Public Health In Oklahoma
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Public Health In Oklahoma
- 1. PUBLIC HEALTH: AN OVERVIEW Oklahoma State Department of Health The State of Public Health in Oklahoma CARMINE JABRI May 14, 2008
- 51. ANY QUESTIONS?
Editor's Notes
- Hello. My name is Carmine Jabri. I am a PhD student at Walden University studying Public Health with a concentration in Epidemiology. Today, I will be discussing exactly what Public Health is, some definitions, the history and evolution of Public Health, important public health achievements, issues regarding chronic and infectious disease and the role of genomics in the future of Public Health. I will also be addressing public health issues specifically related to the state of Oklahoma, including the structure and functions of the Oklahoma State Department of Health, local health departments and health issues in Oklahoma. At the end of this presentation, I will open up the discussion for any questions you may have. Lets begin…
- Franklin Roosevelt said: (Read quote). Some people may wonder, “What exactly is ‘Public Health’?” Public health is (read definition).
- Core functions of Public Health are: assessment, policy development and assurance. Assessment means to regularly and systematically collect, assemble, analyze and make available information on the health of the community. Policy Development means efforts to serve the public interest in the development of comprehensive public health policies by promoting the use of the scientific knowledge base in decision making about public health and by leading in developing comprehensive public health policies. Assurance means public health efforts to assure citizens that services necessary to achieve agreed upon goals are provided either by encouraging actions by other entities, by requiring such action through regulation, or by providing services directly.
- Now, I am going to go over some definitions to make you familiar with some common terminology used within the field of public health. (Read definitions on two slides).
- The following individuals have made a great impact in Public Health. Although this is not a conclusive list of the many individuals who have had a positive impact on the field of public health, these are a few people who stood out to me.
- There are indications of community health activities in the earliest civilizations. (read slide)… When the Roman empire fell, most public health activities ceased until more modern times.
- The Code of Hammurabi had laws pertaining to physicians and health practices. 25 million people died of the Plague in Europe alone.
- Here are some more important historic milestones in public health, leading up to the present.
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- Current public health problems are the dramatic increase in healthcare costs, environmental concerns such as pollution and global warming. Lifestyle diseases are a HUGE problem as Chronic diseases account for 70% of all deaths in the United States – chronic disease results from lifestyle behaviors like poor nutrition, lack of exercise, etc. Other current problems are Emerging and Re-emerging diseases, Substance Abuse problems, and Terrorism. The Oklahoma State Department of Health formed the Terrorism Preparedness and Response Service, to address the public health and medical implications of a large-scale disaster affecting the state’s population.
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- (Read the Slide then add): Oklahoma used the assessment to set a baseline for its public health programs; it’s now writing performance measures based in part on the information gathered during that process.
- (Read Slide) Mary Selecky, Washington State’s health secretary said, “When TB was no longer ravaging communities, the government said it didn’t need to fund the system anymore, but you don’t stop funding a fire department if there are no fires.” 1
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- Philanthropic Organizations such as the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, WK Kellogg Foundation, Milbank Memorial Fund, etc. Service and Social such as: Jaycees, Kiwanis Club, Rotary Club, Elks, Lions, Moose, Shriners, American Legion, VFW. Their focus is service to others in their communities Ex: Shriner’s Children’s hospitals and burn centers Religious Organizations Through Volunteering, donations of money, donating space for things like blood donation, alcoholics anonymous, sponsoring food banks and shelters, allowing community health professionals to deliver programs to their congregations. Corporate Involvement : Employee Health Care Benefits Some companies have programs such as smoking cessation, nutrition education, physical fitness, stress management, etc. Many companies going smoke-free in the buildings. Other Governmental Agencies not related to the DHHS, such as: the Department of Agriculture oversees the WIC program, the Department of Labor oversees OSHA/ occupational health.
- In Oklahoma, there are many Native Americans Tribes, so I wanted to also mention the Indian Health Service. (Read Slide).
- Each department offers a variety of services, such as immunizations, family planning, maternity education, well-baby clinics, adolescent health clinics, hearing & speech services, child developmental services, environmental health, and the SoonerStart program. 2 They are also responsible for birth and death certificates, licensing for food establishments, medical facilities and tattoo parlors among other things, and some occupational licensing.
- (Read Slide) The Organizational Chart shows the structure and chain-of-command for the Oklahoma State Department of Health. You, the members of the Board of Health, are at the top of the chart.
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- The vision and mission of the health department is: (Read Slide)
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- Some controversies in public health relate to abortion and genetic testing.
- Epidemiological Study Designs are: Descriptive Study – describe the extent of an outbreak Analytical Study - test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors. Experimental Studies – carried out to identify the cause of disease or determine the effectiveness of a vaccine, therapeutic drug or surgical procedure Case control study: Seeks to identify possible causes of disease by finding differences between the disease cases and a set of controls who are free of the disease. Cohort: A group of individuals having a statistical factor (as age or class membership) in common in a demographic study that is followed over a period of time. Prospective cohort study: Characterized by determination of exposure levels in the present as a baseline, and follow-up for disease occurrence in the future. Retrospective cohort study : Looking back at events that have already taken place, retrospective studies take a group of people who already have a disease and ask them questions about what they did in the past.
- DATA COLLECTED DIRECTLY BY the OK STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT: Center for Health Statistics The Vital Records division collects, maintains and issues Birth and Death Certificates. The Health Care Information division is responsible for the development and operation of a method for collecting, processing and disseminating health care data including, but not limited to, quality, expenditure and utilization data. The purpose of the interactive Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH) OK2SHARE Service databases is to support the information needs of the Oklahoma State Department of Health and other users such as health officials, educators, and students in improving service delivery, evaluating health care systems, and monitoring the health of the people of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Nursing Home Inspections Database Oklahoma Food Service Inspections Database The preferred method of disease reporting in Oklahoma is through the Public Health Investigation and Disease Detection of Oklahoma (PHIDDO) system. PHIDDO is a real-time, secure, internet-based application that provides a centralized place for reporting diseases and conditions in Oklahoma.
- Other data sources used are from the Centers for Disease Control and Preparedness, the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. Census Bureau, to name a few.
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- Infectious agents may be transmitted through either direct or indirect contact. Direct contact occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir, for example, by touching an infected person, ingesting infected meat, or being bitten by an infected animal or insect. Transmission by direct contact also includes inhaling the infectious agent in droplets emitted by sneezing or coughing and contracting the infectious agent through intimate sexual contact. Some diseases that are transmitted primarily by direct contact with the reservoir include ringworm, AIDS, trichinosis, influenza, rabies, and malaria. Indirect contact occurs when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual. Inanimate objects that are contaminated by direct contact with the reservoir (for example, a tissue used to wipe the nose of an individual who has a cold or a toy that has been handled by a sick child) may be the indirect contact for a susceptible individual. Ingesting food and beverages contaminated by contact with a disease reservoir is another example of disease transmission by indirect contact. The fecal-oral route of transmission, in which sewage-contaminated water is used for drinking, washing, or preparing foods, is a significant form of indirect transmission, especially for gastrointestinal diseases such as cholera, rotavirus infection, cryptosporidiosis, and giardiasis.
- The preferred method of disease reporting in Oklahoma is through the Public Health Investigation and Disease Detection of Oklahoma (PHIDDO) system. PHIDDO is a real-time, secure, internet-based application that provides a centralized place for reporting diseases and conditions in Oklahoma. Online there are links for information regarding many diseases on the OKSDH website..
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- Virtually every human ailment, except perhaps trauma, has some basis in our genes. Until recently, doctors were able to take the study of genes, or genetics, into consideration only in cases of birth defects and a limited set of other diseases. Public Health Genomics is an emerging field that assesses the impact of genes and their interaction with behavior, diet and the environment on population health. 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATING GENETICS WITH PUBLIC HEALTH: We can discover the role that genetic factors play in much more complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease that constitute the majority of health problems in the United States
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- Here are the demographics of the COMMUNITIES SERVED by the OKSDH
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- Some of the major public health challenges in Oklahoma are: (Read Slide)
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- In conclusion, I attempted to give you a broad overview of public health, its history, and its future. I addressed public health issues specifically related to Oklahoman’s. I hope that you now have a well-rounded knowledge-base regarding Public Health as a result of this presentation. The next few slides are references that I used to help prepare this presentation.
- Now I will open up the discussion for any questions. (Answer questions) Thank you for your time and attention.