Terrorism Understanding the Threat Course Text: Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Options Use of Force Coercive covert operations Suppressive campaigns Punitive/Preemptive strikes Repressive Covert Operations Intelligence Enhanced Security Economic Sanctions Conciliatory Diplomacy Social Reform Concessions Legalistic Law enforcement Criminalized terrorist behavior International agreements

Use of Force

Coercive covert operations

Suppressive campaigns

Punitive/Preemptive strikes

Repressive

Covert Operations

Intelligence

Enhanced Security

Economic Sanctions

Conciliatory

Diplomacy

Social Reform

Concessions

Legalistic

Law enforcement

Criminalized terrorist behavior

International agreements

Coercive Covert Opns Special Operations Forces Military United Kingdom Special Air Service (SAS) Special Boat Service (SBS) Royal Marine Commandos France 1 st Navy Parachute Infantry Regiment (1RPIMa) French Navy Special Assault units 11 th Parachute Division Foreign Legion

Special Operations Forces

Military

United Kingdom

Special Air Service (SAS)

Special Boat Service (SBS)

Royal Marine Commandos

France

1 st Navy Parachute Infantry Regiment (1RPIMa)

French Navy Special Assault units

11 th Parachute Division

Foreign Legion

Coercive Covert Opns Special Operations Forces Military ( Continued ) Israel Sayaret Makal Parachite Sayaret Golani Brigade United States 1 st Special Forces Ops Det – Delta Special Forces Group Sea Air Land Forces 75 th Ranger Regiment

Special Operations Forces

Military ( Continued )

Israel

Sayaret Makal

Parachite Sayaret

Golani Brigade

United States

1 st Special Forces Ops Det – Delta

Special Forces Group

Sea Air Land Forces

75 th Ranger Regiment

Coercive Covert Opns Special Operations Forces Police France – GIGN Germany – GSG-9 Israel – YAMAS & YAMAM Spain – GEO United States – FBI’s HRT & Local SWAT

Special Operations Forces

Police

France – GIGN

Germany – GSG-9

Israel – YAMAS & YAMAM

Spain – GEO

United States – FBI’s HRT & Local SWAT

Repressive Operations Covert Operations Infiltration Disinformation Cyberwar Intelligence HUMINT SIGINT Agencies Great Britain – MI-5 & MI-6 United States – FBI & CIA Germany – Bureau for Protection of the Constitution Military Intelligence Service

Covert Operations

Infiltration

Disinformation

Cyberwar

Intelligence

HUMINT

SIGINT

Agencies

Great Britain – MI-5 & MI-6

United States – FBI & CIA

Germany – Bureau for Protection of the Constitution Military Intelligence Service

Repressive Operations Enhanced Security Target Hardening (AT) Economic Sanctions Trade restrictions/controls imposed to pressure governments to moderate their behavior For Success International cooperation must remain firm Trade leaks in the sanctions must be controlled The sanctioned regime must suffer

Enhanced Security

Target Hardening (AT)

Economic Sanctions

Trade restrictions/controls imposed to pressure governments to moderate their behavior

For Success

International cooperation must remain firm

Trade leaks in the sanctions must be controlled

The sanctioned regime must suffer

Conciliatory Options Diplomacy Peace Processes Negotiations Social Reform Concessionary Options

Diplomacy

Peace Processes

Negotiations

Social Reform

Concessionary Options

Legalistic Response Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism INTERPOL Rewards for Justice Sky Marshals Profiling Terrorist Criminal Racial

Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism

INTERPOL

Rewards for Justice

Sky Marshals

Profiling

Terrorist

Criminal

Racial

Legalistic Response Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism Civil Liberties Terrorism Courts Qualified Amnesty USAPATRIOT Act

Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism

Civil Liberties

Terrorism Courts

Qualified Amnesty

USAPATRIOT Act

Legalistic Response International Law – Treaties Tokyo Convention – 1963 Hague Convention – 1970 Montreal Convention – 1971 CPPATTFCAPRETAIS (page 376) International Courts Intl Court of Justice Intl Criminal Court Intl Criminal Tribunal – former Yugoslavia Intl Criminal Tribunal – Rwanda

International Law – Treaties

Tokyo Convention – 1963

Hague Convention – 1970

Montreal Convention – 1971

CPPATTFCAPRETAIS (page 376)

International Courts

Intl Court of Justice

Intl Criminal Court

Intl Criminal Tribunal – former Yugoslavia

Intl Criminal Tribunal – Rwanda

Chapter #14 The Future of Terrorism Projections New Threats New Challenges The United States

The Future of Terrorism

Projections

New Threats

New Challenges

The United States

Projections New Terrorism Communications & Technology use Cell-based organizations Low-tech tactics High-tech weapons State Terrorism Dissident terrorism Proxies

New Terrorism

Communications & Technology use

Cell-based organizations

Low-tech tactics

High-tech weapons

State Terrorism

Dissident terrorism

Proxies

New Threats Sources not likely to change Political violence will continue National identity, racial supremacy, religious dogma & ideological beliefs

Sources not likely to change

Political violence will continue

National identity, racial supremacy, religious dogma & ideological beliefs

New Challenges Disrupting & preventing plans Deterring transition from activism to violence Implementing treaties and task forces Minimizing destruction and casualties

Disrupting & preventing plans

Deterring transition from activism to violence

Implementing treaties and task forces

Minimizing destruction and casualties

Responses Government Operations other than war Peace process Negotiation Social reform Society Cultural and ideological shift Efforts to promote inclusion Countering Extremism

Government

Operations other than war

Peace process

Negotiation

Social reform

Society

Cultural and ideological shift

Efforts to promote inclusion

Countering Extremism

Continued Use of Force Eliminate terrorist threats General deterrence (risk outweigh benefits) Specific deterrence (focused message) Demonstrate national will

Eliminate terrorist threats

General deterrence (risk outweigh benefits)

Specific deterrence (focused message)

Demonstrate national will

The United States Homeland Security

Homeland Security

END

Terrorism Understanding the Threat Class #16 Final Examination