Terrorism Understanding the Threat Course Text: Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chapter #7 Terrorism from the Left and Right The Terrorist Left Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia Red Army Faction – Baader Meinhof Irish National Liberation Army Provisional Irish Republican Army

The Terrorist Left

Vanguard Strategy leftist activists often employ a vanguard strategy . they do not believe all the conditions necessary for a successful revolution will occur spontaneously, so they must make the revolution happen. The goal of this vanguard is to make those exploited people "politically conscious" enough to accept revolution as a viable alterative for their situation.

leftist activists often employ a vanguard strategy .

they do not believe all the conditions necessary for a successful revolution will occur spontaneously, so they must make the revolution happen.

The goal of this vanguard is to make those exploited people "politically conscious" enough to accept revolution as a viable alterative for their situation.

Left-Wing Ideology and Activism Many leftists, especially Marxists, believe Capitalism inherently causes social and economic inequities that relegate certain people to subordinate political status.

Many leftists, especially Marxists, believe

Capitalism inherently causes social and economic inequities that relegate certain people to subordinate political status.

Karl Marx German philosopher, sociologist, economist, and social revolutionary of the 19th century. Believed there was always a strain or struggle between the moneyed and the working classes. His concept of class struggle is that it is a factor of one's relationship to the means of production. His vision was a society ruled by the proletariat or working class. His teachings were the basis of later communist thinking.

German philosopher, sociologist, economist, and social revolutionary of the 19th century.

Believed there was always a strain or struggle between the moneyed and the working classes. His concept of class struggle is that it is a factor of one's relationship to the means of production.

His vision was a society ruled by the proletariat or working class. His teachings were the basis of later communist thinking.

Leftist Terrorism 19 th Century Europe Luddites People’s Will Latin America Columbia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia National Liberation Army (Che Guevara) Peru Shining Path Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Argentina Monteneros

19 th Century Europe

Luddites

People’s Will

Latin America

Columbia

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia

National Liberation Army (Che Guevara)

Peru

Shining Path

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

Argentina

Monteneros

Leftist Terrorism Asia Cambodia Communists Khmer Rouge Philippines Hukbalahaps New People’s Army Europe Italy Red Brigades Germany Red Army Faction – Baader Meinhof Ireland Provisional Irish Republican Army Irish National Liberation Army

Asia

Cambodia

Communists

Khmer Rouge

Philippines

Hukbalahaps

New People’s Army

Europe

Italy

Red Brigades

Germany

Red Army Faction – Baader Meinhof

Ireland

Provisional Irish Republican Army

Irish National Liberation Army

Case Study – Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla The accusation of "violence" or "terrorism" no longer has the negative meaning it used to have. It has aquired new clothing; a new color. It does not divide, it does not discredit; on the contrary, it represents a center of attraction. Today, to be "violent" or a "terrorist" is a quality that ennobles any honorable person, because it is an act worthy of a revolutionary engaged in armed struggle against the shameful military dictatorship and its atrocities. Carlos Marighella - 1969

The accusation of "violence" or "terrorism" no longer has the negative meaning it used to have. It has aquired new clothing; a new color. It does not divide, it does not discredit; on the contrary, it represents a center of attraction.

Today, to be "violent" or a "terrorist" is a quality that ennobles any honorable person, because it is an act worthy of a revolutionary engaged in armed struggle against the shameful military dictatorship and its atrocities.

Carlos Marighella - 1969

The Urban Guerilla Fights the military dictatorship with weapons, using unconventional methods. The urban guerrilla follows a political goal, and only attacks the government, the big businesses and the foreign imperialists. The urban guerrilla is an implacable enemy of the regime, and systematically inflicts damage on the authorities and on the people who dominate the country and exercise power.

Fights the military dictatorship with weapons, using unconventional methods.

The urban guerrilla follows a political goal, and only attacks the government, the big businesses and the foreign imperialists.

The urban guerrilla is an implacable enemy of the regime, and systematically inflicts damage on the authorities and on the people who dominate the country and exercise power.

The Urban Guerilla The primary task of the urban guerrilla is to distract, to wear down, to demoralize the military regime and its repressive forces, and to attack and destroy the wealth and property of the foreign managers and the upper class. The urban guerrilla is not afraid to dismantle and destroy the present economic, political and social system, for his aim is to aid the rural guerrillas and to help in the creation of a totally new and revolutionary social and political structure, with the armed population in power.

The primary task of the urban guerrilla is to distract, to wear down, to demoralize the military regime and its repressive forces, and to attack and destroy the wealth and property of the foreign managers and the upper class.

The urban guerrilla is not afraid to dismantle and destroy the present economic, political and social system, for his aim is to aid the rural guerrillas and to help in the creation of a totally new and revolutionary social and political structure, with the armed population in power.

Seven Sins of the Urban Gorilla Inexperience Boasting Vanity Exaggerating one’s strength Rash action Attacking an angry enemy Failing to plan

Inexperience

Boasting

Vanity

Exaggerating one’s strength

Rash action

Attacking an angry enemy

Failing to plan

The Future of the Violent Left 60s – 80s saw much urban gorilla warfare Ultimately defeated, strategy discredited Unlikely to be replicated near term Would have to have new ideological revolutionary system like Marxism

60s – 80s saw much urban gorilla warfare

Ultimately defeated, strategy discredited

Unlikely to be replicated near term

Would have to have new ideological revolutionary system like Marxism

The Terrorist Right Afrikaner Resistance Movement Blood drop - Klan United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) National Alliance - Italy National Democratic Party - Germany

Right Wing Ideology and Activism Outgrowth of fascist, Nazi, Falangist & other movements between WWI and WWII Most viable where strong traditions of parties that embody grassroots values UK – British National Party FR – National Front Italy – National Alliance

Outgrowth of fascist, Nazi, Falangist & other movements between WWI and WWII

Most viable where strong traditions of parties that embody grassroots values

UK – British National Party

FR – National Front

Italy – National Alliance

Fascism and Falangism Fascism is a nationalist system of government in which property is privately owned, but all industry and labor are regulated by a strong national government and all opposition is suppressed. (World Book Dictionary, 1974, Volume 1, p. 760) The government of the Nazi party was fascist. The Falange was the Spanish fascist party of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco during that same period. A Falangist is one who asserts these fascist policies. (World Book Dictionary, 1974, Volume 1, p. 752)

Fascism is a nationalist system of government in which property is privately owned, but all industry and labor are regulated by a strong national government and all opposition is suppressed. (World Book Dictionary, 1974, Volume 1, p. 760) The government of the Nazi party was fascist.

The Falange was the Spanish fascist party of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco during that same period. A Falangist is one who asserts these fascist policies. (World Book Dictionary, 1974, Volume 1, p. 752)

Common Themes on the Right Theory less important More nonpolitical criminality Single Issue focus Less change – more status quo focus Xenophobia - fear of strangers or the unknown - comes from the Greek ξενοφοβια, xenophobia , literally meaning "fear of the strange".

Theory less important

More nonpolitical criminality

Single Issue focus

Less change – more status quo focus

Xenophobia - fear of strangers or the unknown - comes from the Greek ξενοφοβια, xenophobia , literally meaning "fear of the strange".

Right Versus Left *There was no inspiring singular event for the right-wing as there was for the left-wing. *The right-wing had no core document of ideology as did the left-wing. *There was no strong international leadership that emerged for the right-wing as it did for the left-wing. *There was no long-term intellectual evolution of theory for the right-wing as there was for the left-wing.

*There was no inspiring singular event for the right-wing as there was for the left-wing.

*The right-wing had no core document of ideology as did the left-wing.

*There was no strong international leadership that emerged for the right-wing as it did for the left-wing.

*There was no long-term intellectual evolution of theory for the right-wing as there was for the left-wing.

Common Themes on the Right Tradition and Order Nostalgic, mythology, scapegoating Right-Wing Nationalism Loyalty/unity, ant-government Religion and Mysticism Astrology, ancient ceremonies

Tradition and Order

Nostalgic, mythology, scapegoating

Right-Wing Nationalism

Loyalty/unity, ant-government

Religion and Mysticism

Astrology, ancient ceremonies

Rightist Terrorism Latin America Columbia Death Squads – United Self-Defense Forces Argentina Argentine Anticommunist Alliance El Salvador ORDEN Honduras Morazan Honduran Liberation Front

Latin America

Columbia

Death Squads – United Self-Defense Forces

Argentina

Argentine Anticommunist Alliance

El Salvador

ORDEN

Honduras

Morazan Honduran Liberation Front

Rightist Terrorism Europe Germany ( Hitler ) National Democratic Party Italy New Order Armed Revolutionary Nuclei Turkey National Movement Party Grey Wolves Ireland Ulster Volunteer Force Loyalist Volunteer Force

Europe

Germany ( Hitler )

National Democratic Party

Italy

New Order

Armed Revolutionary Nuclei

Turkey

National Movement Party

Grey Wolves

Ireland

Ulster Volunteer Force

Loyalist Volunteer Force

The Future of the Violent Right Xenophobia – paramilitary – supremacist Scapegoating Rejecting unpopular agendas United States Sporadic Violence from Militia Racial Supremacists (especially Skinheads) Online Hate Single-Issue Terrorists

Xenophobia – paramilitary – supremacist

Scapegoating

Rejecting unpopular agendas

United States

Sporadic Violence from

Militia

Racial Supremacists (especially Skinheads)

Online Hate

Single-Issue Terrorists

END

Terrorism Understanding the Threat Class #16 Final Examination