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Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 1
Chapter 1
Introduction: Databases and
Database Users

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Outline










Drawbacks of file systems
Types of Databases and Database Applications
Basic Definitions
Typical DBMS Functionality
Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY)
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
Database Users
Advantages of Using the Database Approach
When Not to Use Databases
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 3
File Processing Systems

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Drawbacks of file systems


Program-Data Dependence




Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)






All programs maintain metadata for each file they use

Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
data
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
 Requires space, effort and result in loss of data & metadata
integrity

Limited Data Sharing


No centralized control of data


Each application has its own private files & users has little chance to
share data outside their own applications

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 5
Drawbacks of file systems (cont…)


Lengthy Development Times




Excessive Program Maintenance




80% of information systems budget

Difficulty in accessing data




For each new application programmers must design their own
file formats & descriptions from scratch

Need to write a new program to carry out each new task

Integrity problems



Integrity constraints
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 6
The Solution


Unique and centralized administration of data in a given
company
i.e. database notion

What is a Database?


A database is a collection of related data

It represents some aspects of the real world.

It is a logically coherent collection of data.

It is designed for specific purpose and intended users.

It can be at varying size and complexity

It can be generated and maintained manually

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Types of Databases and Database
Applications


Traditional Applications:




More Recent Applications:









Numeric and Textual Databases
Multimedia Databases
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Data Warehouses
Real-time and Active Databases
Many other applications

First part of book focuses on traditional applications
A number of recent applications are described later in the
book (for example, Chapters 24,26,28,29,30)
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 8
Basic Definitions










Database:
 A collection of related data.
Data:
 Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
Mini-world:
 Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a
university.
Database Management System (DBMS):
 A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and
maintenance of a computerized database.
Database System:
 The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the
applications are also included.
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 9
Simplified database system environment

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 10
Typical DBMS Functionality






Defining a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints
Constructing or Loading the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
Manipulating the database:






Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
Accessing the database through Web applications

Processing and Sharing by a set of concurrent users and
application programs – yet, keeping all data valid and
consistent
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 11
Typical DBMS Functionality


Other features:






Protection or Security measures to prevent
unauthorized access
“Active” processing to take internal actions on data
Presentation and Visualization of data
Maintaining the database and associated
programs over the lifetime of the database
application


Called database, software, and system
maintenance

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 12
Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)


Mini-world for the example:




Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.

Some mini-world entities:






STUDENTs
COURSEs
SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
(academic) DEPARTMENTs
INSTRUCTORs

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 13
Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)


Some mini-world relationships:









SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
STUDENTs take SECTIONs
COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

Note: The above entities and relationships are typically
expressed in a conceptual data model, such as the
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP data model (see Chapters 3, 4)
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 14
Example of a simple database

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 15
Main Characteristics of the Database
Approach


Self-describing nature of a database system:







A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular
database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints)
The description is called meta-data.
This allows the DBMS software to work with different
database applications.

Insulation between programs and data:



Called program-data independence.
Allows changing data structures and storage organization
without having to change the DBMS access programs.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 16
Example of a simplified database catalog

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 17
Main Characteristics of the Database
Approach (continued)


Data Abstraction:






A data model is used to hide storage details and
present the users with a conceptual view of the
database.
Programs refer to the data model constructs rather
than data storage details

Support of multiple views of the data:


Each user may see a different view of the
database, which describes only the data of
interest to that user.
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 18
Main Characteristics of the Database
Approach (continued)


Sharing of data and multi-user transaction
processing:


Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to
update the database.



Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each
transaction is correctly executed or aborted.



Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction
has its effect permanently recorded in the database



OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of
database applications. This allows hundreds of concurrent
transactions to execute per second.
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 19
Database Users


Users may be divided into


Those who actually use and control the database
content, and those who design, develop and
maintain database applications (called “Actors on
the Scene”), and



Those who design and develop the DBMS
software and related tools, and the computer
systems operators (called “Workers Behind the
Scene”).
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 20
Database Users


Actors on the scene


Database administrators:




Responsible for authorizing access to the database,
for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring
software and hardware resources, controlling its use
and monitoring efficiency of operations.

Database Designers:


Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against
the database. They must communicate with the
end-users and understand their needs.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 21
Categories of End-users


Actors on the scene (continued)


End-users: They use the data for queries, reports
and some of them update the database content.
End-users can be categorized into:




Casual: access database occasionally when
needed
Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section
of the end-user population.




They use previously well-defined functions in the form of
“canned transactions” against the database.
Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do
this activity for an entire shift of operations.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 22
Categories of End-users (continued)


Sophisticated:






These include business analysts, scientists, engineers,
others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
Many use tools in the form of software packages that work
closely with the stored database.

Stand-alone:






Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use
packaged applications.
An example is a tax program user that creates its own
internal database.
Another example is a user that maintains an address book

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 23
Advantages of Using the Database
Approach


Controlling redundancy in data storage and in
development and maintenance efforts.


Sharing of data among multiple users.



Restricting unauthorized access to data.



Providing persistent storage for program Objects




In Object-oriented DBMSs – see Chapters 20-22

Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for
efficient Query Processing
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 24
Advantages of Using the Database
Approach (continued)






Providing backup and recovery services.
Providing multiple interfaces to different classes
of users.
Representing complex relationships among data.
Enforcing integrity constraints on the database.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 25
Additional Implications of Using the
Database Approach


Potential for enforcing standards:




This is very crucial for the success of database
applications in large organizations. Standards
refer to data item names, display formats, screens,
report structures, meta-data (description of data),
Web page layouts, etc.

Reduced application development time:


Incremental time to add each new application is
reduced.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 26
Additional Implications of Using the
Database Approach (continued)


Flexibility to change data structures:




Availability of current information:




Database structure may evolve as new
requirements are defined.
Extremely important for on-line transaction
systems such as airline, hotel, car reservations.

Economies of scale:


Wasteful overlap of resources and personnel can
be avoided by consolidating data and applications
across departments.
Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 27
Historical Development of Database
Technology


Early Database Applications:






The Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in
mid 1960s and dominated during the seventies.
A bulk of the worldwide database processing still occurs
using these models, particularly, the hierarchical model.

Relational Model based Systems:




Relational model was originally introduced in 1970, was
heavily researched and experimented within IBM Research
and several universities.
Relational DBMS Products emerged in the early 1980s.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 28
Historical Development of Database
Technology (continued)


Object-oriented and emerging applications:


Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
(OODBMSs) were introduced in late 1980s and early 1990s
to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and
other applications.






Their use has not taken off much.

Many relational DBMSs have incorporated object database
concepts, leading to a new category called object-relational
DBMSs (ORDBMSs)
Extended relational systems add further capabilities (e.g. for
multimedia data, XML, and other data types)

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 29
Historical Development of Database
Technology (continued)


Data on the Web and E-commerce Applications:






Web contains data in HTML (Hypertext markup
language) with links among pages.
This has given rise to a new set of applications
and E-commerce is using new standards like XML
(eXtended Markup Language). (see Ch. 27).
Script programming languages such as PHP and
JavaScript allow generation of dynamic Web
pages that are partially generated from a database
(see Ch. 26).


Also allow database updates through Web pages

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 30
Extending Database Capabilities


New functionality is being added to DBMSs in the following areas:
 Scientific Applications
 XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
 Image Storage and Management
 Audio and Video Data Management
 Data Warehousing and Data Mining
 Time Series and Historical Data Management



The above gives rise to new research and development in
incorporating new data types, complex data structures, new
operations and storage and indexing schemes in database systems.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 31
When not to use a DBMS


Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS:






High initial investment and possible need for additional
hardware.
Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency
control, recovery, and integrity functions.

When a DBMS may be unnecessary:






If the database and applications are simple, well defined,
and not expected to change.
If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be
met because of DBMS overhead.
If access to data by multiple users is not required.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 32
When not to use a DBMS


When no DBMS may suffice:




If the database system is not able to handle the
complexity of data because of modeling limitations
If the database users need special operations not
supported by the DBMS.

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 33
Summary









Types of Databases and Database Applications
Basic Definitions
Typical DBMS Functionality
Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY)
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
Database Users
Advantages of Using the Database Approach
When Not to Use Databases

Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

Slide 1- 34

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Ch01 database-conceptsppt4207

  • 1. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 1
  • 2. Chapter 1 Introduction: Databases and Database Users Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
  • 3. Outline          Drawbacks of file systems Types of Databases and Database Applications Basic Definitions Typical DBMS Functionality Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY) Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Database Users Advantages of Using the Database Approach When Not to Use Databases Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 3
  • 4. File Processing Systems Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
  • 5. Drawbacks of file systems  Program-Data Dependence   Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)    All programs maintain metadata for each file they use Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files  Requires space, effort and result in loss of data & metadata integrity Limited Data Sharing  No centralized control of data  Each application has its own private files & users has little chance to share data outside their own applications Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 5
  • 6. Drawbacks of file systems (cont…)  Lengthy Development Times   Excessive Program Maintenance   80% of information systems budget Difficulty in accessing data   For each new application programmers must design their own file formats & descriptions from scratch Need to write a new program to carry out each new task Integrity problems   Integrity constraints Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 6
  • 7. The Solution  Unique and centralized administration of data in a given company i.e. database notion What is a Database?  A database is a collection of related data  It represents some aspects of the real world.  It is a logically coherent collection of data.  It is designed for specific purpose and intended users.  It can be at varying size and complexity  It can be generated and maintained manually Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
  • 8. Types of Databases and Database Applications  Traditional Applications:   More Recent Applications:        Numeric and Textual Databases Multimedia Databases Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Data Warehouses Real-time and Active Databases Many other applications First part of book focuses on traditional applications A number of recent applications are described later in the book (for example, Chapters 24,26,28,29,30) Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 8
  • 9. Basic Definitions      Database:  A collection of related data. Data:  Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning. Mini-world:  Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a university. Database Management System (DBMS):  A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database. Database System:  The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 9
  • 10. Simplified database system environment Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 10
  • 11. Typical DBMS Functionality    Defining a particular database in terms of its data types, structures, and constraints Constructing or Loading the initial database contents on a secondary storage medium Manipulating the database:     Retrieval: Querying, generating reports Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content Accessing the database through Web applications Processing and Sharing by a set of concurrent users and application programs – yet, keeping all data valid and consistent Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 11
  • 12. Typical DBMS Functionality  Other features:     Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized access “Active” processing to take internal actions on data Presentation and Visualization of data Maintaining the database and associated programs over the lifetime of the database application  Called database, software, and system maintenance Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 12
  • 13. Example of a Database (with a Conceptual Data Model)  Mini-world for the example:   Part of a UNIVERSITY environment. Some mini-world entities:      STUDENTs COURSEs SECTIONs (of COURSEs) (academic) DEPARTMENTs INSTRUCTORs Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 13
  • 14. Example of a Database (with a Conceptual Data Model)  Some mini-world relationships:        SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs STUDENTs take SECTIONs COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs Note: The above entities and relationships are typically expressed in a conceptual data model, such as the ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP data model (see Chapters 3, 4) Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 14
  • 15. Example of a simple database Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 15
  • 16. Main Characteristics of the Database Approach  Self-describing nature of a database system:     A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints) The description is called meta-data. This allows the DBMS software to work with different database applications. Insulation between programs and data:   Called program-data independence. Allows changing data structures and storage organization without having to change the DBMS access programs. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 16
  • 17. Example of a simplified database catalog Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 17
  • 18. Main Characteristics of the Database Approach (continued)  Data Abstraction:    A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database. Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data storage details Support of multiple views of the data:  Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes only the data of interest to that user. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 18
  • 19. Main Characteristics of the Database Approach (continued)  Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:  Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update the database.  Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted.  Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction has its effect permanently recorded in the database  OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of database applications. This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 19
  • 20. Database Users  Users may be divided into  Those who actually use and control the database content, and those who design, develop and maintain database applications (called “Actors on the Scene”), and  Those who design and develop the DBMS software and related tools, and the computer systems operators (called “Workers Behind the Scene”). Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 20
  • 21. Database Users  Actors on the scene  Database administrators:   Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations. Database Designers:  Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 21
  • 22. Categories of End-users  Actors on the scene (continued)  End-users: They use the data for queries, reports and some of them update the database content. End-users can be categorized into:   Casual: access database occasionally when needed Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section of the end-user population.   They use previously well-defined functions in the form of “canned transactions” against the database. Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire shift of operations. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 22
  • 23. Categories of End-users (continued)  Sophisticated:    These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities. Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the stored database. Stand-alone:    Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications. An example is a tax program user that creates its own internal database. Another example is a user that maintains an address book Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 23
  • 24. Advantages of Using the Database Approach  Controlling redundancy in data storage and in development and maintenance efforts.  Sharing of data among multiple users.  Restricting unauthorized access to data.  Providing persistent storage for program Objects   In Object-oriented DBMSs – see Chapters 20-22 Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for efficient Query Processing Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 24
  • 25. Advantages of Using the Database Approach (continued)     Providing backup and recovery services. Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of users. Representing complex relationships among data. Enforcing integrity constraints on the database. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 25
  • 26. Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach  Potential for enforcing standards:   This is very crucial for the success of database applications in large organizations. Standards refer to data item names, display formats, screens, report structures, meta-data (description of data), Web page layouts, etc. Reduced application development time:  Incremental time to add each new application is reduced. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 26
  • 27. Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach (continued)  Flexibility to change data structures:   Availability of current information:   Database structure may evolve as new requirements are defined. Extremely important for on-line transaction systems such as airline, hotel, car reservations. Economies of scale:  Wasteful overlap of resources and personnel can be avoided by consolidating data and applications across departments. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 27
  • 28. Historical Development of Database Technology  Early Database Applications:    The Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in mid 1960s and dominated during the seventies. A bulk of the worldwide database processing still occurs using these models, particularly, the hierarchical model. Relational Model based Systems:   Relational model was originally introduced in 1970, was heavily researched and experimented within IBM Research and several universities. Relational DBMS Products emerged in the early 1980s. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 28
  • 29. Historical Development of Database Technology (continued)  Object-oriented and emerging applications:  Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMSs) were introduced in late 1980s and early 1990s to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications.    Their use has not taken off much. Many relational DBMSs have incorporated object database concepts, leading to a new category called object-relational DBMSs (ORDBMSs) Extended relational systems add further capabilities (e.g. for multimedia data, XML, and other data types) Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 29
  • 30. Historical Development of Database Technology (continued)  Data on the Web and E-commerce Applications:    Web contains data in HTML (Hypertext markup language) with links among pages. This has given rise to a new set of applications and E-commerce is using new standards like XML (eXtended Markup Language). (see Ch. 27). Script programming languages such as PHP and JavaScript allow generation of dynamic Web pages that are partially generated from a database (see Ch. 26).  Also allow database updates through Web pages Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 30
  • 31. Extending Database Capabilities  New functionality is being added to DBMSs in the following areas:  Scientific Applications  XML (eXtensible Markup Language)  Image Storage and Management  Audio and Video Data Management  Data Warehousing and Data Mining  Time Series and Historical Data Management  The above gives rise to new research and development in incorporating new data types, complex data structures, new operations and storage and indexing schemes in database systems. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 31
  • 32. When not to use a DBMS  Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS:    High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware. Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions. When a DBMS may be unnecessary:    If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change. If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met because of DBMS overhead. If access to data by multiple users is not required. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 32
  • 33. When not to use a DBMS  When no DBMS may suffice:   If the database system is not able to handle the complexity of data because of modeling limitations If the database users need special operations not supported by the DBMS. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 33
  • 34. Summary         Types of Databases and Database Applications Basic Definitions Typical DBMS Functionality Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY) Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Database Users Advantages of Using the Database Approach When Not to Use Databases Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 34