europe

1. CONTINENT OF EUROPE
A continentis defined asthe earth's main continuousexpansion on land.
A continentis a huge mass of land primarily defined in terms of convention.
There are currently seven continents in the world outof which Europeisthe
second smallest continent.
Europeis a continentof nations, that is rich in cultures, varieties of
languages and geographical features.

2. Talaan ng Nilalaman
I. Tourist Attractions
II. Trivia
III. Mga Kilalang Tao

3. Part I.
Tourist Attactions
Famous Places of Tourist Attractionin Europe.
From the Lush green scenery of Scotland to the majestic and mysterious
canals in Venice, one can find a variety of places to visit In Europe. Visiting
Europewould really test your choices. With so many placesqueued in the list,
it's really hard to witnesssome and skip others for the next time.
Your visit to Europewould beincomplete if you don'tget a chance to go
to Eiffel Tower. To view one of the tallest structuresin the world is just like a
dream comes true. The entire view of Paris from the top is a mustsee if you
ever get a chance to visit Europe.
Venice is known asone of the magical cities in the world. Ancient
architecture, mysteriouspassagewaysand canals that are what defineVenus.
No matter where you go, you willfind tranquility, history and romancein
Venice.
If you visited Europeand didn'tgo to Rome, then you have missed out
so much. Rome is known asone of the oldest civilization on earth. Rich in
history, architecture and cuisines, this place is an ultimate package for
everyone.
Important Landmarks in Europe
A landmark is symbol containing different meanings. It might represent an
idea, a culture or a belief. Europe is rich in landmarks that make it the prime
destination for the tourists. From gigantic steel structures to the majestic beauty of
nature, you are going to find everything depending on the type of experience you
want to have there in Europe. All these landmarks are terrific and attract large
number visitors every year.
Eiffel tower, in Paris, is widely recognized throughout the world. The
mammoth steel structure is a source of fascination for everyone that pays Europe a
visit. The entire view of the city observed from the top of Eiffel Tower is
spectacular! So, hello tourists, you owe a visit to Eiffel tower!

4. The Roman Coliseum is one of the oldest known monuments on the planet
earth. This enormous structure used to be a theater that could accommodatemore
than 50,000 people. Despite its ancient and unrepaired structure, it still
successfully manages to draw a large number of people from all around the world.
Istanbul has emerged as a top-notchtourist spotover the years and continues
to attract flocks of tourists. Istanbul in Turkey is a vibrant blend of various
cultures. Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman culture extends throughout the
city.
Other famous places of visitors choice include Tower Bridge, Edinburgh
Castle, Buckingham Palace, Big Ben and Cathedral Notre-Dame among many
others.
Canals of Venice, Veneto, Italy
Venice contains over 150 canals, spanned by over 400 bridges. The
largest canal in the city, the Grand Canal("Canalasso"), is approximately 2
miles (3 km)long and wendsits way in a giant "S" curvethrough the city from
the train station to the Piazzo San Marco and the stunning church of Santa

5. Mariade Salute, at which point it is over 350 feetwide. More than 170
buildingsline the Canalasso.
Three bridges span the Grand Canal -- the Ponte deiScalzi, the Ponte
d'Accademia, and the famouscovered PonteRialto, which teems with shops
and retailed stalls. A fourth bridge near the train station that connectsVenice
to the mainland is currently under construction
It's oneof the most magical place on earth. Sitting in the Adriatic Sea like a
vision (especially if one first approachesit from the mainland by boat), the
city is an emblematic symbolof art, culture, and evokesthe power of
imagination. It simply seems to float over the sea by nature.
Of course, the city wasn'tbuilt by magic. Venice is a testament to the
ingenuity of the human spirit and invention. Stonebuildings of great beauty
sit on the water; boats of varyingsizes traversethe canals the way cars,
trucks, and busses crowd the streets of more conventionalcities; crowds
throng the bridges and narrow pedestrian streets.
Eiffel Tower ,Paris,Ile De France, France

6. The EiffelTower in Paris, France, was constructed by Alexander-
GustaveEiffelin commemoration of the French Revolution, and completed in
1889 ata cost of $1.5 million dollars. The design beat out 700 others who
were competingfor the opportunity, and thestructure wascompleted in just
21 months. At 986 feet, it was the tallest buildingin the known world after
being unveiled at the Paris World'sFair. This open-latticed, brown wrought
iron structure has since become one of the world'smajor touristattractions,
even though dozensof buildingshave now surpassed it in height.
Originally viewed as unattractive, the tower'sfirst year of tourist sales
for its "new-fangled"elevator ridesbrought in almost enough revenueto pay
the buildingcost. (It is estimated that total visitorssince openingnumbers
around 200 million.)In 1909,theEiffel Tower'swasslated to be torn down,
but because its radio antennaewere considered essential, it was given a
reprieve. At that time, the antennawas used for telegraphy, but today several

7. antennaeatop the tower are in use for French television stations.
Acropolis ofAthens ,Athens, Attica, Greece
Greece is the home to a number of acropolisesor 'high cities', yet no
visit to Greecewould be complete without taking in the ancientsplendor of
the Acropolisof Athens. The Acropoliswas first settled around 600 BCE and
was inhabited continuously for centuriesafterward. It is still the 'mustsee'
attraction for all of Greece.
The Acropolisis accessible only from the west as it is bordered by cliff
faces in the other three directions. Visitors can either walk or arrange
transportby lift to arriveat the Propylaea. The Propylaea, built between 437
and 432 BCE, isthe monumentalgateway to the Acropolis. The building
consists of a main structureflanked by two wings. Insidethe buildings, Doric
and Ionic columnsdivided the spaces. Lavishly painted walls or panelsin the
north buildinggave the entire structureits name.
The three main templeson the Acropolisare all built upon the ruinsof
previoustemplesall dedicated to the city'spatron goddess Athena. This is

8. reflected by inscriptionsfound in pottery, vasesand statuary from the archaic
period that show the early period of the cult.
The Templeof Athena Nike, constructed in approximately 420 BCE, is
built in the Ionic style. Inside, the templefeatures an open air or
amphiprostylewith a row of four columnsplaced in frontof each wall. Three
walls featurea differentfriezeof battle scenes while the east wall depicts a
conferenceof the gods.
The Erechtheion, constructed around the same time as the Templeof
Athena Nike, is dedicated to the two main godsof Attica: Athena and
Poseidon-Erechtheus. Divided into two main parts, the porch of Caryatidsis
featured on the south with a propylon to the north and a prostasis on the east.
The friezerelief on the outside of the building(the widecentral section part of
the entablature depicts the birth of Erechtheus, better known asPoseidon.
The most famousbuildingat the Acropolisis the Parthenon. The
buildingitself is designed in the Doric order and constructed almost entirely
from Pentelic marble. The building wascompleted in 438 BCE and the
religious decoration was finished in 432 BCE. Likethe other temples in the
Acropolis, the Parthenon is dedicated to Athena Parthenos.
The Parthenon suffered severedamageduringthe 1600swhen an
explosion occurred insidethe temple. Until that time, the Parthenon had
withstood time in good condition. In the 19thcentury, it's devastation was
complete when Lord Elgin, the English ambassador to Constantinople, stole
most of the remainingfriezes and other decorations. These items remain on
display at the British Museum in England.

9. Tower of London

10. Now home to the British Crown Jewels, the Tower of London served asa
prison from 1100 to the mid twentieth century. The castle was founded in the
winter of 1066 aspartof the Norman Conquestof England and served as a
royalresidence before it became a prison. The Tower of London is reputedly
the most haunted buildingin England. Therehave been tales of ghosts,
includingthat of AnneBoleyn, inhabiting the tower.
Her Majesty's Royal Palace andFortress, known asthe Tower of
London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in
central London. It lies within the London Boroughof Tower Hamlets,
separated from the eastern edge of the squaremile of the City of London by
the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towardstheend of 1066
as part of the Norman Conquestof England. The White Tower, which gives the
entire castle its name, wasbuilt by William the Conqueror in 1078, and wasa
resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new rulingelite.
The castle wasused as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard)until1952
(Kray twins),[3] although that wasnot its primary purpose. A grand palace
early in its history, it served as a royalresidence. As a whole, the Tower is a
complexof several buildingsset within two concentric rings of defensivewalls
and a moat. There wereseveral phases of expansion, mainly under Kings

11. Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward Iin the 12thand 13th centuries.
The generallayout established by the late 13th century remainsdespite later
activity on the site.
Big Ben
The 150 year old Big Ben Clock Tower is one of London’stop
attractions. The name BigBen actually refers not to the clock tower itself, but
to the 13 ton bell housed within the tower and takes its namefrom the man
who first ordered the bell, Sir Benjamin Hall. It is the 3th largest free-standing
clock tower in the world. The clock has become a symbolof the England and
London and has appeared in many films. In the movie MarsAttacks! for
examplethe Big Ben is destroyed by a UFO attack.

12. Big Ben is the nicknamefor the Great Bell of the clock at the northend
of the Palace of Westminster in London,[1] and often extended to refer to the
clock and the clock tower.[2] The tower is officially known as the Elizabeth
Tower, renamed as such to celebrate the Diamond Jubileeof Elizabeth II
(prior to being renamed in 2012 itwas known simply as"ClockTower"). The
tower holdsthe second largest four-faced chiming clock in the world
(MinneapolisCity Hall having the largest).[3] The tower wascompleted in
1858 and had its 150thanniversary on 31 May 2009,[4] duringwhich
celebratory events took place.[5][6] The tower has become oneof the most
prominentsymbolsof the United Kingdom and isoften in the establishing
shot of films set in London.
Stonehenge

13. One of top tourist attractions in England, Stonehenge is amongthe most
importantprehistoric sites in the world. It wasproduced by a culturethat left
no written recordsso many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate.
Evidenceindicate that the large stones were erected around 2500BC. Itis not
known for certain what purposeStonehengeserved, but many scholars
believe the monumentwasused as a ceremonial or religious center.
The word Stonehengeactually comes from the old English words. The
term literally meansstone hinge. This namewas given to this monument
because the lintels of stone actually hinge on the other stones which are
standingupright. Many scientists and archeologists have studied this piece of
work in great detail. It is noticed by a lot of them that there are signs of
remakingof this monument. Thechanges that have occurred as a result of this
are evident. The currentshape and form of the Stonehenge has been reached
by going through a lot of changes and phases.
Although Stonehenge is generally considered to be a hinge site, many
definitionsof archeology are a proof against this statement. It is not a true
hinge site in fact. The technical reason behind this fact is that the bank of this
hinge site is within its ditch. In this situation archeologists do notcall such a
site a hinge site. Apparently itdoes look like a hinge site but Stonehenge is not
a true hinge site.
Leaning Tower ofPisa,Pisa,Tuscany, Italy

14. The Pisa Tower, otherwise known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, really
was a labor of love, taking well over a hundred and fifty yearsto build. This
tower is the campanileof the cathedral of Italy, which means that it is a
freestandingbell tower. The tower is located in what is known asthe field of
Miracles (Campo deiMiracles), which is behind the actually cathedral's main
building. The tower'smost distinctivefeature is that although it wasdesigned
to stand vertically, the tower'spoorly laid foundation causesit to lean greatly
toward the southeast. The lean angle is about 5.5 degrees, meaningthat the
top of the tower is over 4 meters from where it would be if the tower was
correctly vertical.
Construction on the Pisa Tower began in Augustof 1173. Atthis time in
history, Pisa (and Italy in general) was going through a period of military
success, which meansthat money wasflowingreadily. Duringthis first
buildingperiod the foundation waslaid and the first floor was constructed,
according to the plansof the original architect, Bonanno Pisano. In 1178,
constructed stopped. Although the tower was nowherenear finished, the War
with Firenze brokeup, causing the men workingon the tower to enlist in the
army and leave the construction site. This was the year the lean first became

15. noticeable.
Within the next ten years, the first three floors wereadded, but war
once again got in the way of the buildingof this beautiful tower. Over 100
years late, designer GiovannidiSimone began construction once again, adding
three morelayers to this leaning layer cake, and by 1284, thetower was
considered finished at long last. Simoneattempted to correct the leaning
problem by buildingoneside of the wall higher than the other, and for this
reason, the buildingis, in fact, curved.
The tower still continuesto sink every year, under the watchful eyesof
scientists who are ensuringthat the structure is still safe. Although the ground
is still swampy below the tower, it has settled greatly from its first daysof
construction so that it only now sinksabout one or two millimeters per year.
It is quite safe for tourists and it would be a shame to visit Italy without
stoppingby this grand architectural masterpiece.
Over the centuries, peoplehave donestudieson the tower and some
have even attempted to stop its lean. As rule, Benito Mussoliniordered that
the tower be fixed, and worked attempted to achieve this by pouringconcrete
into the base foundation. However, thisdid not cause the tower to tilt
vertically, as Mussolinihad hoped. Instead, it simply madethe tower heavier,
causing it to begin to sink even farther into the swampy soilbelow.
In the mid-1960s, thetown of Pisa and Italy as a whole began exploring
optionsto keep the tower from tumblingover. However, it was very
importantto historians and governmentofficialsalike to maintain the tower's
signature tilt, as this is what has created its fameover the years. Withoutthe
tilt, tourism in Pisa would drop significantly. In 1990, after decadesof
studyingthe leaning landmark, ateam of engineers, mathematicians, and
historians decided to close the tower to the publicfor a number of yearsto
work on stabilizing the lean. The buildingwas actually closed for well over a
decade, and the peopleliving in the surroundingareaswerevacated. They
also used cables to secure the tower at the third-floor level, and they removed
some of the weight by taking the bells out.
In December 2001, thetower was reopened and declared safeand
stable for at least 300 years. Duringtherestoration project, the team
considered a variety of optionsand decided to decease the lean by removing

16. soil from the elevated side. They discovered that much of the lean was dueto
the actually stonework and buildingmaterials used to originally build the
tower.
The tower itself, if you can get past the novelty of its leaningshape, is
quite beautiful. If you'reso inclined (no pun intended), you can follow the
almost 300 stepsinside the spiraling tower to the belfry. From the top f the
tower, you can look over the city of Pisa, and on a clear day, you can see quite
far.
The Pisa Tower is a Romanesquestyleof architecture, in keeping with
the era when it was built. It weighs a bit over 14,700 tonsand haswalls that
are 8 feet thick at the base. At the top of the tower, the bells are housed. There
are seven bells in total, cast over hundredsof yearsfrom 1263 to 1654, and
they are tuned to the typical musical scale.
Rome Coliseum,Rome,Lazio,Italy
The roman coliseum ("colosseum" or "colosseo") is probably the most
ancient world renowned monumentin Rome. It was oneof the very first

17. roman amphitheatres to be built. It is located between the Caelian Hills and
the Esquilineon on marshy type of land. Recordsshow that the coloseum was
built over many years and wasinaugurated around 80 A.D. Learn moreabout
the coliseum'shistory .
Although the brutality of the spectacles to be presented in the
colosseum was to putman'sso call dignity to shame, it's history sparkled
people'simagination for generations. Gladiator fights, human fed to hungry
beasts and violentsporting eventshas nothing the human race can be proud
of. However, it'sarchitectural magnificence willalways makethe colosseum
one of the greatest historical monumentsof Rome.
The colosseum was built to contain 50,000 spectatorswhichis a
monumentalfeatat that time consideringit could still be considered huge in
modern standards. Thearena floor is all madeof wood underneathwhich
there is a myriad of tunnelsand passagewaysfor spactacle staging ... and for
wild beasts roaming. The construction was madeof a carefully chosen
combination of concrete and travertine for the foundations, piersand
beautifularcades.
Part II.
Trivia
Europeshares its boundarieswith Arctic Ocean in the North, by Atlantic
Ocean in the West. In the south of Europelies the Mediterranean Sea and to
the East, its boundary isvagueand blurred.
Consideringin terms of area, Russia is the largest country in Europe
occupyinga territory of 17,098,242km square.
The smallest and least populated country in EuropeisThe Vatican City
with a population aslow as 800 people.
Europehas been the birth place for the world'smostancient
civilizations like Greece and Rome.

18. Europehas also been the epicenter of the biggest wars; World War I and
World War II which wreaked havoc on the peopleof several countries. The
major countries of Europecollectively form European Union that allows all
the independentcountriesof Europeto share a common currency and to unite
their economicand military power, are 27.
Major languages spoken in EuropeincludeFrench, German, Spanish,
Swiss, and Portugueseamongmany others.
The world'soldestcountrieslike France, Portugaland Denmark also
reside in this continent.
The longest lake of EuropeisBalaton stretching up to 592 square
kilometers.
The importanceof rivers can never be ignored as they have a massive
influenceon a country'stradeand economy. The longest rivers in Europeare
Volga and Danube. Comingtowardsthe major cities of Europe, wecan easily
say that Moscow, London, Madrid,Romeand Parisare the biggest and the
most importantone.
The Europeanshavemadegreat progress in the economy and has
emerged as the major economicpowersof the world. The primesectors of its
economy includetransport, energy and research whereas EU is the world's
biggest exporter and second-biggest importer.
When it comes to economy, all the European countriesareextensively
developed and prosperous. They aremaking rapid advancementin the fields
of technology and innovation. Two-third of its trade takes place with other
European Union countries.
Sweden is said to be the most competitiveand developed economy of
Europe. It has well equipped communication and education system that can
measureup to any system of the modern economy. Iron ore, timber and hydro
power are the major export sourcesof Sweden. Its GDP-per capita is $ 41,700
which is the highest in Europe.
Germany hasthe fifth largest developed economy in the world and it
rankssecond in Europe. It is the major exporter of machinery and vehicles;

19. also it has the world'sleadingautomobile industry. It'sGDP per capita (PPP)
is calculated to be $39,100-lyingsecond in Europe.
France has the world'smostdiversified and stable economy with the
reputation of being the world'smostmodern countries. Thoughmost of its
major companiesincluding Air Franceand France Telecom have been
privatized, butstill the government'sintervention in varioussectorslike,
power, energy and defensemakesit the 3rd mostpowerfuleconomy in
Europe.
Europe Trivia Quiz
Part 1: Tick the correct answers to these questions:
1. Inwhich European country are both Flemishand
French spoken?
a) Switzerland
b) The Netherlands
c) Belgium
2. The currency used in the United Kingdom is called
a) Pound
b) Shilling
c) Euro
3. Witha populationof 82 million,which is
the largest country in the European Unionby
population?
a) Germany
b) France
c) Spain
4. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is locatedin which famous European
museum?
a) Rijksmuseum
b) The Louvre
c) Muséed’Orsay

20. 5. WhichEuropean country is borderedby Romania,Slovakia, Ukraine,
Serbia,Croatia, Slovenia,and Austria?
a) Bulgaria
b) Hungary
c) Lithuania
6. What is the capital city of Romania?
a) Riga
b) Zagreb
c) Bucharest
7. Italy,Netherlands,France, Belgium,Germany and which other
country were the founding members ofthe European Union?
a) United Kingdom
b) Luxembourg
c) Austria
8. WhichEuropean country is known as Suomi in its own language?
a) Finland
b) Latvia
c) Slovenia
9. Howmany countries are currently in the EU?
a) 28
b) 26
c) 21
10. Which city is the furthest north?
a) Copenhagen, Denmark
b) Vilnius, Lithuania
c) Edinburgh, Scotland
11. Which three colours make up the Lithuanian flag?
a) White, blue, red
b) White, green, red,
c) Yellow, green, red
12. What is the name of the river you see from Paris’most famous
landmark the Eiffel Tower?

21. a) Rhine
b) The Seine
c) River Tyne
13. With7 victories,whichof the following countries has won Eurovision
the most number of times?
a) Ireland
b) Greece
c) Sweden
14. Which ofthe three Baltic States is the only country in the worldto
have its own national fragrance?
a) Lithuania
b) Latvia
c) Estonia
15. Which country is the famous playwright HenrikIbsen(1828-1906)
from?
a) Finland
b) Malta
c) Norway
Part 2: Below are words without any direct translations inEnglish.
Match the wordto the correct language.
Tartle– ______________________
the act of hesitating while introducingsomeonebecause you’ve forgotten
their name
Fernweh – _____________________
feeling homesick for a place you’venever been
Hygge–______________________
a pleasant, intimate and comfortingfeeling, often associated with sitting
around afire in the winter with close friends
Mangata – ____________________
the road like reflection of moonlight on water
Prozvonit – ___________________
to call a mobile phone and only have it ring once so that the other person will
call back and allow the caller to avoid spendingmoney on minutes

22. Scots Danish CzechGerman Swedish
Answers: Part 1 - 1. c) Belgium, 2. a) Pound, 3. a)Germany, 4. c) The Louvre,
5. b) Hungary, 6. c)Bucharest, 7. b) Luzembourg, 8. a)Finland, 9. a) 28, 10. c)
Edinburgh, Scotland,
11. c) Yellow, green, red, 12. b) The Seine, 13. a) Ireland, 14. a) Lithuania, 15.
c) Norway Part 2 - Tartle – Scots, Fernweh –German, Hygge -Danish, Mangata
– Swedish, Prozvonit – Czech
Part III.
Mga Kilalang Tao Buhat sa Kontinente ng Europa
Founding Fathers of the EuropeanUnion
Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Adenauer was West Germany’s first chancellor after the
Second World War. He was keen to forge closer ties with the USA, France and the rest of
Europe. He played a key role in the re-integration of Germany in European affairs, which
became a critical backbone of the European community.

23. Willy Brandt (1913-1992) German politician and statesman. Opposed to Hitler, he fled to
Norway. After WWII he became Mayor Berlin playing a key role to during the Cold War
tensions. Became Chancellor of Germany in 1979, famous for his gesture of reconciliation
to victims of Nazi Germany at Warsaw. He sought rapprochement with the East and
creating a stronger, united Europe.
Walter Hallstein (1901 – 1982) German diplomat and statesman. He was one of the key
architects of the European Coal and Steel Community – the forerunner of the EEC. He
became the first President of the Commission of the European Economic Community from
1958-67. He was a keen federalist and worked towards the integration of Europe.
Jean Monnet (1888 – 1979) French statesman who played a key role in founding the Coal
and Steel pact which helped improve relations between France and Germany. In 1955,
Monnet founded the action committee for the United States of Europe. His successfully
lobbying led to the creation of the EEC ‘Common Market’ in 1958.

24. Joseph Bech (1887-1973) Bech was a politician from Luxembourg who is considered a
founding father of the EU. With other Benelux countries, he helped convene the Messina
conference of 1955, which led to the Treaty of Rome and creation of the European
Economic Community in 1958.
Johan Willem Beyen (1897-1976) Beyen was a Dutch politician who helped create an
impetus for creation of the EEC. After the breakdown of talks over a common European
foreign policy, Beyen was one of the Benelux countries who helped push for horizontal
integration and the revival of the idea about European integration.
Charles de Gaulle (1890 – 1970) Under de Gaulle’s presidency, France became a member
of the EEC and de Gaulle spoke enthusiastically about a European federation. However, de
Gaulle partly saw the EEC as an antidote to the US, and de Gaulle blocked the UK’s
admission. However, he did help cement better relations with Germany.

25. Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965) Churchill led the resistance to Nazi Germany and
contributed to the liberation of Europe. In 1946, he made a speech calling for a united
Europe. ‘We must build a kind of United States of Europe.’ However, Churchill did not
envisage the UK as part of Europe.
European Revolutionaries
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) – French military and political leader. Napoleon
revolutionised Europe. He cemented the ideas of the French revolution (in his own
autocratic style) and enabled these ideas, and his Napoleonic code to be spread across
Europe.
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Italian political activist. Campaigned for united Republic of
Italy. Mazzini supported several insurrections against the foreign rule of Italian states. He
played a key role in cementing support for a united Italy. Mazzini also supported initiatives
for European wide federation.

26. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) – National hero of Italy. Garibaldi led volunteer army in
the Italian wars of Independence. He played a key role in uniting Italy. He also fought in
Latin America and became known as ‘The Hero of Two Worlds’
V.Lenin (1870-1924) – Leader of Russian Revolution in 1917. He masterminded the
Bolshevik revolution and became the first leader of the Soviet Union.
Mikhail Gorbachev (1931 – ) Russian President during the end of the Cold War.
Gorbachev initiated a policy of Glasnost and Perestroika. These policies of reform and
openness led to the ending of Communist party rule in the Soviet Union, and the fall of the
Berlin wall. In a short space of time, Eastern European countries attained freedom and
democracy, allowing Eastern Europe to become part of the European Union.
Famous European Women

27. Marie Antoinette (1755 – 1793) Wife of King Louis XVI. Marie Antoinette is often held up
as a symbol of Royal decadence and profligacy, which sparked the French revolution.
Whether fair or not, she was executed in 1793 for treason – principles in opposition to the
French revolution.
Catherine the Great (1729- 1796) Catherine ruled as Queen of Russia from 1762 until her
death. Under her leadership, Russia was revitalised as a major European power. She began
a process of reforming Russian society.
Joan of Arc – (1412-1431) – French peasant girl who inspired the French Dauphin to
renew the French fight against occupying English forces. Seven years after death, as she
had predicted, the English were defeated.

28. Elizabeth I (1533-1603)Elizabeth took the English throne after a period of great instability
following the reign of her father Henry VIII. Under her rule, England became a major power
and enjoyed a period of relative stability.
Angela Merkel (1954 – ) Merkel has been chancellor of Germany since 2005 and the de
facto leader of the European Union during the European financial crisis and also increasing
the role of Germany in foreign affairs.
European Philosophers
John Locke (1632-1704) John Locke made important contributions to the theory of liberal
democracy. In his “The two treatises of the government” Locke argued that a government’s
right to rule must be based on the consent of its people. Locke emphasised the idea of a
‘social contract’ – power sanctioned by the people. Locke also emphasised that all men
were equal – at a time, when societies were very hierarchical.

29. Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) French philosopher. Montesquieu was a key figure
in the Enlightenment. Montesquieu wrote on political theory, advocating a ‘separation of
powers’ and other democratic principles. In his The Spirit of the Laws (1748), he
distinguished democracy from other types of government.
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) Rousseau was a Genevian philosopher who wrote
the Social Contract – an influential political tract which argued for government through
representation – ideally through direct democracy. Rousseau’s democratic ideals were
influential in the French Revolution.
Thomas Paine (1737- 1809 ) English-American philosopher. Thomas Paine was an
influential writer who powerfully argued for democratic republican government. Paine’s
writings were influential in inspiring the American revolution. Paine wanted to see an end
to executive tyranny, and felt the extension of political power to all was the best way to
achieve this.
J.S. Mill (1806-1873) John Stuart Mill was a leading liberal philosopher of the Nineteenth
Century. He argued for universal suffrage (extending the vote to women and all classes of
people) Mill also expounded the principle of liberty – which is an important principle of
liberal democracy. His pamphlet The Subjection of Women (1861) was important for raising
the issue of votes for women.