Unit 1 - The Renaissance

Slide 1: The World at 1500 BCE Who Was Where, and What Was Going On?

Slide 2: JIGSAW ACTIVITY • I will divide you into five groups. Each group will be responsible for one world religion, and each member will have a job to complete. IF YOU DON’T WORK TOGETHER, YOU WON’T FINISH!!!

Slide 3: World Religions Confucianism - Category Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Taoism Holy Book & Prophets/God s Area of the World/Origins Title of Religious Leaders Beliefs about Afterlife Beliefs on How to Live Life

Slide 4: Trade Routes • Alright guys let’s flash back to last year. As your QUICK WRITE, please write down as many trade patterns as you can think of: 1. Trans-Saharan 2. Maritime 3. South China Sea 4. Silk Road 5. Northern European River links to the Black Sea 6. Western European Sea and River Trade

Slide 6: Trade Routes at 1500 A.D. European River N. Europe to Black Routes Sea Routes Silk Road s oute an R ar -Sah rans T South China Sea Routes es out eR itim Mar

Slide 7: African Empires & Trade Routes • Mali & Songhai were major empires. • Trans-Saharan trade route carried… 1. Islam 2. Gold 3. Salt

Slide 8: Maritime, Silk Road, and S. China Sea Routes • Silk Road from China to the Mediterranean basin. • Maritime routes from Africa to India

Slide 9: Mughal Indian Empire • Unique architecture such as the Taj Mahal • India subcontinent used for oceanic trade. • Would other countries be interested in this?

Slide 10: The Mighty Taj Mahal!!! Listen to this story…

Slide 11: Trade Routes Goods • Gold and salt from West Africa • Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean • Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe • Porcelain from China and Persia

Slide 12: Trade Routes Technology • Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (e.g., for making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills • Navigation—Compass from China, lateen sail from Indian Ocean

Slide 13: Trade Routes Ideas • Spread of religions across the hemisphere – Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan – Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia – Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia • Printing

Slide 14: Western and Eastern European Trade Routes

Slide 15: EUROPE!!! • So let’s see how good your math skills are. Using page …in the textbook, see if you can label the following countries: • Spain Switzerland • Portugal • England Bodies of Water • Russia (Muscovy) Mediterranean Sea • Holy Roman Empire Atlantic Ocean • Ottoman Empire Black Sea • Austria North Sea

Slide 17: 9 C 1 E 4 A 7 3 5 B 6 8 2 D ACTIVITY: In your notebooks make one list numbered 1-9, and one list lettered A- E. Using the handouts as your guide, as well as this map, see how many of the countries and bodies of water you can label. DO NOT ASK FOR HELP, AS YOU WON’T BE ABLE TO ON THE TEST!!!

Slide 18: The Renaissance A Time of Growth & Rebirth

Slide 19: Trade & Economic Expansion • The Crusades stimulated trade between W. Europe & M.E. • This desire for these new goods caused a increase in the production of goods in Western Europe to trade in M.E. markets. • The increase in trade stimulated the creation of the following: • Partnerships – Groups of merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale business venture. • Capital – Money for investment – Money began to reappear in addition to bartering.

Slide 20: Trade & Economics (cont’d) • Credit and Banking • Bill of Exchange – Issued by a banker in one city to a merchant who could exchange it for cash in a distant city, preventing the merchant from carrying large stores of gold. * Anyone carry a check card? • Usury – Lending money with interest attached to it. The Church eventually ruled against usury and the practice of charging interest, as well as credit. * Anyone have a credit card? • Letters of Credit – Served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade • New accounting and bookkeeping practices were created, using such things as Arabic Numberals.

Slide 21: Italian City-States • Why was it Italy, and not France, England, Byzantium, etc. • Northern Italian cities survived the Middle Ages. – The Black Death and the Crusades did not devastate these places too much. • Florence, Venice, and Genoa grew into major centers of trade and manufacturing. *Geographic advantage. *Initially independent city-states governed as republics.

Slide 23: Four horsemen of the Apocalypse by School of Athens by Raphael Albrecht Durer ACTIVITY: On the left you have a woodcarving from the Middle Ages, on the right a painting from the Italian Renaissance. Quickly in your notes, write down what you think some of the basic differences are between Medieval and Renaissance art. Make two columns, one labeled Medieval, the other Renaissance, and list your differences.

Slide 24: Humanism • At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism. • Middle Ages vs. Renaissance Art • Middle Ages – Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation. • The Renaissance – Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity. • Classicism – Looked to the ancient __________ & _________ civilizations for inspiration.

Slide 25: Plato Socrates Aristotle Ptolemy Pythagoras Archimedes Michelangelo Raphael’s School at Athens: The ideal painting celebrating the rebirth of Greek and Roman learning. Notice all the famous thinkers Michelangelo incorporated.

Slide 26: Humanities • Humanists believed that education stimulated the individual’s creative powers. • The humanities are the subjects taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools. *Grammar *Rhetoric *Poetry *History • Humanism celebrated the individual and his/her achievements. • Humanists were supported in their studies by wealthy patrons, Lorenzo de Medici of Florence or financial supporters of the arts. Patron of the Arts.

Slide 27: ACTIVITY: Connections Leonardo da Vinci The Mona Lisa Utopia Niccolo Machiavelli Sonnets to Laura The Prince Michelangelo The Sistine Chapel The Printing Press Sir Thomas More The Last Supper David Francesco Petrarch The Praise of Folly Desiderius Erasmus Johan Gutenberg

Slide 28: Francesco Petrarch • A Florentine who lived in the 1300s and early Renaissance humanist. • In monasteries and churches, he found and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts. • Soon, the works of Cicero, Homer, and Virgil again became known to Western Europeans. Petrarch was “head- • He also wrote Sonnets, and is over-heals” for his love Laura, he wrote 365 famous for his Sonnets to Laura. sonnets, one passionate poem dedicated a day to his true love.

Slide 29: Leonardo da Vinci • Born in 1452 • Extremely curious man. • He made sketches of nature, and models for such inventions as flying machines. • He dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. • Da Vinci is more commonly known for his two paintings, the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper.

Slide 30: The Mona Lisa •Mona Lisa was the wife of an extremely wealthy merchant. •To have a portrait of your wife painted by such a famous painter was extremely exciting. •The reason behind her semi-smile 

Slide 31: The Last Supper

Slide 32: Perspective

Slide 33: Michelangelo • A sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. • Michelangelo is known till this day for all of the following pieces of art. • Pieta – A sculpture capturing the sorrow of Mary as she cradles the dead Christ on her knees. • David – A statue of David, the biblical shepherd who killed the giant Goliath. It recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition • The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel – A huge mural depicting the biblical history of the world, from the Creation to the Flood.

Slide 34: Michaelangelo’s unfinished Pieta. Michelangelo’s completed Pieta. Note the Instead of picturing the virgin Mary intricate detail, and remember…this started out holding Christ, who does he sculpt? as a huge block of MARBLE!!!

Slide 35: Donatello’s David •Commissioned by Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo’s grandfather. •Private art found in the Medici garden and viewable only by the highest of elite. •First free standing nude sculpture since the Roman Empire. •Can anyone tell what David is standing on? Michelangelo’s David •Created in a competition meant to glorify Florence. A public sculpture. •The large size (14 ft.) symbolizes David’s superior morality and ethics. Therefore, all Florentines are superior to everyone else.

Slide 36: The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Slide 37: Michelangelo’s Last Judgement • Depicts the second coming of Christ. •Those on the right hand side of God are going to heaven, left hand side are condemned to hell. • Michelangelo portrays himself as a filleted skin, just like St. Bartalameau.

Slide 38: Niccolo Machiavelli • Background: Served Florence as a diplomat and had observed kings and princes in foreign courts. He had studied and possessed a thorough knowledge of Roman history. • The Prince – Published 1513, it was an early treatise on government. He combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power. • He looked at real rulers, like the Medicis, and stressed that the ends justifies the means. • He brought into question what characteristics made a good ruler.

Slide 39: Is It Better to be Loved or Feared? Directions: You are going to conduct a formal debate on whether it is better for a leader to be loved or feared. 3. The class will be split in two and each group will be given one side of the argument. 4. Every member will be assigned a task to contribute. 5. You will be given a handout containing quotations from The Prince. These will be your documents to support your arguments (at least 3). 6. You will have 10 minutes to prepare your speech, and then we as a class will decide what we think.

Slide 40: Desiderius Erasmus • A Dutch priest and humanist. • Used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament. • He called for a translation of the Bible into the vernacular, or everyday language of ordinary people. • Believed an individual’s chief duties were to be open-minded and of good will toward others.

Slide 41: Erasmus The Praise of Folly Erasmus uses humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day, including the clergy.

Slide 42: Sir Thomas More • A humanist from England. • He pressed for social reform. • Utopia – In this work, More describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony. No one is idle, all are educated, and justice is used to end crime rather than to eliminate the criminal.

Slide 43: Johann Gutenberg • From Mainz, Germany, he printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West. • Within twenty years, the development of movable type made book production even easier.

Slide 44: Gutenberg Printing Press • The Gutenberg printing press brought about a printing revolution that would transform Europe. • By 1500, more than 20 million volumes had been printed, IN VERNACULAR. • Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce. • More people learned to read. • Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge, from medicine and law to astrology and mining. • Exposed educated Europeans to new ideas.