Gangs and the Military Presented at Northwest Gang Investigators Association October 2007 Al Valdez, Ph.D. UCI & Carter F. Smith, APSU

The views expressed in this presentation are those of the presenters and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.

3G2 Based on the coining and development of the phrase Third Generation Street Gangs by John P. Sullivan and Dr. Robert Bunker Compiled from the listed references by the Gangfighters Network – www.Gangfighters.net

Third Generation Street Gangs Some gangs evolve/transition through three generations Turf gangs Market-oriented drug gangs Mix of political and mercenary elements

Some gangs evolve/transition through three generations

Turf gangs

Market-oriented drug gangs

Mix of political and mercenary elements

Three factors determine evolutionary potential Politicization Internationalization Sophistication

Politicization

Internationalization

Sophistication

Characteristics of Street Gang Generations

First Generation Gangs Traditional street gangs with a turf orientation Operate at the lower end of extreme societal violence Loose leadership Focus their attention on turf protection and gang loyalty within their immediate environs Criminal enterprise - largely opportunistic and local Limited in political scope and sophistication

Traditional street gangs with a turf orientation

Operate at the lower end of extreme societal violence

Loose leadership

Focus their attention on turf protection and gang loyalty within their immediate environs

Criminal enterprise - largely opportunistic and local

Limited in political scope and sophistication

Second Generation Gangs Engaged in business Entrepreneurial and drug-centered Protect markets and use violence to control their competition Have a broader, market focused, sometimes overtly political agenda Operate in a broader spatial or geographic area. Operations sometimes involve multi-state and even international areas. Tendency for centralized leadership and sophisticated operations for market protection places them in the center of the range of politicization, internationalization and sophistication

Engaged in business

Entrepreneurial and drug-centered

Protect markets and use violence to control their competition

Have a broader, market focused, sometimes overtly political agenda

Operate in a broader spatial or geographic area.

Operations sometimes involve multi-state and even international areas. Tendency for centralized leadership and sophisticated operations for market protection places them in the center of the range of politicization, internationalization and sophistication

Third Generation Gangs Evolved political aims Operate or aspire to operate globally Use sophistication to garner power, aid financial acquisition and engage in mercenary-type activities Most third generation gang s have been primarily mercenary in orientation; yet, in some cases they have sought to further their own political and social objectives

Evolved political aims

Operate or aspire to operate globally

Use sophistication to garner power, aid financial acquisition and engage in mercenary-type activities

Most third generation gang s have been primarily mercenary in orientation; yet, in some cases they have sought to further their own political and social objectives

Potential Third Generation Gangs:

Third generation gang activity Can lead to: Control of parts of targeted counties or subregions within a country Creation of enclaves that are essentially para-states, or Taking either indirect or direct control of an entire state and establishing a criminal, narco-state―or a narco-criminal state

Can lead to:

Control of parts of targeted counties or subregions within a country

Creation of enclaves that are essentially para-states, or

Taking either indirect or direct control of an entire state and establishing a criminal, narco-state―or a narco-criminal state

Third Generation Gangs Can generate the economic and military power to equal or better that of many nation-states. Have a propensity for indiscriminate violence, intimidation, coercion, transcending borders, and targeting nation-states Pose significant national security threats Are both a regional and transnational gang phenomenon

Can generate the economic and military power to equal or better that of many nation-states.

Have a propensity for indiscriminate violence, intimidation, coercion, transcending borders, and targeting nation-states

Pose significant national security threats

Are both a regional and transnational gang phenomenon

Military/Federal Gang Laws & Regulations AR 600-20 ( Army Command Policy ) DOD Directive 1325.6 (Guidelines for Handling Dissident and Protest Activities Among Members of the Armed Forces) DA Pamphlet 600–15 (Extremist Activities) Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Various States’ Gang/Terrorism laws

AR 600-20 ( Army Command Policy )

DOD Directive 1325.6 (Guidelines for Handling Dissident and Protest Activities Among Members of the Armed Forces)

DA Pamphlet 600–15 (Extremist Activities)

Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)

Various States’ Gang/Terrorism laws

Gangs and the Military