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Community Planning - Making it or Faking it? Design Guidelines for Smarter Growth
- 1. MAKING OR FAKING GREAT PLACESDesign Guidelines for Smarter Growth
- 2. Brick Industry Association BIA The Brick Industry Association is a non- profit trade association that represents manufacturers and distributors of kiln fired, clay brick. BIA is the nationally recognized authority on clay brick construction and represents the industry in all model building code forums and national standards committees.
- 3. BIA Community Planning Program BIA’s community planners provide a variety of services (at no cost) to local government agencies including assisting with drafting design guidelines for new development. As a part of BIA’s outreach, our community planners provide on-site presentations, consultations and information on best practices for including clay brick in zoning ordinances and design standards. www.gobrick.com
- 4. Logging CM Credits • planning.org/cm • Go to your Dashboard • Select Activities by Provider • Select Brick Industry Association (BIA) or event #27433 • Select “Design Guidelines for Smarter Growth” • Approved for 1 CM credit
- 5. Contributor Shannon Armstrong Shannon has been a Community Planner for BIA for more than six years. She educates urban planners and elected officials in the Midwest on the benefits that clay brick has for communities. Shannon has more than 13 years experience working with local government agencies, and she also speaks at local conferences throughout the year on topics such as resiliency and sustainability. Shannon has a masters degree in Urban Planning and Public Policy specializing in economic development from the University of Illinois in Chicago.
- 6. Contributor Aaron Steele, AICP Aaron Steele has worked in the brick industry since 2005, first as a Community Planner and currently as Executive Director of the Heartland Region. He leads the region’s education and promotion efforts, including its program of community planning outreach. Aaron has worked for and with local governments as a planner since 1997 and has been a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners since 2002. He holds a B.S. degree in Community and Regional Planning and an MBA, both from Iowa State University, and he serves on the Story County (Iowa) Planning and Zoning Commission.
- 7. Contributors Ann Stanley, AICP Ann Stanley, is a planner with over 14 years experience in the public and private sectors. She has a multidisciplinary background that includes historic preservation, hazard planning and public outreach. She is a consultant to BIA working in the Washington/Baltimore region and with communities in New York and New Jersey recovering from Superstorm Sandy. A member of the American Institute of Certified Planners since 2003, Ann has held appointments with the Toronto Heritage Board and the Land Reutilization Authority for the City of St. Louis. She has a B.A. in Fine Arts from Indiana University and studied urban planning at Ball State University.
- 9. Infill from teardowns undermining the character of existing single family neighborhoods in your community? Is … Making or Faking
- 10. A new multi-family development look less like your community and more like someplace else? Does … Making or Faking
- 11. It look like block after block of the same cluster with minor variations? Does … Making or Faking
- 12. The “character” of the grey field development in your community defined by franchise architecture and parking dominated commercial strips? Is … Making or Faking
- 13. Proposals for new retail have the same off-the-shelf look as every other new development? Do … Making or Faking
- 14. Making or Faking New Paradigm
- 15. Making or Faking New Paradigm
- 17. Smart Growth • Mix Land Uses • Take Advantage of Compact Building Design • Create a Range of Housing Opportunities and Choices • Create Walkable Neighborhoods • Foster Distinctive, Attractive Communities with a Strong Sense of Place • Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Natural Beauty and Critical Environmental Areas • Strengthen and Direct Development Towards Existing Communities • Provide a Variety of Transportation Choices • Make Development Decisions Predictable, Fair and Cost Effective • Encourage Community and Stakeholder Collaboration in Development Decisions The Smart Growth Network
- 18. Making or Faking “A sense of place results when design and development protect and incorporate the distinctive character of a community and its unique context, whether urban or rural..” Smart Growth American Planning Association
- 19. Making or Faking Distinctive character Sense of place
- 20. Making or Faking Distinctive character? Sense of place?
- 21. PART I Identify the Regulatory Framework for Character PART II Identify the Tools to Implement Character PART III Identify the Character Your Community Wants
- 22. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I • You can’t legislate aesthetics • Design guidelines are subjective and arbitrary • Administrative review is time consuming and deters development Legal Authority
- 23. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I “The concept of the public welfare is broad and inclusive . . . The values it represents are spiritual as well as physical; aesthetic as well as monetary. It is within the power of the legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean, well balanced as well as carefully patrolled.” Legislating Aesthetics fsa8b15291http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8b15291 Berman v. Parker (348 U.S. 26; 99 L. ed. 27)
- 24. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I “The concept of the public welfare is broad and inclusive . . . The values it represents are spiritual as well as physical; aesthetic as well as monetary. It is within the power of the legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean, well balanced as well as carefully patrolled.” Legislating Aesthetics Berman v. Parker (348 U.S. 26; 99 L. ed. 27) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pnp/ppmsca/31700/31775v.jpg
- 25. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I “We emphasize what is not in dispute … This court has recognized in a number of settings, that states and cities may enact land use regulations or controls to enhance the quality of life by preserving the character and the desirable features of a city …” Penn Central Transportation Co v City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978) Legislating Aesthetics cph3c13343http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c13343
- 26. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I Legislating Aesthetics GrandCentralAirRightsBuilding,proposaldrawing,ca.1969/unidentified photographer.MarcelBreuerpapers,ArchivesofAmericanArt,Smithsonian Institution. “We emphasize what is not in dispute … This court has recognized in a number of settings, that states and cities may enact land use regulations or controls to enhance the quality of life by preserving the character and the desirable features of a city …” Penn Central Transportation Co v City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978)
- 27. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I “Attractive surroundings always give a greater consciousness of the better things in a community and … through that very attractiveness increase the comfort and welfare of the people.” Kansas City v Liebi, 252 S.W. 404 (1923 Legislating Aesthetics http://www.ralonghistoricalsociety.org/newslets/scartpt.htm
- 28. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I “It defies common sense to require the Planning Board to consider building design in a vacuum. Building design can only be evaluated effectively in the context of the environment in which the buildings will ultimately exist.” (Duerksen 1991) Coscan Washington v. The Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 590 A. 2d 602 (1991) Legislating Aesthetics
- 30. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I • Comprehensive Plan • Strategic Plan • Master Plan • District Plan • Neighborhood Plan Planning Framework
- 31. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I Consistency Planning Framework Advisory Binding
- 32. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I • Dillon’s Rule • Home Rule Planning Framework http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/publications/dillonsrule.pdfpp.18
- 33. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I “… the corporate authorities in each municipality have the following powers: …(12) to establish local standards solely for the review of the exterior design of buildings and structures, …” (65 ILCS 5/) Illinois Municipal Code. (65 ILCS 5/Art. 11 Div. 13 heading) DIVISION 13. ZONING Planning Framework
- 34. IdentifyingtheRegulatoryFrameworkforCharacter PART I ZONING • Euclidian • Performance • Incentive • Form Based Planning Framework
- 36. How do design guidelines fit in?
- 37. PART II Identify the Tools to Implement Character
- 39. IdentifyingtheToolstoImplementCharacter PART II Standards Guidelines Planning Tools • Text based • Prescriptive • Easier to implement • Illustrated with pictures and drawings • Descriptive • Requires trained staff and knowledgeable review board
- 40. IdentifyingtheToolstoImplementCharacter PART II Planning Tools • Standards • Guidelines • Both
- 41. IdentifyingtheToolstoImplementCharacter PART II • Keep it consistent • Who are the end users • Define review process • Well illustrated • Educate Planning Tools
- 42. PART III Identify the Character Your Community Wants
- 46. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Public Engagement • Define Terminology • Identify Boundaries • Identify the Intent • Assess Character • Scenario Analysis • Develop Guidelines Developing Design Guidelines for Character
- 47. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Solicit input • Create a vision • Receive feedback • Connect citizens • Educate the public • Provide information Public Engagement
- 48. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Visual preference survey • Social media • Workshop or Charrette Public Engagement
- 49. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Compatible • Eye of the beholder • Character Define Terminology
- 50. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Compatible ≠ the same as Define Terminology
- 52. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Define Terminology “Able to exist or occur together without conflict”
- 53. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Define Terminology “The distinctive nature of something”Character
- 54. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Roads • Sidewalks • Buildings • Open space Define Terminology
- 57. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Urban Suburban Identify Boundaries Background • Demographics • Existing uses • Development history • Long range plan
- 58. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Preserve existing character • Describe a future character • Expansion or modification Identify Intent
- 59. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Preserve existing character • Describe a future character • Expansion or modification Identify Intent
- 60. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Urban Infill Suburban Infill Identify Intent
- 61. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Suburban Infill Identify Intent • Preserve existing character • Describe a future character
- 62. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Greyfield Redevelopment Identify Intent • Describe a future character
- 64. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Teardown • Infill • Redevelopment • Disaster recovery Identify Intent
- 65. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Context • Framework • Buildings • Architecture Assess Character
- 66. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Assess Character • Walk the area
- 67. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Comparison Study • Context • Framework • Built Form • Architectural style Assess Character
- 68. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Context • Location • Use Assess Character
- 69. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Context • Framework • Built Form • Structure Assess Character
- 70. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Context • Framework • Built Form • Building Bulk • Building Mass • Building Scale Assess Character
- 71. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Context • Framework • Built Form • Architecture • Style or Vernacular • Articulation • Materials Assess Character
- 72. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III • Zoning Ordinance • Subdivision Ordinance Assess Character
- 75. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III The character your community wants Assess Character
- 79. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Preserve Existing Character: • Maintain framework • Maintain built form • Preserve architectural diversity • Maintain traditional materials Scenario analysis
- 80. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Prescribe Future Character: • Identify new framework • Identify a new built form • Preserve architectural diversity • Identify traditional building materials Scenario analysis
- 82. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Modify Character: • Maintain framework • Modify built form • Preserve architectural diversity • Use traditional building materials
- 83. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Multi Family Townhouse Infill Scenario analysis
- 90. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Preserve Existing Character • Match bulk and scale • Match architectural diversity
- 91. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Preserve Existing Character • Match bulk and scale • Match architectural diversity • Match materials
- 92. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Prescribe Future Character: • Identify context • Identify a built form • Identify traditional building materials
- 93. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Greyfield • Prescribe a future character Scenario analysis
- 96. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis • Image Carmel Indiana http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/2012/09/19/smart-growth-stories-local-planning-for-global- competitiveness-in-carmel-in/
- 97. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Prescribe Future Character: • Identify context
- 98. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Prescribe Future Character: • Identify context • Identify a built form
- 99. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Scenario analysis Prescribe Future Character: • Identify context • Identify a built form • Identify traditional building materials
- 103. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Develop Guidelines Comprehensive Plan Zoning Ordinance Standards and Guidelines Engaged Community Character Inventory Scenario Analysis
- 104. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Develop Guidelines • Prioritize Character
- 105. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Develop Guidelines • Prioritize Character • Test Guidelines
- 106. IdentifyingtheCharacterYourCommunityWants PART III Develop Guidelines • Prioritize Character • Test Guidelines • Instructions
- 108. References • Adams, Bill (April 16, 2013) “10 Rules for Smarter Smart Growth.” Retrieved on: April 10, 2014 from www.sandiego.urbdezine.com/2013/04/16/10-rules-for-smarter-smart-growth/ • American Planning Association (April 14, 2012) “Policy Guide on Smart Growth.” Retrieved on: April 2, 2014 from www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/smartgrowth.htm • Borys, Hazel and Talen, Emily (May 16, 2013) “Ways to Fail at Form-Based Codes 04: Don’t Capture the Character”. Retrieved on: April 25, 2014 from, www.placemakers.com/2013/05/16/ways-to-fail-at-form- based-codes-04/ • Bruno, Martin, FAICP. (2006) “Creating a Long-Lasting Community One Brick at a Time.” Retrieved on: April, 10, 2014 from www.planning.org/practicingplanner/2006/win/supertopicfeature1.htm • Chang, Nicholas (September 19, 2012) “Local Planning for Global Competitiveness in Carmel, IN” Retrieved on June 2, 2014 from http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/2012/09/19/smart-growth-stories- local-planning-for-global-competitiveness-in-carmel-in/ • Duerksen, Christopher J. Esq. (Nov.-Dec. 1992) “Zoning for Aesthetics.” Planning Commissioners Journal 7, pp. 9-11
- 109. References • Goers, Randy. (August, 29, 2012) “InVision Tampa, People, Place, Progress; Central City Master Plan” Retrieved on June 2, 2012 from http://search.ncat.org/texis/search/?dropXSL=&pr=SGN2010&prox=page&rorder=500&rprox=500&rdfreq=500&rwfreq=500 &rlead=500&sufs=0&query=street+transformation&x=-1027&y=-70 • Gough, Megan Zimmerman, Puentes, Robert, Richardson, Jesse J..Jr. (January 2003) “Is Home Rule The Answer? Clarifying The Influence Of Dillon's Rule On Growth Management.” Retrieved on April 26, 2014 from: /www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2003/01/01metropolitanpolicy-richardson • Hammel, Douglas, AICP. (March 2011) “Practice Design Guidelines.” Zoning Practice, American Planning Association 3 • Illinois General Assembly. (May 11, 2013) (65 ILCS 5/11-13-1) (from Ch. 24, par. 11-13-1) Retrieved on June 16, 2014 from: http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext.asp?DocName=006500050K11-13-1 • Smart Growth Network “Smart Growth Principles.” Retrieved on: April 2, 2014 from, www.smartgrowth.org/network.php BIA Publications: • Brick Industry Association. “Masonry Ordinance Case Study, Fall Church, Virginia.” www.gobrick.com/Portals/25/docs/Urban%20Planning/VA_FallsChurch_CaseStudy.pdf • Brick Industry Association. “Masonry Ordinance Case Study, Carmel, Indiana.” www.gobrick.com/Portals/25/docs/Urban%20Planning/IN_Carmel_CaseStudy.pdf
- 110. BIA Professional Outreach BIA offers a variety of services to engineers, architects, builders, planners and consumers including national awards competitions, educational seminars and numerous other programs. Provides educational services and seminars to: Engineers, Architects, Planners Publications include: Builder Notes Tech Notes Brick in Architecture