Terrorism Understanding the Threat Course Text: Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chapter #11 The Role of the Media Tension between media’s professional duty and terrorists’ desire to use media to promote their cause Propaganda Any systematic, widespread, deliberate indoctrination or plan . . .

The Role of the Media

Tension between media’s professional duty and terrorists’ desire to use media to promote their cause

Propaganda

Any systematic, widespread, deliberate indoctrination or plan . . .

Evaluating the Media’s Role Publicizing terrorists’ cause Selection based on likelihood of priority Mass Communication & Message Convey information to large numbers Efficiently Timely Mass Communication & New Media Talk shows, tabloids, News Magazines Reporting of Terrorism Understand euphemisms & labeling

Publicizing terrorists’ cause

Selection based on likelihood of priority

Mass Communication & Message

Convey information to large numbers

Efficiently

Timely

Mass Communication & New Media

Talk shows, tabloids, News Magazines

Reporting of Terrorism

Understand euphemisms & labeling

Commonly used Media Technologies Print Media Radio Television The Internet

Print Media

Radio

Television

The Internet

Participants in a Terrorist Environment The Terrorist The Supporter The Victim The Target The Onlooker The Analyst

The Terrorist

The Supporter

The Victim

The Target

The Onlooker

The Analyst

Chapter #12 Terrorism in the United States Focus on political violence occurring after WWII American Left Labor Activism People’s Rights Single Issue American Right Racial Mystical Conspiracy Theorists International Terrorism Cults

Terrorism in the United States

Focus on political violence occurring after WWII

American Left

Labor Activism

People’s Rights

Single Issue

American Right

Racial

Mystical

Conspiracy Theorists

International Terrorism

Cults

Background - Left Civil Rights Movement ( not Violent or Terrorist movements ) 1950s – NAACP End legal segregation public transportation M. L. King – collective nonviolence Black Power Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Stokely Carmichael New Left Antiwar, civil rights Revisited orthodox Marxism Counterculture Died 1998 – Guinea “ Kwame Ture” Killed Apr. 4, 1968 Lorraine Motel

Civil Rights Movement ( not Violent or Terrorist movements )

1950s – NAACP

End legal segregation public transportation

M. L. King – collective nonviolence

Black Power

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Stokely Carmichael

New Left

Antiwar, civil rights

Revisited orthodox Marxism

Counterculture

Background – Right Christian Right Traditional, anti-abortion. Anti-homosexual values Antigovernment Patriots Ruby Ridge – Randy Weaver Waco – Branch Davidians Black Helicopters from United Nations Racial Supremacy From Slavery to removal of Native Americans KKK, Neo-Nazi, Racist Skinheads Turner Diaries Fourteen Words -

Christian Right

Traditional, anti-abortion. Anti-homosexual values

Antigovernment Patriots

Ruby Ridge – Randy Weaver

Waco – Branch Davidians

Black Helicopters from United Nations

Racial Supremacy

From Slavery to removal of Native Americans

KKK, Neo-Nazi, Racist Skinheads

Turner Diaries

Fourteen Words -

Left Wing Weatherman/Weather Underground Symbionese Liberation Army Black Liberation Army Puerto Rican Independencistas FALN ( Armed Forces of Puerto Rican National Liberation - Fuerzas Armadas Liberacion Nacional Puertoriquena )

Weatherman/Weather Underground

Symbionese Liberation Army

Black Liberation Army

Puerto Rican Independencistas

FALN ( Armed Forces of Puerto Rican National Liberation - Fuerzas Armadas Liberacion Nacional Puertoriquena )

Black Panthers Elbert "Big Man" Howard, Huey P. Newton Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale, Reggie Forte Little Bobby Hutton Influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X called for the restructuring of American society to achieve social, political, and economic equality, based on principles of socialism.

Elbert "Big Man" Howard, Huey P. Newton

Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale, Reggie Forte

Little Bobby Hutton

Influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X

called for the restructuring of American society to achieve social, political, and economic equality, based on principles of socialism.

Weatherman/Weather Underground This group described itself as a revolutionary organization of communist, mostly white, educated, middle-class men and women. They committed at least 40 bombings, including Pentagon Harvard war research center Gulf Oil Police stations National Guard facilities ROTC buildings They freed Timothy Leary and praised Charles Manson Bill Ayers, Bernadine Dohrn, Mark Rudd

This group described itself as a revolutionary organization of communist, mostly white, educated, middle-class men and women.

They committed at least 40 bombings, including

Pentagon

Harvard war research center

Gulf Oil

Police stations

National Guard facilities

ROTC buildings

They freed Timothy Leary and praised Charles Manson

Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) "Death to the fascist insect that preys upon the life of the people." Berkeley radicals led by Donald DeFreeze ( Cinque Mtumi ), an escaped convict Embraced "urban propaganda" called for selected violence assassinations, kidnappings, bank robbery, etc. Rebirth 1975 – bank robberies and bombings as New World Liberation Front “ Soccer mom” Kathy Soliah, AKA Sara Jane Olson was caught/convicted in Minnesota - 1999 for plotting to blow up police cars in LA. arrested after the FBI offered a $20,000 reward and showed her photograph on an episode of "America's Most Wanted".

"Death to the fascist insect that preys upon the life of the people."

Berkeley radicals led by Donald DeFreeze ( Cinque Mtumi ), an escaped convict

Embraced "urban propaganda"

called for selected violence

assassinations, kidnappings, bank robbery, etc.

Rebirth 1975 – bank robberies and bombings as New World Liberation Front

“ Soccer mom” Kathy Soliah, AKA Sara Jane Olson was caught/convicted in Minnesota - 1999 for plotting to blow up police cars in LA. arrested after the FBI offered a $20,000 reward and showed her photograph on an episode of "America's Most Wanted".

Black Liberation Army Included Black Panthers and Vietnam Veterans Inspired by film Battle of Algiers Autonomous cells waging urban guerilla warfare Considered a prototypical example of cell-based irregular and asymmetrical warfare Network successfully penetrated by FBI Symbolic Leader – Assata Shakur Tried & convicted 1977 Freed in 1979 by M19CO and went to Cuba Assata Shakur

Included Black Panthers and Vietnam Veterans

Inspired by film Battle of Algiers

Autonomous cells waging urban guerilla warfare

Considered a prototypical example of cell-based irregular and asymmetrical warfare

Network successfully penetrated by FBI

Symbolic Leader – Assata Shakur

Tried & convicted 1977

Freed in 1979 by M19CO and went to Cuba

Armed Forces of Puerto Rican National Liberation (FALN) AKA: Macheteros First contact: October 26, 1974 72 actual bombings, 40 incendiary attacks, 8 attempted bombings and 10 bomb threats, 5 deaths, 83 injuries, over $3 million in property damage. In January 1981 they infiltrated a Puerto Rican Air National Guard base and blew up 11 planes, causing approximately $45 million in damages August 11, 1999: President Clinton extended clemency to sixteen terrorists incarcerated in federal prison. William Morales, lost both hands and an eye while making a bomb in N.Y. in 1978. Arrested in Mexico in May 1983. Fugitive in Cuba.

First contact: October 26, 1974

72 actual bombings, 40 incendiary attacks, 8 attempted bombings and 10 bomb threats, 5 deaths, 83 injuries, over $3 million in property damage.

In January 1981 they infiltrated a Puerto Rican Air National Guard base and blew up 11 planes, causing approximately $45 million in damages

August 11, 1999: President Clinton extended clemency to sixteen terrorists incarcerated in federal prison.

Leftist Hard Cores May 19 Communist Organization Named from the birthdays of Malcolm X and Ho Chi Minh Bank/armored car robberies, bombings Freed Assata Shakur (BLA) in 1979 to Cuba Freed William Morales (FALN) in 1979 to Mexico, then to Cuba New African Freedom Fighters Included former BLA and Black Panthers

May 19 Communist Organization

Named from the birthdays of Malcolm X and Ho Chi Minh

Bank/armored car robberies, bombings

Freed Assata Shakur (BLA) in 1979

to Cuba

Freed William Morales (FALN) in 1979

to Mexico, then to Cuba

New African Freedom Fighters

Included former BLA and Black Panthers

Left Single Issue Animal Liberation Front Earth Liberation Front

Animal Liberation Front

Earth Liberation Front

Right Wing Ku Klux Klan Five eras Neo Nazis Includes Christian Identity, Creativity, and Ásatrú Patriot Movement

Ku Klux Klan

Five eras

Neo Nazis

Includes Christian Identity, Creativity, and Ásatrú

Patriot Movement

Ku Klux Klan

Neo Nazis/White Supremacists Aryan Republican Army Midwest 1994-1996, robbed 22 banks in 11 states Inspired by IRA – finance racial supremacist causes Some were Phineas Priests Links to McVeigh & Nichols – OK City Bombing Christian Identity American Nazi Party; Aryan Nations; Church of Jesus Christ Christian; Confederate Hammerskins; National Association for the Advancement of White People; The Order; Posse Comitatus; White Aryan Resistance (WAR) Creativity Movement (formerly World Church of the Creator) Founded: 1973 by Ben Klassen Published The White Man's Bible Matt Hale assumed leadership in 1996 Ásatrú/Odenism

Aryan Republican Army

Midwest 1994-1996, robbed 22 banks in 11 states

Inspired by IRA – finance racial supremacist causes

Some were Phineas Priests

Links to McVeigh & Nichols – OK City Bombing

Christian Identity

American Nazi Party; Aryan Nations; Church of Jesus Christ Christian; Confederate Hammerskins; National Association for the Advancement of White People; The Order; Posse Comitatus; White Aryan Resistance (WAR)

Creativity Movement (formerly World Church of the Creator)

Founded: 1973 by Ben Klassen

Published The White Man's Bible

Matt Hale assumed leadership in 1996

Ásatrú/Odenism

Patriot Movement The Patriot antigovernment movement represents a newly formed broad coalition of previously autonomous and loosely related social and political ideologies. 1992 – former Klansman Louis Beam advocated leaderless resistance Patriots and Neo-Nazis implemented the notion, believing it would prevent Federal agents from infiltrating their ranks.

The Patriot antigovernment movement represents a newly formed broad coalition of previously autonomous and loosely related social and political ideologies.

1992 – former Klansman Louis Beam advocated leaderless resistance

Patriots and Neo-Nazis implemented the notion, believing it would prevent Federal agents from infiltrating their ranks.

Leaderless Resistance An Essay by Louis Beam The concept of leaderless resistance is nothing less than a fundamental departure in theories of organization. The orthodox scheme of organization is diagrammatically represented by the pyramid, with the mass at the bottom and the leader at the top. The Constitution of the United States, in the wisdom of the Founders, tried to sublimate the essential dictatorial nature pyramidal organization by dividing authority into three: executive, legislative, and judicial. But the pyramid remains essentially untouched. This scheme of organization, the pyramid, is not only useless, but extremely dangerous for the participants when it is utilized in a resistance movement against state tyranny. In the pyramid form of organization, an infiltrator can destroy anything which is beneath his level of infiltration, and often those above him as well. If the traitor has infiltrated at the top, then the entire organization from the top down is compromised and may be traduced at will. A recent example of the cell system taken from the left wing of politics are the Communists. The Communists, in order to get around the obvious problems involved in pyramidal organization, developed to an art the cell system. They had numerous independent cells which operated completely isolated from one another and particularly with no knowledge of each other, but were orchestrated together by a central headquarters.

The concept of leaderless resistance is nothing less than a fundamental departure in theories of organization. The orthodox scheme of organization is diagrammatically represented by the pyramid, with the mass at the bottom and the leader at the top.

The Constitution of the United States, in the wisdom of the Founders, tried to sublimate the essential dictatorial nature pyramidal organization by dividing authority into three: executive, legislative, and judicial. But the pyramid remains essentially untouched.

This scheme of organization, the pyramid, is not only useless, but extremely dangerous for the participants when it is utilized in a resistance movement against state tyranny.

In the pyramid form of organization, an infiltrator can destroy anything which is beneath his level of infiltration, and often those above him as well. If the traitor has infiltrated at the top, then the entire organization from the top down is compromised and may be traduced at will.

A recent example of the cell system taken from the left wing of politics are the Communists. The Communists, in order to get around the obvious problems involved in pyramidal organization, developed to an art the cell system. They had numerous independent cells which operated completely isolated from one another and particularly with no knowledge of each other, but were orchestrated together by a central headquarters.

Jewish Defense League Founded 1968 in New York by Rabbi Meir Kahane to defend the Jewish community November 5, 1990 : El-Sayid Nosair fired one round from a chrome-plated .357 magnum from inside his jacket. The bullet ripped through Kahane's neck and exited through his cheek. On December 21, 1992, a Manhattan jury acquitted Nosair of second-degree murder charges, convicting him instead on charges of assault and illegal weapons possession. Klanfrontation on Jerry Springer

Founded 1968 in New York by Rabbi Meir Kahane to defend the Jewish community

November 5, 1990 : El-Sayid Nosair fired one round from a chrome-plated .357 magnum from inside his jacket. The bullet ripped through Kahane's neck and exited through his cheek.

On December 21, 1992, a Manhattan jury acquitted Nosair of second-degree murder charges, convicting him instead on charges of assault and illegal weapons possession.

Klanfrontation on Jerry Springer

1993 World Trade Center Attack: Islamic terrorists detonated a truck bomb under the towers killing six and damaging the building.

1993 World Trade Center Attack: Islamic terrorists detonated a truck bomb under the towers killing six and damaging the building.

Murrah Building Sentenced to DEATH on August 14, 1997 Sentenced to prison for "the duration of his life" TIMOTHY McVEIGH TERRY NICHOLS

Centennial Olympic Park bombing on 26 July 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1996 Summer Olympics . One killed, 100+ injured

Centennial Olympic Park bombing on 26 July 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1996 Summer Olympics . One killed, 100+ injured

9/11/01

END

Terrorism Understanding the Threat Class #16 Final Examination