 1000 years
Games United all Greeks from all over the world in their cultural capital
Concept of Peace, the “Olympic Truce”
Source: http://www.hellenica.de/IndexGR.htm

Ancient Greece’s Spas
According to Mikkel Aaland in Sweat , Homer and other Greek writers tell us the Greeks favored a variety of baths as early as 500 BC, from hot water tubs to hot-air baths, or laconica . From the small Greek laconica grew the Roman balneum and finally the extravagant Roman thermae (Greek word for “heat”).
Before Emperor Agrippa designed and created the first thermae in 25 BC, the smaller, more numerous balneum had been enjoyed by Roman citizens for more than 200 years.
Source: http://spas.about.com/cs/spaarticles/l/aa101902.htm

Alexander the Great & Alexandria, Egypt
Need for accommodation
During the rule of Alexander the Great, 700,000 tourists visited what is now a part of Turkey.
First cities that have “global” fame-Alexandria
Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the centre of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage . In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. It became the main Greek city of Egypt, with an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds.
Source: wikipedia, http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/History-Tourism/323.html

Spas- Thermae in Ancient Rome
The terms balnea (from Greek βαλανείον ) or thermae (from Greek thermos ) were the words the ancient Romans used for the buildings housing their public baths .
The Diocletian bath could hold 6,000 bathers. They were built all over the Roman Empire from Africa to England.
Source: wikipedia

Antipater of Sidon and the 7 wonders
Olympia, Greece
Rhodes, Greece
Cairo, Egypt
Babylon, Iraq
Ephesus, Turkey
Alexandria, Egypt
Halicarnassus, Turkey
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon

2. The Middle Ages From Marco Polo to Pyrard de Laval

Increase of need to travel in Europe
Invasion of Arabs in Europe- Creation of Granada- Seville- Cordoba
Educational visits among Universities (Oxford, Montpelier, Paris, Cambridge)
Marco Polo (1254-1324)- silk road
Church initiatives to “promote” religious tourism
Germany and Switzerland create an image for their hotels
Travel Writers: Jehan de Mandeville (14 th century)
Source: wikipedia

Marco Polo (1254-1324)
Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.
Source: http://www.silk-road.com/artl/marcopolo.shtml

Jehan de Mandeville
" Jehan de Mandeville ", translated as " Sir John Mandeville ", is the name claimed by the compiler of a singular book of supposed travels, written in Anglo-Norman French , and published between 1357 and 1371.
Source: http://www.planetnana.co.il/notes/books/mandeville.htm

3. Renaissance Travel Writers: From Montaigne to Gibbon

Renaissance Travel writers
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
Richard Hakluyt
Pyrard de Laval
Clément Jannequin
Étienne de Flacourt
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/

4. Travel in the 19 th century The start of tour and the role of industrial revolution in tour-ism

Beginning of “ Tour ism”
Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word "tour" is derived from the Latin 'tornare' and the Greek 'tornos,' meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis.' This meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn.
One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey that is a round trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist.
Petit tour
Grand tour
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour

Tourists: travellers of Grand Tour
The term Grand Tour was introduced by Richard Lassels in his 1670 book Voyage to Italy .
Young English elites of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often spent two to four years traveling around Europe in an effort to broaden their horizons and learn about language, architecture, geography, and culture in an experience known as the Grand Tour. The Grand Tour began in the sixteenth century and gained popularity during the seventeenth century.
Upon their return to England, Tourists were supposedly ready to being the responsibilities of an aristocrat.
Source: http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm

Revue des Deux Mondes
On August 1st, 1829 François Buloz created the Revue des Deux Mondes. It was the first "modern" publication of the 19th century. Since 1830 it has welcomed ideas related to France and the world emanating from other European countries.
Source: http://www.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/home/index.php

Travel by Rail
1822 Stephenson "Father of Railway” creates railway in Newcastle
1830 Manchester- Liverpool route with La Fusee , with a speed of 26 km’s
1848 -5000 railway miles in UK
1850 -5800 railway miles in Germany
1900 -40000 railway miles in Russia
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/

Travel by Sea
1807 creation of Clermont, from Robert Fulton
1838 Great Western
The Great Western of 1838, was the initial unit of the Great Western Steamship Company and the first purpose-built Atlantic steamship .
The Role of “Paquebots“
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Western

London Town Hotel History
In 1837 there was 396 inns, hotels and taverns in total (but not including pubs that allowed overnight accommodation for their customers). Private guest houses numbered 34. Hotels that were deemed to be of a high standard were called 'Palace Inns' numbered around 30.
They were all located around the area we know of today as the West End.
Examples that existed at that time were:
Cavendish Hotel Durrants Hotel Browns Hotel Mivarts (later to become Claridge's) Mivarts at 48 Davies Street (to become part of Claridge's in 1894) Warrens Hotel on Waterloo Place (Lower Regent Street) Fenton's in St James's Street Limmer's on the corner of George Street W1 and Conduit Street Clarendon Hotel on New Bond Street Clarendon Hotel on Albemarle Street The Burlington on Old Burlington Street Wrights Hotel on Dover Street
Source: http://www.milesfaster.co.uk/information/history-of-london-hotels.htm

19 th century Travel books
1837 Didot publishes a France guide
1839 Beadeker publishes the “ Un Voyage sure le Rhin ” by Coblence
John Murray published a guide for Switzerland
Belle Epoque in France
1893- 1899 Charles Ritz sets Grand Hotel in Rome, Ritz in Paris and Carlton in London
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature

5. Thomas Cook Creation of the “group tour”

Thomas Cook
July 1841: first 70 passengers travel from Loughborough to Leicester (35 kms)
First use of tourism ads
Midland Railways asks for cooperation
1845: first travel office in Leicester
The excursionist
1850: first supply for trip to Switzerland
1856: trips to Strasburg, Paris
1860: coupon usage
1865: first organized cruise
1866: first group tour in the USA
Source: http://www.thomascook.com/about-us/thomas-cook-history/key-dates/

Thomas Cook (2)
1871: first world round trip
Creation of credit and vouchers
Travelers checkers
1972: John Cook goes global cruise with Oceanis ship
1887: Cook builds a hotel at Luxor, Egypt
1890: monopoly in Nile river cruises
1892: Thomas Cook death
Thomas Cook and Son has 1700 employees in 85 offices globally

Thomas Cook (3)
1921: Thomas Cook represents 21 airline companies
1927: first organized air-tour Chicago- New York
First Elite Class Air tickets from London-Nice and London- Cannes
1920: Thomas Cook cannot control its development
1928: cooperates with Comagnie Internationale des Wagons Lits et du Turism
1972: sold to a consortium with Midland Bank, Trust house Forte and tourism organizations
1973: 870 selling points, 22000 employees in 137 countries

First Tourism Agencies in Europe
1878- Milan, Italy Massimiliano Chiari- Sommariva SPA
1878 –Lyon, France Alphonse LUbin
1919 Federation Internationale des Agences de Voyages
Source: Varvaressos book, in Greek

6. The 20 th century The 1905-1935 period & mass tourism

1905-1935
The 1905-1914 period
1914-1918 Great War –end or elite tourism and “rentiers”
What followed
Development of Saint Moritz in Switzerland
Growth in Mediterranean Sea, Greece, Spain, Egypt
Distinction of Winter-summer=seasonality
1929 economic crisis
Source: wikipedia, up Kythnos Island GR, down St. Moritz lake CH

After WWI: Creation of passport
In the later part of the 19 th century and up to World War I , passports were not required, on the whole, for travel within Europe, and crossing a border was straightforward.
During World War I , European governments introduced border passport requirements for security reasons (to keep out spies) and to control the emigration of citizens with useful skills, retaining potential manpower. British tourists of the 1920s complained, especially about attached photographs and physical descriptions, which they considered led to a "nasty dehumanisation “ .
In 1920, the League of Nations held a conference on passports and through tickets. The United Nations held a travel conference in 1963, but passport guidelines did not result from it. Passport standardisation came about in 1980, under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport

Progress during the 20 th century
3 factors that promoted tourism
Travel Publications
1960 Let's Go Europe
Tourism organizations
1968 creation of TUI (Touristik Union International)
Tourism law
1936 Businesses accept work with holidays =more free time
Legal acts that European states accept holidays
1925- Italy
1922- Russia
1936- France
1910- Austria
Source: wikipedia

Growth in the Airline industry
Pan American World Airways , commonly known as Pan Am , was the principal US international air carrier from the late 1920s until its collapse on December 4, 1991.
The overall trend of demand has been consistently increasing. In the 1950s and 1960s, annual growth rates of 15% or more were common. Annual growth of 5-6% persisted through the 1980s and 1990s.
As in many mature industries, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements, mergers , or takeovers .
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline

Factors that affected travel
Income increase to industrial areas
More of free time
Growth of the Auto industry
Charter flights
ICT role
More tourism products- more incentives
Demand role in accommodation- hotels
Creation of tour operators
Peace in Europe
Source: Varvaressos, in Greek, pic from Santorini

7. Traveling in the web era CRS Systems and the 2.0 revolution

Sabre -Travelocity
Travel suppliers provide information that is retrieved from the Sabre® GDS by over 55,000 travel agency locations, travel websites, corporations, and government agencies, who are responsible for tens of millions of bookings around the world each year.
1960 The Sabre® system is created by American Airlines , marking the first real-time business application of computer technology.
1985 Sabre establishes its first European presence.
2005 Launch of dynamic packaging in North America ( CustomTrip ).
2006 Expedia and Priceline choose Sabre as a major partner.
2007 Sabre Rate Assured ™ hotel program is launched.
Travelocity is an online travel agency and wholly owned subsidiary of Sabre Holdings Corporation, which was a publicly traded company until taken private by Silver Lake Partners and Texas Pacific Group in March 2007.
Travelocity was launched on March 12, 1996 by Sabre Interactive, a division of AMR Corporation, which at the time owned the Sabre Reservations System and American Airlines.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelocity

Galileo –Amadeus- Worldspan
Certainly travel technology was born on the coat-tails of the airline industry's use of automation and their need to extend this out to the travel agency partners. It should be kept in mind that there was an online world before the advent of the world wide web in the form of private and commercial online services, via packet switched network using X.25 . Travel technology played a significant role in the so-called dot-com boom and bust, circa 1997-2001.
Galileo is a computer reservations system (CRS) owned by Travelport . As of 2002, it had a 26.4% share of worldwide CRS airline bookings. Galileo was founded in 1971 by United Airlines under the name Apollo Reservation System.
More systems
Amadeus
Worldspan
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_technology

e-ticket Source: wikipedia Travel 2.0 , was used as early as December 2003 on a posting on the Planeta Web 2.0 Discussion Forum and is an offshoot of the Web 2.0 phenomenon. Like many other industries, the online travel industry is currently in transition, adapting to new technologies and trends available on the Internet . An electronic ticket or e-ticket is used to represent the purchase of a seat on a passenger airline , usually through a website or by telephone although purchase through airline ticket offices or travel agencies can also get you an e-ticket.

8. Today (or just yesterday…) e-, Mass, Social, Global but differentiated 

Global events
Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter .
Olympic Games after 1896 are a global event. They also unite athletes from all over the world.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games

E-management & e-decisions for destinations & travelers Source: google

Cruise ships travel everywhere Source: google

Unlimited travel options by air Source: google

Travel goes social and mobile Source: google

Some Conclusions
Modern tourism industry was developed after WWII
Main destinations are still in Europe
It is absolutely sure that internet will change mass tourism demand and supply
Tourism products and services are really difficult to manage, and also predict trends
Sustainability is what destinations now need
Marketing role in web era is crucial
Rentiers are still out there

And then what?
Modern “rentiers” travel to private islands and space
Travel Demand will continue to increase BUT
Travel Supply will have to be more targeted
The need for differentiation gets bigger
The need for quality in tourism service will be a prerequisite for those who want to have a sustainable product
Role of education in tourism NOW is a must
Reasons and need to travel remain the same for 2500 years 

That’s it! So, WHERE will YOU travel next? Slideshow inspired, created and edited by Themis Papadimopoulos

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Tourism: a 2500 year old phenomenon

by Themistocles Papadimopoulos on Jul 06, 2010

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