Terrorism Understanding the Threat Course Text: Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chapter #4 State terrorism Committed by governments & quasi-governments – externally & internally Most organized & far-reaching Official support for int’l & domestic policies Characterized by official support for Violence Repression Intimidation

State terrorism

Committed by governments & quasi-governments – externally & internally

Most organized & far-reaching

Official support for int’l & domestic policies

Characterized by official support for

Violence

Repression

Intimidation

Characteristics of State Terrorism Violence is directed against perceived enemies because of a threat to its interests or security; The violence may be committed by either official or unofficial state agents. Those who carry out the violence are often unofficial state agents.

Violence is directed against perceived enemies because of a threat to its interests or security;

The violence may be committed by either official or unofficial state agents.

Those who carry out the violence are often unofficial state agents.

Known Sponsors In the international policy domain, the united states has a list of nations known to be sponsors of international terrorism. The list includes Iran, Iraq, Syria; Libya, Cuba, north Korea, and Sudan.

In the international policy domain, the united states has a list of nations known to be sponsors of international terrorism. The list includes Iran, Iraq, Syria; Libya, Cuba, north Korea, and Sudan.

Cuba Castro labeled the response to 9-11 “worse than the original attacks” After being ostracized – signed off on all international countering attempts Continues to denounce global effort Castro views terror as a legitimate revolutionary tactic Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002 Fidel Castro

Castro labeled the response to 9-11 “worse than the original attacks”

After being ostracized – signed off on all international countering attempts

Continues to denounce global effort

Castro views terror as a legitimate revolutionary tactic

Iran Most active state sponsor Support a variety of groups Support increased for Palestinians Appears to have reduced support Pledged to close borders Afghanistan – block Taliban Pakistan – block al-Qaida Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002 Ayatollah Ali Khamenei President Mohammad Khatami

Most active state sponsor

Support a variety of groups

Support increased for Palestinians

Appears to have reduced support

Pledged to close borders

Afghanistan – block Taliban

Pakistan – block al-Qaida

Iraq . Al-Yawer . The only Arab-Muslim country that did not condemn the attacks of 9-11. Provided bases to several terrorist groups. The U.S.-Led coalition transferred sovereignty to an interim Iraqi government June 28, 2004, and a new government led by prime minister Iyad Allawi and president ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer was sworn in. Preparations are also to be made for democratic elections, to be held no later than Jan. 31, 2005. Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002

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Al-Yawer .

The only Arab-Muslim country that did not condemn the attacks of 9-11.

Provided bases to several terrorist groups.

The U.S.-Led coalition transferred sovereignty to an interim Iraqi government June 28, 2004, and a new government led by prime minister Iyad Allawi and president ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer was sworn in.

Preparations are also to be made for democratic elections, to be held no later than Jan. 31, 2005.

Libya Called 9-11 attacks “horrific” and “gruesome” Apparently curtailed support of terrorism Past terrorist ties still hinders Qadhafi ’s efforts Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002

Called 9-11 attacks “horrific” and “gruesome”

Apparently curtailed support of terrorism

Past terrorist ties still hinders Qadhafi ’s efforts

North Korea Response disappointing Did not respond to requests regarding implementation of UN resolutions Did not report on efforts to find and block terrorists’ financial assets Safe haven for Japanese Communist League and Red Army Faction May have sold small arms to terrorist groups Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002 President Kim Jong-il

Response disappointing

Did not respond to requests regarding implementation of UN resolutions

Did not report on efforts to find and block terrorists’ financial assets

Safe haven for Japanese Communist League and Red Army Faction

May have sold small arms to terrorist groups

Sudan Condemned 9-11 attacks UN recognized positive steps by removed sanctions Remains designated state sponsor Safe haven for logistics operations and support for many terrorist groups Al Qaida Egyptian and Palestinian Islamic Jihad HAMAS Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002 Hasan al-Turabi

Condemned 9-11 attacks

UN recognized positive steps by removed sanctions

Remains designated state sponsor

Safe haven for logistics operations and support for many terrorist groups

Al Qaida

Egyptian and Palestinian Islamic Jihad

HAMAS

Syria Not implicated directly since 1986 Safe haven and logistics support for PFLP-GC Palestinian Islamic Jihad HAMAS Primary transit point for Hizballah Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism (AE 05/06) Patterns of Global Terrorism-2001 (May 2002 Bashar Al Assad

Not implicated directly since 1986

Safe haven and logistics support for

PFLP-GC

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

HAMAS

Primary transit point for Hizballah

State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model "State patronage for terrorism refers to active participation in, and encouragement of, terrorist behavior.“ Foreign Policy Domain Domestic Policy Domain

"State patronage for terrorism refers to active participation in, and encouragement of, terrorist behavior.“

Foreign Policy Domain

Domestic Policy Domain

State Sponsorship (Patronage) - Foreign Policy In the foreign policy domain, the terrorist group is a proxy for the government. When state sponsorship of terrorist acts is discovered, the caught state usually claims one of these: They accept the terrorism as a necessary tactic; They deny that what occurred should be labeled as terrorism; They deny that an incident occurred in the first place; Or. They issue a blanket condemnation of all such violence as being unfortunate.

In the foreign policy domain, the terrorist group is a proxy for the government.

When state sponsorship of terrorist acts is discovered, the caught state usually claims one of these:

They accept the terrorism as a necessary tactic;

They deny that what occurred should be labeled as terrorism;

They deny that an incident occurred in the first place; Or.

They issue a blanket condemnation of all such violence as being unfortunate.

State Sponsorship (Patronage) - Domestic Policy The state overtly sponsors terrorism within its borders against a real or perceived domestic enemy. The personnel involved are agents of the state. The state will make one or more of the following claims. The terrorism was "necessary" to: suppress a clear and present domestic threat to national security; maintain law and order during times of national crisis; protect fundamental cultural values that are threatened by subversives; restore stability to government institutions that have been shaken, usurped, or damaged by a domestic enemy.

The state overtly sponsors terrorism within its borders against a real or perceived domestic enemy. The personnel involved are agents of the state.

The state will make one or more of the following claims. The terrorism was "necessary" to:

suppress a clear and present domestic threat to national security;

maintain law and order during times of national crisis;

protect fundamental cultural values that are threatened by subversives;

restore stability to government institutions that have been shaken, usurped, or damaged by a domestic enemy.

State Sponsorship: The Assistance Model Tacit participation and encouragement of terrorist behavior. Government support of terrorism is not openly stated but is quietly understood. The state uses agents who are sympathetic to their cause, but who are not actual state agents. State may arm, train, or provide safe havens - done indirectly. Foreign policy domain. Domestic policy domain.

Tacit participation and encouragement of terrorist behavior.

Government support of terrorism is not openly stated but is quietly understood.

The state uses agents who are sympathetic to their cause, but who are not actual state agents.

State may arm, train, or provide safe havens - done indirectly.

Foreign policy domain.

Domestic policy domain.

State Sponsorship (Assistance) - Foreign Policy The government backs a terrorist organization that is serving as their proxy and will operate outside the boundary limits of the nation. The government will make one or more of: Deny a linkage exists between the state and the terrorist group; Admit some linkage exists but the incident in question was outside the parameters of the relationship; Admit or deny a linkage, but insist the cause is just and the proxy group consists of freedom fighters; Blame the group's adversary for creating conditions requiring political violence.

The government backs a terrorist organization that is serving as their proxy and will operate outside the boundary limits of the nation.

The government will make one or more of:

Deny a linkage exists between the state and the terrorist group;

Admit some linkage exists but the incident in question was outside the parameters of the relationship;

Admit or deny a linkage, but insist the cause is just and the proxy group consists of freedom fighters;

Blame the group's adversary for creating conditions requiring political violence.

State Sponsorship (Assistance) - Domestic Policy Government indirectly gives support to violent groups who will work against perceived internal enemies, or enemies within the borders of the nation. If the government gets accused of such conduct, they: Blame an adversary group for the breakdown and request the people of the state to help restore order; Argue that the proxy violence is evidence of popular patriotic sentiment to suppress the perceived threat; Call for all parties to cease violence but put the blame on the adversarial group; Assure everyone that the government is doing all it can to restore law and order, but that it cannot do so immediately.

Government indirectly gives support to violent groups who will work against perceived internal enemies, or enemies within the borders of the nation.

If the government gets accused of such conduct, they:

Blame an adversary group for the breakdown and request the people of the state to help restore order;

Argue that the proxy violence is evidence of popular patriotic sentiment to suppress the perceived threat;

Call for all parties to cease violence but put the blame on the adversarial group;

Assure everyone that the government is doing all it can to restore law and order, but that it cannot do so immediately.

State Terrorism As Foreign Policy Direct application of violence outside the borders of the state. Terrorism is utilized when the use of conventional military force is infeasible. State sponsored terrorism is an acceptable risk for many state governments. A range of policy options include: Ideological support; Financial support; Military support; Organizational support; Initiating terrorist attacks; Direct involvement in terrorist attacks.

Direct application of violence outside the borders of the state.

Terrorism is utilized when the use of conventional military force is infeasible.

State sponsored terrorism is an acceptable risk for many state governments. A range of policy options include:

Ideological support;

Financial support;

Military support;

Organizational support;

Initiating terrorist attacks;

Direct involvement in terrorist attacks.

State Terrorism As Domestic Policy Direct support of terrorism within the borders of the state. The force is committed by agents of the state or by unofficial paramilitary units or death squads. To demonstrate the supreme power of the government & intimidate or eliminate opposition.

Direct support of terrorism within the borders of the state.

The force is committed by agents of the state or by unofficial paramilitary units or death squads.

To demonstrate the supreme power of the government & intimidate or eliminate opposition.

Legitimizing State Authority Examples of state domestic authority Democracy Authority from the people to the leaders Authoritarianism Authority comes from the state Totalitarianism Total government regulation Crazy states Irrational, at whim of dominant group

Examples of state domestic authority

Democracy

Authority from the people to the leaders

Authoritarianism

Authority comes from the state

Totalitarianism

Total government regulation

Crazy states

Irrational, at whim of dominant group

Domestic State Terrorism Vigilante Columbia – social cleansing Overt official China – Tiananmen Square Covert official South Africa – elimination of ANC

Vigilante

Columbia – social cleansing

Overt official

China – Tiananmen Square

Covert official

South Africa – elimination of ANC

Domestic State Genocide Rwanda – Tutsis Cambodia – Buddhists Bosnia – Muslims United States – Native Americans Germany – Jews Iraq – Kurds

Rwanda – Tutsis

Cambodia – Buddhists

Bosnia – Muslims

United States – Native Americans

Germany – Jews

Iraq – Kurds

Chapter #5 Dissident Terrorism Nonstate movements/groups against governments and others Three categories of Action/Terrorism Revolutionary – striving for complete change Subrevolutionary – striving for partial change Establishment – fighting against opposition Dissident Terrorist Model – Broad Categories Nihilist Nationalist Criminal

Dissident Terrorism

Nonstate movements/groups against governments and others

Three categories of Action/Terrorism

Revolutionary – striving for complete change

Subrevolutionary – striving for partial change

Establishment – fighting against opposition

Dissident Terrorist Model – Broad Categories

Nihilist

Nationalist

Criminal

Dissident Terrorist Models Revolutionary Dissidents To destroy existing order through armed conflict & create new society e.g. Castro & Guevara Nihilist Dissidents Dislike current social order, but have no alternative e.g. Red Brigade, Weather Underground Organization, Abu Nidal, possibly al Qaeda

Revolutionary Dissidents

To destroy existing order through armed conflict & create new society

e.g. Castro & Guevara

Nihilist Dissidents

Dislike current social order, but have no alternative

e.g. Red Brigade, Weather Underground Organization, Abu Nidal, possibly al Qaeda

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Dissident Terrorist Models Nationalist Dissidents Mobilization of a particular demographic group against another group or government e.g. Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA Criminal Dissidents Transnational Organized Crime Goal - protect illegal enterprise Medellin & Cali Cartels in Columbia

Nationalist Dissidents

Mobilization of a particular demographic group against another group or government

e.g. Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA

Criminal Dissidents

Transnational Organized Crime

Goal - protect illegal enterprise

Medellin & Cali Cartels in Columbia

Terrorist Cells The Cell Horizontal, indistinct command structure Hub/Node configuration with autonomy Often dormant for many years More on Blackboard & Video (and next)

The Cell

Horizontal, indistinct command structure

Hub/Node configuration with autonomy

Often dormant for many years

More on Blackboard & Video (and next)

Richard Reid Tried to blow up an airliner. Believed to be part of al-Qaeda network. The flight was diverted to Boston. Had no known source of income. Between July and December 2001 traveled. From Belgium to Israel, Egypt, turkey and Pakistan. Charges: Attempted use of WMD. Attempted murder. Attempted homicide. Placing an explosive device on an aircraft. Interfering with a flight crew. Attempted destruction of an aircraft. Using a destructive device. Attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle. Convicted.

Tried to blow up an airliner.

Believed to be part of al-Qaeda network.

The flight was diverted to Boston.

Had no known source of income.

Between July and December 2001 traveled.

From Belgium to Israel, Egypt, turkey and Pakistan.

Charges:

Attempted use of WMD.

Attempted murder.

Attempted homicide.

Placing an explosive device on an aircraft.

Interfering with a flight crew.

Attempted destruction of an aircraft.

Using a destructive device.

Attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle.

Convicted.

Anti-state Dissident Terrorism Directed against specific governments or interests Anti-war movement 1970s (US) Racial Supremacists & Patriot Movement (US) Provisional IRA (UK) Red Army Faction 1960s-1980s (GE) Neo-Nazis 1990s – present (GE) ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, “Basque Fatherland and Liberty” in the Basque language) 1960s – present – SP PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

Directed against specific governments or interests

Anti-war movement 1970s (US)

Racial Supremacists & Patriot Movement (US)

Provisional IRA (UK)

Red Army Faction 1960s-1980s (GE)

Neo-Nazis 1990s – present (GE)

ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, “Basque Fatherland and Liberty” in the Basque language) 1960s – present – SP

PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

Communal Terrorism Group versus Group. May be characterized by extreme repression and violence, and occurs in varying degrees of intensity in different cultures. Ethno-Nationalist. Religious. Ideological.

Group versus Group.

May be characterized by extreme repression and violence, and occurs in varying degrees of intensity in different cultures.

Ethno-Nationalist.

Religious.

Ideological.

END

Terrorism Understanding the Threat Class #16 Final Examination