Photoshop Doc. 9.73 Ver 3
PHOTOSHOP CS
Photoshop is the industry-standard software for image-editing, providing a range of powerful
tools. Instructions in these notes cover version CS, but will broadly apply to versions 5.0 - 7.0
in addition.
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................... 2
2 The Crop Tool................................................................................. 5
3 Applying Filters............................................................................... 7
4 The History Panel ............................................................................ 8
5 The Marquee Tool ........................................................................... 9
6 Other Selection Tools......................................................................11
7 Using Layers .................................................................................13
8 New View and the Navigation panel ..................................................16
9 File Format and size .......................................................................17
10 The Clone Stamp ...........................................................................18
11 The History Brush ..........................................................................19
12 Removing Red-Eye from photographs ...............................................20
13 Using Text ....................................................................................22
14 Retouching tools ............................................................................25
15 Tools and Shortcuts........................................................................28
About this Document
Will need to be typed or chosen from a menu
Words in bold
or window
Small capitals – e.g. ALT Indicate keys that you press
Press KEY1 + KEY2 Press both keys together
Press KEY1, KEY2 Press each key consecutively
Bulleted lists Are guidelines on how to perform a task
Show menu commands – in this case, choose
Choose Insert - Picture the option Picture from the Insert menu at
the top of the screen

Doc. 9.73 Ver 3 Photoshop
1 Introduction
Objectives To introduce the most commonly-used tools in Photoshop
Method We will use the menus to open a picture, and the toolbox to magnify our view
Comments There are four main areas that are used in Photoshop – the menus, the status
bar, the toolbox and the palettes
Activity 1.1 Open and Save an Image
The images we will use are contained on the web, within Birkbeck’s online
learning environment, WebCT. If you are on a workshop, you will have been
registered for the course already. If not, contact ITS reception for access.
• Login to WebCT (webct.bbk.ac.uk)
• Go into the IT Skills course
• Choose Software Guides – Photoshop – Sample Images – Photoshop
Images
• From the gallery, pick an image at random and
click on View Image to see it full-size
Figure 1-1
• Right-click on the image and choose Save Picture
As or Save Image As to save a copy to your N:
drive (the “My Documents” folder)
Figure 1-2
• In Photoshop, use File – Open to open the image you just saved
Use the Image menu to duplicate the picture, so that
changes are made to a copy. You will be asked to give
it a name.
Choose File – Save to save the image copy onto your n: drive. Accept the
default options offered for file size etc.

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Activity 1.2 On the left-hand side of the screen, you should see the toolbox, which gives
access to most of Photoshop’s features. Some of the more common ones are
named below.
over a tool to see its name and shortcut key
Note that any tool with an arrow next to it has further options – click and hold
the mouse to see options for that tool
Marquee – used to select
areas of an image
Crop – to reduce
image size
Paintbrush/Pencil
Blur/Sharpen/Smudge
Type – add text to image
Eyedropper – pick a colour
from an image
Magnifying glass – zoom
Foreground colour in/out
Background colour Swap fore/background
colours
Figure
1-3
Activity 1.3 At the bottom of the Photoshop window is the Status Bar, which holds
information about the currently-selected image.
Current zoom level Description of use of the current tool
Figure 1-4
Uncompressed size of image
(both numbers usually larger
than final image)

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Activity 1.4 Many of the tools have modifiers – holding one or a combination of the following
keys will affect the way that tool works.
SHIFT
CTRL
ALT
Click on the magnifying glass to select that tool
• Click on the image to zoom into the area underneath the cursor
• Hold down Alt and click the image to zoom out
• Click and drag (without pressing any keys) to select an area to magnify
The status bar explains the current function – watch it change when you hold
different key combinations
Figure 1-5
Note You may also roll the mouse’s wheel up and down to zoom in and out (so long as
the scrollbars are not showing)
Double-clicking the icon in the toolbox will return the image to 100%
magnification

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2 The Crop Tool
Objectives To use the crop tool to reduce the picture size, cutting out extraneous areas
Method The crop tool is available from the toolbox
Comments The status bar has useful information on the use of tools
Activity 2.1
Figure 2-1
Select the crop tool from the toolbox
Activity 2.2 Click and drag on your image to define the area you wish to keep.
The boxes at each corner allow you to change the size and shape of the selection
The status bar has information – hit ENTER to crop, ESC to cancel. Press the
ENTER key
Activity 2.3 Select another area of the image with the crop tool
Each tool has further options which are available immediately below the menu
bar (if you cannot see them, choose Window – Show Options).
Figure 2-2
The shield option affects the way the cropped area is displayed on screen
Use the icons to confirm or cancel a crop
Activity 2.4 The crop tool may also be used to “fix” or distort the perspective in an image
• In WebCT open the full size version of perspective.jpg (click on the View
Image link) and save a copy to your n: drive
• In Photoshop, open the file from your n: drive

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• Right-click on the title bar and choose Duplicate to take a copy
• Zoom out, if necessary, so that you can see the whole image
• Select the crop tool if it is not already active
• Draw a box around the edge of the
central shape
• Tick the Perspective box at the top of
the screen
• Drag the top corners of the crop box
inwards, so it roughly matches the
shape
• Commit the crop
• Close and save your copy of perspective.jpg to your n: drive
Figure 2-3
Activity 2.5 The crop tool has other functions. Position the mouse cursor outside the
selected area and it will turn into a curved, double-headed arrow, which allows
you to rotate the area selected– useful if the original image is slightly askew.
• Draw a new area to crop on the current image
• Move the mouse outside the selected area and click and drag the mouse to
rotate the selection
• Click and drag the centre point icon to a different point on the image and
again rotate the selection to see the effect
Activity 2.6 The crop tool may also be used to add a border to your image
• Resize the image window so there is
blank space around it (you may need
to zoom out to create enough room on
the screen)
• Use the crop tool to select the whole
image
• Make sure the perspective tick-box is
unchecked, and drag the corners of the
selected area outside the boundaries of
the picture, as shown
• Crop the picture
• Photoshop will add a border around
your picture. Note that the border colour is the same as the current
background colour, at the bottom of the toolbox.
Figure 2-4

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3 Applying Filters
Objectives To introduce the range of filters available in Photoshop
Method Filters are accessible from the Filter menu
Comments The last filter used is shown at the top of the menu, and may be applied using
the shortcut CTRL + F
Activity 3.1 Photoshop’s filters allow you to refine or distort
an image.
• In WebCT, open the Chalet image (filename
OFInndis.jpg) and save a copy to your n:
drive – remember to rename it so you can
find it easily
• In Photoshop, open the image from your n:
drive
• Right-click in the title bar and choose
Duplicate to take a copy
• Apply a few filters in turn to the image
• Which filters you choose are up to you, but a suggested group is shown
below
Figure 3-1
Artistic – Plastic Wrap
Texture – Grain
Artistic – Neon Glow
Sketch – Bas Relief
Each time you choose a filter, you will be shown a preview, allowing you to
change parameters, or pick another filter from that category – click OK to
confirm
Figure 3-2

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4 The History Panel
Objectives To learn how the history panel works, and how to take a snapshot of an image’s
current state
Method You will use the history panel to “undo” changes made to an image
Comments The undo function exists in Photoshop, but acts as a toggle, undoing and then
redoing the last action
Activity 4.1 Photoshop has an undo function, on the edit menu. It serves as a toggle, to
undo and redo the last action, rather than allowing you to undo several different
edits.
The History panel allows you to return an image to its state at any point during
the editing process.
• The panel should be visible – if it is not, choose Window – Show History
Activity 4.2 The history panel shows each action taken on an
image, and allows you to step backwards and
forwards through those actions.
• Click on one of your filters in the list
• Click back on the most recent filter in the list
Photoshop returns the picture to that state.
Figure 4-1
Activity 4.3 At the top of the panel is a thumbnail of the original image, with its name.
• Click on the thumbnail to return the picture to its original state
• Click on one of the filters to return the picture to that state
• Click and drag any one action to the dustbin at the bottom right of the
history window to delete it
Activity 4.4 The history panel allows you to take a snapshot of the current document state,
or to take a copy of it – the latter is much the same as using the duplicate
command, with the copy named after the last effect applied.
The snapshot command is useful if you have the image looking as you want, still
want to make further amendments, but want to be able to return it easily to that
state.
• Click on the snapshot icon at the bottom of the history panel
A new thumbnail is added – double click on the text “snapshot 1” to rename it.
Snapshots are particularly useful to enable you to flick between “before and
after” views of an image, once you’ve made several amendments.
Note The history, including snapshots, is not available once an image has been saved
and closed – to preserve a partially-edited image, you should create a new
document from it and save it under a new file name.

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5 The Marquee Tool
Objectives To edit only selected portions of an image
Method The marquee tool works by clicking and dragging to select an area. Holding the
modifier keys affects the operation of the tool
Comments The marquee tool allows the user to select parts of an image and apply filters
and other transformations to only the selected area(s)
Activity 5.1 The marquee tool allows the selection of areas of an image, which may then be
copied, moved and edited.
• In WebCT, open the image England Kit (filename enghkit.jpg)
and save a copy to your n: drive
• In Photoshop, open the image you just saved
• Right-click in the title bar and choose duplicate to take a copy of
the image
• Choose the marquee tool from the toolbox
• Click and drag on the image to select an area
• Choose a filter from the (filter) menu – note that it is only applied to the area
you previously selected
Note In effect, the area selected by the marquee tool becomes the active area – any
edits you attempt to make will only work inside that area. For an example,
select the brush tool and try to draw outside and inside your selection
Activity 5.2 Add to your selection
• Select the marquee tool (shortcut M)
• Hold down SHIFT and draw a new selection – it need not intersect with the
first – to increase the area selected
Removing part of your selection
• Hold down ALT while dragging to remove an area from your selection
Copy and move
• Hold down CTRL and drag a selection to move it
• Hold down CTRL + ALT and drag a selection to copy it

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Activity 5.3 Other marquee tools are available –
elliptical, single row and single column
• Click and hold the mouse on the
marquee tool in the toolbox
• Select the elliptical marquee tool
• Click and drag on the image to select
an area
Figure 5-1
The modifier keys work exactly as above.
Activity 5.4 To deselect a selected area, click anywhere on the image
You may click and drag a selection to move the selected area
Note Both the rectangular and elliptical marquee tools have the same shortcut key – M
– but you will need to hold down the SHIFT key to toggle between them.

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6 Other Selection Tools
Objectives To explore other ways to select areas of an image
Method You will select the lasso, magnetic lasso and magic wand tools from the toolbox
and use them to see their different effects in action
Comments The variety of selection tools gives great flexibility in selecting areas of an
image. You may combine the different tools – make a selection with one, choose
another from the toolbox and hold SHIFT to select the area with which you want
to work
Activity 6.1 The lasso tool allows you to select a freehand area of your image
• Select the lasso tool from the toolbox
• Draw a selection area onto the image
Any filters or edits you attempt will only apply to the selected area
As with other marquee tools, holding SHIFT allows you to add to the
area selected, holding ALT to reduce it
Activity 6.2 The magnetic lasso tool allows you (with a little
practice) to select a particular area of your
image, with Photoshop working out which part of
the image to follow (based on the colour
contrast).
• In WebCT, open the frog image (frog.jpg)
and save a copy to your n: drive
• In Photoshop, open the image you have just saved
• Right-click in the title bar and choose duplicate to take a copy
• Click and hold on the lasso tool icon
• Select the Magnetic lasso
• Change the frequency to 100
• Click once at the edge of the frog’s eye, then trace a path around the outside
• Double click to confirm the selection
Again, remember that holding SHIFT allows you to add to a selection,
The selected area may then be copied and pasted, or edited – try applying the
Gaussian Blur filter (Filter – Blur – Gaussian blur…)

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Activity 6.3 The magic wand attempts to select an area for you, again based on colour
contrast
• Select the magic wand tool
• At the top of the screen, change the tolerance to 100
• Click anywhere in the main body of the frog to select it
The frog should now be selected – use the history panel if you need
to try again
• Choose Edit – Copy (CTRL+C is the shortcut)
• Change to a different image (or open one if you have no others on screen)
• Paste the frog onto the image
• Choose Edit – Undo Paste (CTRL + Z) to remove it
The tolerance level sets the range of colours that will be selected – and thus will
need to be lower where you are selecting an object in amongst a similar colour –
trial and error will find the best setting.
Activity 6.4 The different selection tools may also be combined, providing flexibility in
selecting areas of your image.
• In WebCT, open and save a copy of the image Vienna Mak
(filename screens.jpg)
• In Photoshop, open the image you just saved
• Select the rectangular marquee tool
• Click and drag to select part of one of the arches at the top
of the image
• Change to the magnetic lasso
• Hold down SHIFT and draw around the unselected area to
increase the area selected
• Double-click when you have finished selecting an area
It is easy accidentally to leave an area unselected, as in the
example shown. If you do, hold down SHIFT and use one of the
selection tools to draw round the missing area
• Click on the Actions tab on the History panel
• Click on the arrow next to Default Actions to
expand the list
• Click on Vignette (selection)
• Click on Play at the bottom of the panel
• Click OK
Note An action is a pre-recorded sequence of edits, which may then be applied to a
selection, picture or directory (using File – Automate – Batch).
You may record your own actions in order to automate the editing of several
pictures, though this is outside the scope of this workshop.

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7 Using Layers
Objectives Explore the usefulness of layers in adding elements to an image
Method Paste a previously-copied item onto a picture and explore the functions of layers
using the newly-pasted item
Comments Layers are effectively separate documents, allowing you to amend one layer
without affecting the background. Double clicking on a layer allows access to
further options
Activity 7.1 Pasting an image into a new layer
Thus far, we have only worked on the “background” layer – which has in each
case been holding the whole image. That layer always shows through any other
layers that are added.
The layers palette shows the layers within the current document in order – at the
bottom of the palette is the background, with other layers on top.
We will add the frog to the screens.jpg image on which we were working.
• Switch, if necessary, to the image
screens.jpg
Pasting a new image on to that picture will
automatically create a new layer
• Click Paste (CTRL + V)
If nothing happens, you will need to switch back
to image B03711.jpg using the window menu,
and choose Edit – copy (CTRL + C)
Figure 7-1
You will see the new layer in the layers palette, as in Figure 7-1
(if the palette is not visible, choose Window – Show Layers)
Activity 7.2 The move tool allows you to move the contents of a layer around
the image
• Select the move tool (if necessary – it is automatically activated
when you paste an image) and experiment with it to position the
frog on the image
Activity 7.3 Renaming the layer
In a complex project, it is good practice to give each layer a distinctive name,
providing a hint at least as to what is on each one.
• Right-click on “Layer 1”

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• Select Layer Properties
• Give the layer a name, as in Figure 7-2
• Click OK or press RETURN
Figure 7-2
The “Color” option allows you to give each layer a colour in the layer palette for
ease of access
Layer properties are also available from the Layer menu
Activity 7.4 Transforming a layer’s contents
We will reduce the size of the frog to make it a better scale for the photograph
• Choose Edit – Transform – Scale
A box appears around the frog, allowing the image to be resized
Note a benefit of using layers – it does not matter whether the frog was selected
using a marquee tool or not; it is the only thing on the layer and thus is
automatically surrounded by the transformation box.
• Click and drag one of the corners inwards to resize the frog
• Hold down the SHIFT key to preserve the original ratio
• Drag the frog to the bottom-right of the image
• Hit enter (or use the icon) to commit the transformation
Remember that the status bar at the bottom of the screen reminds you of keys
and combinations you may use.
Activity 7.5 Layer options
There are various options available to quickly change the appearance of a layer’s
contents.
• Double-click on the layer in the layers palette
The Layer Style screen appears, as shown in Figure 7-3
• Drag the Layer Style window out of the way so you can see the frog – click
and drag the blue title bar to move it
• Tick boxes to see their effect
• Click OK when finished, or New Style to save these settings for future use
Note the Opacity slider, which allows for some interesting effects. In fact, you
may change the opacity from the layers panel without using the Layer Style
screen.

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Figure 7-3
Activity 7.6 Saving Layers
Note that layers are specific to Photoshop – that is to say, they will not be
preserved if you save in any format other than Photoshop’s own, which has a
.psd extension. For complex images, it is well worth saving a working copy as a
.psd file and then creating a jpeg, gif etc from that.
• Choose File – Save As
• If necessary, change the Format to
Photoshop, as in Figure 7-4
• Click Save
• Choose File – Save As again
• Change the Format to Jpeg
Note the warning at the bottom of the dialogue
box that “file must be saved as a copy with this
selection” – that is because Photoshop will
“flatten” the layers – the picture will appear the same, but the layers will no
longer be independently editable.
Figure 7-4
• Click Save

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8 New View and the Navigation panel
Objectives To explore the use of a different tool for navigating around an image
Method We will create a new window containing the image, zoom in and use the
navigation panel to change the portion in view
Comments Creating a new view allows you quickly to see the effect edits made whilst
zoomed in have on the overall picture. The navigation panel allows you to
change the zoomed in area easily.
Activity 8.1 We have looked at zooming in to areas of an image using the magnifying glass.
Creating a new view allows you to keep the zoomed-in area separate to the main
image.
• Choose Window – Arrange – New Window
A duplicate of the current image is brought up, but this is not a copy.
• Move and resize the new view window such that you can see both it and the
original
• Use the slider on the navigation panel to
increase the level of magnification
• Click and drag the red box on the navigator
to change the area shown
• Select an area of the magnified portion and
apply a filter to it
Figure 8-1
Note that the changes are made in both windows
Activity 8.2 You may gain more control over the area displayed by using the temporary hand
tool
• Hold down the space bar
• The cursor changes into a hand – click and drag to change the area displayed

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9 File Format and size
Objectives To change the format of image files
Method The save as command on the File menu allows access to different file formats
Activity 9.1 For best results, you should use different image file formats for different
purposes.
Some common formats
Name File Extension Usage
The format usually produced by digital cameras,
Jpeg .jpeg or .jpg
and used on the web for photographs
Also used on the web, better for files with fewer
Gif .gif
colours – logo, diagram etc. May also be animated
A small file size, useful for inserting pictures into
Png .png
Word documents etc.
Activity 9.2 Photoshop’s Save as command will allow you to pick an alternative file format
from a list. If you want a little more control, however, the Save for web option
allows you to change the quality (and therefore file size) of the output, whilst
checking the effect of changes.
• Open the image q:\\samples\\photoshop\\b03711.jpg
• Choose File – Save for web
• The requestor shown in Figure 9-1 will appear
File format
drop down
menu
Quality of
image
Figure 9-1
The most important settings to use are on the right-hand side
• Click on the drop-down next to Quality and use the slider to change the

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image quality
• Click on the 2-up tab for a comparison of the original and your amended copy
– useful, though with large images you may find it easier to switch between
the Original and Optimized tabs for comparison purposes
As any quality reduction is slight, you may need to reduce the quality to 0 to
really see the effect of changes.
You need not change the file type in this case, though it is useful in other cases.
Bear in mind that although this option is called “Save for web”, it will be
appropriate for any instance where someone will only be looking at images on
screen – e.g. when emailing pictures to friends.
10 The Clone Stamp
Objectives To remove part of the image, creating a finished article as if the removed part
had never been there.
Method Use the Clone Stamp to paste a portion of the image over an unwanted part
Comments You must first tell Photoshop where to start pasting from; it then applies that
part of the photo to wherever you click. So you may easily, for instance, remove
an unwanted stray hand from a photograph.
Activity 10.1 Clone Stamp
• In WebCT, open the file Camel (camel.jpg) and save a copy to your n: drive
• In Photoshop, open the image you have just saved
• Take a copy of the image
• Select the clone stamp tool
We will remove the chain dangling from the camel’s head, using the clone stamp
to paste the sand over the top of it.
Before you can use the clone stamp, you must tell Photoshop where to clone
from. In this case we are going to clone the existing sand, and paste it over the
top of the chain
• Hold down the ALT key, and click at the bottom of the image, about an inch to
the left of the chain
• Let go of the ALT key
At the top of the screen are options relating to the current tool, as shown in
Figure 10-1

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Figure 10-1
• Use the drop-down to pick a brush size roughly the same width as the chain
(double click on a size to select it)
• Draw upwards over the chain – it will be replaced by sand
• Note the crosshairs marking where the replacement is coming from
• If you want to be exact, zoom in when near the camel’s neck so as to get a
clean edge
Should you find that there is still a faint ghost left in the chain’s trail, try ALT-
clicking close to the chain, further up the photo, and then covering just a few
millimetres of the chain at that level to blend it in a little.
The clone stamp may also be used on a different image – allowing you to, in
effect, copy and paste from one image to another. Reducing the opacity level
whilst cloning from one image to another results in interesting effects.
11 The History Brush
Objectives To use Photoshop’s retouching tools
Method Use the History brush to remove any transformations you have made to parts of
an image.
Comments The History brush allows you to return portions of the image to an earlier stage,
and works through layers.
Activity 11.1 The history brush allows you – without using the history navigator – to return
parts of an image to an earlier state. It allows for finer control than the
navigator, as you may apply it to only a part of a
earlier edit, and for some interesting effects.
• Click on the icon to select the history
brush
• On the history panel, click on the new
snapshot icon to preserve the current state of
the image
Figure 11-1

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• Click and drag over a part of the image where you covered the chain to
reveal it once more
• Change the opacity setting and again paint over the original to only partially
reveal the chain
• In the History panel, click on the snapshot you made above to remove the
chain completely
Activity 11.2 The history brush takes as its source one of the
snapshots in the history panel. By default it will
use the original image, but you may change it by
clicking in the box to the left of any snapshot you
wish to use. Doing so will move the history
brush icon into that box, and allow you to make
edits based on that snapshot.
Figure 11-2
12 Removing Red-Eye from photographs
Objectives To correct a photograph with “red eye”
Method Use Photoshop’s layer, paint and blur functions to cover the original, “spoiled”
area of the photograph
Activity 12.1 • In WebCT, open the image Red Eye
Correction (redeye.jpg) and save a copy to
your n: drive
• In Photoshop, open the image you just saved
• Choose Image – Duplicate
• Close the original
• Choose Window – Arrange – New
Window...
• Arrange the two windows so you can see
both at the same time
• Zoom in one window to allow you to see the eyes as large as possible
• Use the icon to create a new layer
Figure 12-1
• Use the eyedropper tool to pick up a colour from the picture – usually
you will find something suitable in the eye, but it should be a fairly neutral
grey tint with a hint of the eye color
• Select the paintbrush and change the size at the top of the screen if
necessary so that it is not too large (a size of 1 is fine, as shown)
• Lower the opacity level so the colour added is not too stark
Figure 12-2
• Paint over the red part of the eye on the new layer, being careful not to paint
over the eyelids
• Use Edit – Undo (CTRL + Z) or the eraser should you make a mistake

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Activity 12.2 • Go to Filter – Blur – Gaussian Blur, using a 1 pixel blur to soften the edges
• Use the drop down menu on the layer panel to change the blend mode to
Saturation, as shown below. This will take the red out without removing the
highlights, but it may leave the eyes a little grey and empty-looking
Figure 12-3
• To put some colour back in, right-click on Layer 1 in the layer panel and
choose Duplicate layer
• On this layer, use the drop down menu to change the Blend mode to Hue
Figure 12-4
• You may need to do some final tweaking, though you need not try to be too
precise – what looks a little messy whilst zoomed in may well be fine at
normal resolution
Notes • Because the brush has low opacity (which may be amended using the options
at the top of the screen), you will probably need to build up the colour in
several passes. Every time you release and press the mouse button, you will
build up more colour
Figure 12-5, Brush Options
• If you add too much colour, undo and use the opacity slider on the layer
palette to reduce the color
• Should you accidentally paint outside the iris area, it's easy to clean up
because you're on a separate layer. Just use the eraser tool or
history brush to remove any stray colour, or click the bin icon on the
layer palette to delete the layer and start again
Activity 12.3 Once you are satisfied with the effect, combine the layers and reduce the file-
size by choosing Layer – Flatten Image
Save the image onto your N: drive

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13 Using Text
Objectives To add text to an image, edit it and change its formatting
Method We will use Photoshop’s Type Tool and associated options
Comments Text in Photoshop may generally be edited and resized without losing quality.
That is not possible if text is “rendered” – which is required by filters, for
instance – so those processes should be applied last of all
Activity 13.1 Adding text
• Open the chalet image (originally OFInndis.jpg) from your n: drive
• Create a copy (right-click on the title and choose Duplicate)
• Close the original
• Click on the text tool
• Click on the picture, roughly where you want the text to be added – it can
always be moved later
Note (in the layer panel) that Photoshop has added a new layer to hold the text.
You may therefore move and edit the text and apply transformations without
affecting the image underneath.
• Type in some random text
The text may appear in a small font. Select it and use the options panel, as in
Figure 13-1, to increase its size. If it is tricky to select with the mouse, press
END, then SHIFT + HOME to grab it
Figure 13-1
Activity 13.2 Text Colour
Text appears in the foreground colour set in the toolbar, as shown in
Figure 13-2
• With the text selected, click on the foreground colour
• The Color Picker appears, allowing you to pick a different colour
• Click on a colour and click OK
Figure 13-2
Note that the colours are inverted whilst text is selected – click away to see the
new colour.
Once text has been added to an image, you should use the colour picker on the
option bar to change its colour

Photoshop Doc. 9.73 Ver 3
Activity 13.3 Text Options
The text options allow you to change the appearance of text you enter in many
ways.
The first two drop-down menus allow you to select a typeface (Arial, Helvetica
etc) and style (Bold, Italic etc) – not all typefaces have different styles available,
so this menu may be greyed out.
Figure 13-3
The next two drop-downs change the point size and the “anti-aliasing” options.
Point size
Either choose from the menu, or click into the box and type in a number of your
choosing (note that you may also do this in Word, Excel, PowerPoint…) then hit
RETURN to confirm
Anti-aliasing
Anti-aliasing is a method of “smoothing” a part of an image. Smooth will
(arguably) be most often of use, but feel free to try the other options to see how
they appear
Activity 13.4 Text Effects
The final options on the panel allow you to apply further effects to the text. The
first three icons should be familiar, and allow you to left, centre or right align
text.
Clicking the colour square in the middle will allow you to change the colour of the
text
Figure 13-4
• Click on the “Create Warped Text” icon
The warp text dialogue pops up, as in Figure 13-5
• If necessary, click and drag the blue “Warp text” title bar to move the box so
you can see your text
• Choose a style from the drop-down list
• The options below are now enabled – try
moving the sliders to see their effect
Photoshop does its best to apply effects “on
the fly”, as you change options, though there
may be a slight delay
• Click OK when finished
Figure 13-5

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Activity 13.5 Moving text
To move text around the image, click and drag on the image away from the text.
The pointer should change to to indicate that dragging will move the layer.
To edit the text again, click into the text again – the pointer will change to
when you are close enough to the text
Activity 13.6 Text orientation
• On the layers palette, click onto the background layer
Assuming you still have the text tool selected (and if not, select it again), there
is one icon we have not yet used
Figure 13-6
Clicking the icon allows you to enter text vertically on your image, or to change
text already on the image vertically
• Click the icon
Note that with the text tool selected, Photoshop will try to guess what you are
aiming to do – click too near existing text, and it will select it. To add new text,
make sure you click away from existing text – or just add a new layer before
starting. We will add some new text
• Click onto the image, away from the current text
• Type in some text
Bear in mind that Photoshop remembers the last settings you used for text, so
once you have used vertical text, you will need to click the icon to restore
horizontal text if needed.

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14 Retouching tools
Objectives To use Photoshop’s retouching tools
Method Use the Blur, Sharpen and Retouch tools
Comments Remember always to make a new snapshot before using retouching tools; partly
so that you can revert if you make changes you do not want to keep, and partly
to allow a quick “before” and “after” comparison.
Activity 14.1 All three tools are accessible from the icon shown in Figure 14-1 – click and hold
to see the options.
• Use the shortcut, R, to change to the last-used tool
• Use SHIFT+R to cycle between the three
All are fairly self-explanatory in their effects.
- Blurs the area where you draw
- Increases the contrast of individual pixels
- Mimics dragging a finger through wet paint
Figure 14-1
Each tool has, at the top of the screen, a mode and strength setting, as shown in
Figure 14-2 and Figure 14-3 respectively
Figure 14-3
Determines how strongly an effect is
applied
Figure 14-2
Activity 14.2 The Sharpen Tool
The sharpen tool needs the most care of the three, as it is possible to make a
complete mess very quickly. It is used to increase colour contrast in the areas
on which you paint it.
• Open the file frog.jpg from your n: drive
• Choose the Sharpen Tool from the toolbar
• From the options at the top of the screen, choose a strength of 11% and a
large brush size, as in Figure 14-4
• Paint over the frog’s head to sharpen the eye
• The change is slight, but the history panel will allow you to see what has
been done
Figure 14-4

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If you want, try painting over the image with a higher pressure setting to see
how damaging the sharpen tool can be – use the history panel to reverse any
changes you don’t want
Activity 14.3 Sharpen Filter
You may not need to use the sharpen tool, as there are filters available to serve
a similar function.
• Open the file frog.jpg from your n: drive
• Take a duplicate of the image (Image – Duplicate)
• Select the magic wand
• Change the tolerance to 75
• Holding down the SHIFT key, click into the main portion of the eye a few
times, till most of it is selected
• Use the Sharpen Filter by choosing Filter – Sharpen – Sharpen
Activity 14.4 The Blur Tool
The blur tool is most useful for covering up small blemishes, wrinkles etc on
faces. Usage takes practice more than instruction, but to see the effect.
• Open the file redeye.jpg from your n: drive
• Take a copy and close the original
• Select the magic wand tool
• Change the tolerance (on the options panel) to 50
• Click once on the forehead of the left-hand person
• Hold down the SHIFT key and click just to the left of the selected area
You should now have most of the face selected, which protects the hairline
• Zoom in closer to the image – roll the mouse wheel down or use one of the
techniques we have already covered
• Select the blur tool, as in Figure 14-1
• Change the strength (if necessary) to 50%
• Paint over the forehead – you may paint over the hairline with impunity, as it
is outside the selected area
• Note that the more you cover an area, the greater the effect
• Zoom out again to see the effect – a little over the top, perhaps, but effective
The blur tool needs care in use, but applied sparingly it can be very useful in
giving the required effect.

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Activity 14.5 The Smudge Tool
The smudge tool is similar in effect to the blur tool, but allows you to “smudge”
paint from one area to another. Its effects are often even more obvious than the
blur tool, so usage needs still more care.
• Choose one of the marquee tools and click once, anywhere on the image to
deselect the area first chosen
• Zoom in to the person in the middle at about 150%. He has a couple of
blemishes just below his mouth that we will remove
• Choose the smudge tool
• Change the pressure (if necessary) to 50%
• Click just to the side of one of the blemishes and paint over it
Again, a quick and effective way of touching up a photograph, but be careful not
to overdo it.
Activity 14.6 The Sponge Tool
The sponge tool saturates or desaturates the pixels wherever you paint.
Saturation intensifies colours, desaturation dulls them – ultimately turning them
grey.
In its desaturation mode, it can be used to remove red-eye.
Figure 14-5
• Open the image redeye.jpg
• Choose Image – Duplicate
• Close the original
• Select the sponge tool.
• Check that the mode is set to Desaturate, and the brush size is small – 3 or 1
– as in Figure 14-6
Figure 14-6
• Use the zoom tool or mouse wheel to magnify the pupils – remember that
holding down SPACE turns the cursor temporarily into the hand tool, allowing
you to change which part of the picture is displayed
• Click accurately on the pupil until the desired level of red eye fix has been
achieved.

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15 Tools and Shortcuts
Comments For Reference
Activity 15.1
M Marquee Move V
L Lasso Magic Wand W
C Crop
J Airbrush Paintbrush B
S Clone Stamp History brush Y
E Eraser
R Blur/Smooth
Type T
Eyedropper I
H Hand tool Zoom Z
Switch colours X
D Default colours
Full screen mode F
Figure 15-1