Regulatory Aspects and Licensing

Health Physics 563-613B Regulatory Aspects and Licensing (or who’s who) Lecture # 2 ( Sep. 17, 2004) Michael Evans

Historical
Discovery of X-Ray:
W. Röentgen Nov. 8, 1895
Prof. J. Cox (Physics - McGill ) and
Dr. R. Kirkpatrick (MGH).
Feb. 7, 1896 - 45 minute radiograph of the tibia showing the location of a bullet.
First radiograph to be accepted as evidence in a court of law.

Legal Jurisdiction
International Bodies (Advisory)
National Bodies (Advisory and Binding)
Provincial (Generally Binding)
Municipal (Binding and Soliciting)
Institutional (Soliciting)

Legal Jurisdiction
Radiation Oncology (Federal)
Nuclear Medicine (Federal)
Diagnostic
Imaging (Provincial)
Health Physics (Fed / Prov / Municipal)

International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP
The International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP, is an independent Registered Charity, established to advance for the public benefit the science of radiological protection, in particular by providing recommendations and guidance on all aspects of protection against ionising radiation.
An advisory body providing recommendations and guidance on radiation protection;
Founded in 1928 by the International Society of Radiology (ISR), then called the ‘International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee
Was restructured to better take account of uses of radiation outside the medical area, and given its present name, in 1950; Based in the United Kingdom with a small scientific secretariat in Sweden.

International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP
ICRP published its recommendations and advice as papers in various scientific journals in the fields of medicine and physics. Since 1959, ICRP has its own series of publications, since 1977 in the shape of a scientific journal, the Annals of the ICRP

ICRP Publications ICRP Publication 23: Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics … ICRP Publication 28: The Principles and General Procedures for Handling Emergency and Accidental Exposure of Workers … ICRP Publication 44: Protection of the Patient in Radiation Therapy … ICRP Publication 84: Pregnancy and Medical Radiation … ICRP Publication 92: Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Quality Factor ( Q ), and Radiation Weighting Factor ( w R) www.icrp.org $$

International Commission on Radiation Units ICRU
The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) was established in 1925 by the International Congress of Radiology. Since its inception, it has had as its principal objective the development of internationally acceptable recommendations regarding (1) quantities and units of radiation and radioactivity; (2) procedures suitable for the measurement and application of these quantities in diagnostic radiology, radiation therapy, radiation biology, and industrial operations; and (3) physical data needed in the application of these procedures, the use of which tends to assure uniformity in reporting

International Commission on Radiation Units ICRU
The ICRU endeavors to collect and evaluate the latest data and information pertinent to the problems of radiation measurement and dosimetry, and to recommend in its publications the most acceptable values and techniques for current use

ICRU Publications 71: Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Electron Beam Therapy(2004), Journal of the ICRU, vol.4 no.1, available only from OUP 62 : Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50) ( 1999 ) US$ 65.00 50 : Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy ( 1993 ) US$ 60.00 23 : Measurement of Absorbed Dose in a Phantom Irradiated by a Single Beam of X or Gamma Rays ( 1973 ) US$ 40.00

International Radiation Protection Association IRPA
Primary purpose of IRPA is to provide a medium whereby those engaged in radiation protection activities in all countries may communicate more readily with each other and through this process advance radiation protection in many parts of the world. Further objectives of IRPA are:
- encourage the establishment of radiation protection societies throughout the world as a means of achieving international cooperation,
- provide for and support international meetings for the discussions of all aspects of radiation protection• encourage international publications dedicated to radiation protection,
- encourage research and educational opportunities in those scientific and related disciplines which support radiation protection• encourage the establishment and continuous review of universally acceptable radiation protection standards or recommendations through the international bodies concerned.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
The NCRP has been active in the areas of radiation protection and measurements since its inception as “The Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection” in 1929. It was originally established to represent all of the national radiological organizations in the United States on a collective, scientific basis and to serve, in essence, as the United States national analog of the ICRP. The NCRP originally operated as an informal association of scientists seeking to make available information and recommendations on radiation protection and measurements. More than 30 major reports were produced during the early period of the NCRP's history including the first recommendation specifying a maximum permissible level of exposure.The NCRP was reorganized and chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964 as the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Objectives:
1. collect, analyze, develop and disseminate in the public interest information and recommendations about (a) protection against radiation (referred to herein as radiation protection) and (b) radiation measurements, quantities and units, particularly those concerned with radiation protection;
2. provide a means by which organizations concerned with the scientific and related aspects of radiation protection and of radiation quantities, units and measurements may cooperate for effective utilization of their combined resources, and to stimulate the work of such organizations;
3. develop basic concepts about radiation quantities, units and measurements, about the application of these concepts, and about radiation protection;
4. cooperate with the ICRP, the Federal Radiation Council, the ICRU, and other national and international organizations, governmental and private, concerned with radiation quantities, units and measurements and with radiation protection.”

NCRP Publications NCRP 49: Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up to 10 MeV (1976) … NCRP 94: Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Radiation (1988) NCRP 90: Neptunium: Radiation Protection Guidelines (1987) NCRP 127: Operational Radiation Safety Program (1998) NCRP 144:Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Facilities (2003)

Biological Effects of Ionizing radiation BEIR
(BEIR) III : "The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of ionizing Radiation”(1980)
(BEIR) V : "The Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of ionizing Radiation”(1988)
(BEIR) VI : "Health Effects of Exposure to Indoor Radon”(1999)
Reports are produced by a sub-committee of the National Academy of Science for the National Research Council which reports to the US Congress

U N Scientific Cmmt’e on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR
UNSCEAR was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1955. Its mandate in the United Nations system is to assess and report levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Governments and organizations throughout the world rely on the Committee's estimates as the scientific basis for evaluating radiation risk, establishing radiation protection and safety standards, and regulating radiation sources.
Exposures from the Chernobyl accident " (74 pages) of the UNSCEAR 1988 Report. Acute radiation effects in victims of the Chernobyl accident

Int’l Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Millions of Cancer Victims in Developing Countries Lack Access to Life-Saving Radiotherapy 2003 | The number of cancer patients in the developing world will double to 10 million new cases annually by 2015 (World Cancer Report, World Health Organization, 2003), most of whom will have no access to the radiation therapy that could save or prolong their lives, and decrease their pain and suffering.

Int’l Atomic Energy Agency IAEA

Int’l Atomic Energy Agency IAEA IAEA is often a “first responder” in cases of radiation accidents in various settings including the medical community. IAEA can offer help and support to communities with insufficient medical physics support, and help with dose estimates. Spain - Linac accident Panama - Cobalt mistreatment Brazil - Ruptured/stolen Cesium source ……

Some international web sites
www.irpa.net
www.icru.org
www.icrp.org
www.ncrp.com
www.nationalacademies.org (BEIR)
www.nap.edu/catalog (BEIR)
www.unscear.org
www.iaea.org
www-naweb.iaea.org/iaea.org/nahu/dmrp

Other Organizations
Bureau International de Métrologie Légale
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
European Commission
EC Research on Radiation Protection
EC Regulatory Aspects of Radiation Protection
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAO World Agricultural Information Centre
International Committee of Photobiology
International Council for Science ICSU
International Electrotechnical Commission
International Labour Office
International Labour Organization
International Organization for Medical Physics
International Organization for Standardization
International Society of Radiology
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
Radiation Research Society
The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Inc.
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
World Health Organization
World Standards Services Network WSSN

Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission CNSC
The mission of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) is to regulate the use of nuclear energy and materials to protect health, safety, security and the environment and to respect Canada's international commitments on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.On May 31, 2000, when the former Atomic Energy Control Board became the CNSC, it was provided with a stronger mandate to carry out its job.

Under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act, the CNSC's mandate involves four major areas:
regulation of the development, production and use of nuclear energy in Canada;
regulation of the production, possession, use and transport of nuclear substances, and the production, possession and use of prescribed equipment and prescribed information;
implementation of measures respecting international control of the development, productions, transport and use of nuclear energy and substances, including measures respecting the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices;
dissemination of scientific, technical and regulatory information concerning the activities of the CNSC, and the effects on the environment, on the health and safety of persons, of the development, production, possession, transport and use of nuclear substances.

CNSC jurisdiction
CNSC regulations apply to:
Power reactors
Non-power reactors
Nuclear research and test establishments
Uranium mines and mills
Processing and fuel fabrication facilities
Heavy water production plants
Nuclear substance processing facilities
Particle accelerators
Waste management facilities
Packaging and transportation of nuclear substances
Nuclear substances and radiation devices
Lands under evaluation
Irradiators
Imports and exports of nuclear items
Exports of nuclear-related dual-use items
Dosimetry service providers

CNSC Regulations
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Rules of Procedure
General Nuclear Safety and Control Regulations
Office Consolidation
Radiation Protection Regulations
Class I Nuclear Facilities Regulations
Class II Nuclear Facilities and Prescribed Equipment Regulations
Uranium Mines and Mills Regulations
Nuclear Substances and Radiation Devices Regulations
Packaging and Transport of Nuclear Substances Regulations
Office Consolidation
Nuclear Security Regulations
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Import and Export Control Regulations
CNSC Cost Recovery Fees Regulations

CNSC Regulations

CNSC Class Structures and Licensing
Class I and II and all radioactive substances below exemption quantities
Risk types : Low, Medium and High
Controlled Areas
Class A ; alpha and high gamma: 3 Bq/cm 2
Class B ; beta and medium gamma: 30 Bq/cm 2
Class C ; pure beta and low gamma: 300 Bq/cm 2

CNSC Class Structures and Licensing
Class I

CNSC Class Structures and Licensing Class II 10 15 Bq = 27 000 Ci

CNSC for Radiation Oncology
Regulation of all radioactive material
Regulation of all Class II prescribed equipment
Regulation of linear accelerators above 10 MV due to photo-activation
Mandate is acquired through “The Act”:

CNSC Radiation Therapy Licensing
Prescribed Equipment Licensing Brachytherapy, Linacs. Teletherapy
i Construction
ii Operate to commission
iii Operate
iv Decommission
Therapy Servicing License
Survey Meter Calibration

CNSC Construction License

CNSC Operating License
Operating License
Operating to commission
Safety Tests
Acceptance Tests
Commissioning
Safety Report
Operating to treat
Scheduled safety procedures
Annual Compliance Reports
Renewals
Inspections/audits

CNSC Operating License

CNSC Class II Prescribed Equipment 48 Class II licenses 121 Class II PE Units Teletherapy Irradiator - Cobalt - 60 Also irradiators (GammaCell/ Cesium…) High dose rate brachytherapy units ( Ir - 192) @ 370 GBq Linear Accelerators Photons (6 & 18 MV) Electrons ( 4 to 25 MeV)

CNSC Class II Facilities Shielding dose limits,workload, Safety Systems mechanical, radiation, emergencies Training mandatory, safety, service Compliance Records previous history Dosimetry Systems personnel monitoring program

CNSC Class II Prescribed Equipment Linacs Co-60 HDR LDR Gamma Knife

CNSC Enforcement
CNSC - Inspections ~ 1/year or so
(no fun)
CNSC - Audits @ as required
(even less fun)
CNSC surprise visits ~ rare but allowed
(the most fun)
Sanctions are on a sliding scale from infractions to warnings to fines to license revocation to legal action

National

Provincial

Provincial
a. 147
147. When there is an alteration made in the shielding, in the x-ray
machine or in the latter's use, the shielding and the machine must be
inspected by a physicist before operating such machine.
R.R.Q., 1981, c. P-35, r. 1, s. 147
SCHEDULE 8
(ss. 143, 150, 174, 183, 185 and 190)
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE (MPD) EQUIVALENTS
[L-0.2r1#09, see R.R.Q., 1981, 8-383]

Provincial
L-0.2, r.1
Regulation respecting the application of the Public Health Protection Act
(Updated to November, 26 2002)
An Act respecting medical laboratories, organ, tissue, gamete and embryo
conservation, ambulance services and the disposal of human bodies
(R.S.Q., c. L-0.2, s. 69)
This Act was formerly entitled :"Public Health Protection Act". The title
of the Act was replaced by section 149 of chapter 60 of the statutes of
2001.

Provincial

National - Provincial - Territorial

Health Canada Radiation Protection Bureau
To investigate, communicate and reduce health risks to Canadians from exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
General
• Radiation Protection in Health Canada
• Federal Provincial Territorial Radiation Protection Committee
Emergency Preparedness
• Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Division

Health Canada Radiation Protection Bureau
Environmental
• Arctic
• Canadian Radiological Monitoring Network
• Cosmic Radiation Exposure and Air Travel
• Radon
• Radiological Impact
Worker Related
• Bioassay Laboratory
• Human Monitoring Laboratory
• National Calibration Reference Centre for Bioassay and In VivoMonitoring
• National Dose Registry
• National Dosimetry Services

National Dosimetry Service Thermoluminescent Dosimeters

National Dose Registry

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC The Atomic Energy Act (AEA) permits NRC to make agreements with the governors of states to turn over regulatory authority for AEA materials to the State if certain conditions are met. States that meet the conditions and agree to regulate AEA materials are called " Agreement States ." Agreement States usually regulate all sources of radiation in the State, except reactors and large quantities of special nuclear material. Currently, 32 States have Agreements . Non-Agreement States, and Areas of Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction within Agreement States NRC exercises regulatory authority over AEA materials in those States that do not have Agreements. In addition, certain locations within the Agreement States may be subject to "exclusive federal jurisdiction." Protected areas of nuclear reactors, most American Indian Reservations, and certain areas on military bases are examples. NRC retains regulatory authority over AEA materials in areas of exclusive federal jurisdiction.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG)
The transportation of such products by air, marine, rail and road is regulated under the federal Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, 1992. The transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, adopted by all provinces and territories, establishes the safety requirements for the transportation of dangerous goods.
Federal and provincial legislation provide for the regulation of an extensive list of products, substances or organisms classified as dangerous. The products fall into one of nine classes:

Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Explosives Gases Flammable Liquids flammable solids, spontaneously combustibles and substances that, on contact with water, emit flammable gases oxidizing substances and organic peroxides poisonous (toxic) and infectious substances corrosives miscellaneous products or substances

Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Class 7 Radioactive Packing Groups I,II or III Labels Fissile materials with Criticality Index Placards

Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Transport Index mR/hr at 1 m from the external surface OR (mSv /hr x 100) at 1 m from the external surface Content Activity (Bq) Transport Index

Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Shipping Name (Proper): Hazard: ID (UN#): Package Type: Consignor and Consignee: Air Eligibility Labels: Handling Labels: RQ designation:

Eg:Iridium- 192 high dose rate afterloading source
Bucket to be returned by Fed-Ex
UN# 3332
Proper Shipping Name: RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, TYPE A PACKAGE, SPECIAL FORM non fissile or fissile-excepted
TI 0.7 and max. surface exposure rate 10 mR/hr : Category II Yellow
(Using calibrated Survey Meter)

Label: Ir-192, 300 GBq
Air Eligible, and shippers declaration - consignee/consignor signature
With 24 hr telephone #(CANUTEC) and Emergency Response Assistance Plan #
Be ready for questions regarding packing procedures -

Transport Canada CANUTEC

Transport Canada CANUTEC
EMERGENCIES
1 613 996-6666 (collect)
666
Information
1 613 992 4624

Acquisition of high technology equipment in Quebec
The process is extremely complicated and bureaucratic, run through three layers of bureaucracy:
Regional Councils
Ministry of Health , and
Treasury Board .
Example: Purchasing of Imaging and Cancer Therapy equipment.

Acquisition of high technology equipment in Quebec

Health Canada Lasers, RF for Magnetic Resonnance,…

What to do when things go wrong
Surprise: “ Oh no !”
Concern: “ Is any body hurt ?”
Deny: “ I don’t know anything ”
Say Nothing: “ Ask my boss ”

Labarynths - and regulators
Regulators tell you what’s wrong ;
you have to determine what’s right

Regulatory Aspects and Licensing

by brucelee55 on Oct 27, 2010

Accessibility

Upload Details

Usage Rights

Statistics

Regulatory Aspects and Licensing Presentation Transcript