Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin

How much does it cost to subscribe to 24,000 journals?

Serial & Monograph Costs, 1986-2002 North American research libraries ARL Statistics Ray English

Chemistry $3,254 Physics 1,756 Astronomy 2,850 Engineering 1,548 Geology 1,724 Biology 1,323 Math & Computer Sci 1,278 Zoology 1,259 Botany 1,238 Health Sciences 1,132 Library Journal Periodical Price Survey, April 2006 Ray English

Chemistry $3,254

Physics 1,756

Astronomy 2,850

Engineering 1,548

Geology 1,724

Biology 1,323

Math & Computer Sci 1,278

Zoology 1,259

Botany 1,238

Health Sciences 1,132

Library Journal Periodical Price Survey, April 2006

People produce your product for you They check it for quality They’re even kind enough to give you their intellectual property You polish it up and distribute it And you charge those same people handsomely to make their product available back to them They think they must have your product, even though they created it, so you’re free to raise prices

People produce your product for you

They check it for quality

They’re even kind enough to give you their intellectual property

You polish it up and distribute it

And you charge those same people handsomely to make their product available back to them

They think they must have your product, even though they created it, so you’re free to raise prices

What a magnificent ship! What makes it go? Cartoon by Rowland B. Wilson

Request increased budgets Cut subscriptions Reduce monograph purchases Cut subscriptions and reduce monographs Collective purchase of electronic journals Rely on document delivery or ILL Ray English

Request increased budgets

Cut subscriptions

Reduce monograph purchases

Cut subscriptions and reduce monographs

Collective purchase of electronic journals

Rely on document delivery or ILL

Ray English

David Nicholas

Substantial portion is funded by taxpayers supported publicly created in non-profit sector Journal literature is freely given away by authors But journal publishing is largely under corporate control A public good in private hands Ray English

Substantial portion is

funded by taxpayers

supported publicly

created in non-profit sector

Journal literature is freely given away by authors

But journal publishing is largely under corporate control

A public good in private hands

“ By ‘open access’ to this literature [i.e. peer-reviewed journal articles], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.” (Budapest Open Access Initiative, www.soros.org/openaccess/ .)

“ By ‘open access’ to this literature [i.e. peer-reviewed journal articles], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.” (Budapest Open Access Initiative, www.soros.org/openaccess/ .)

First route : authors deposit copy of pre-print or post-print in an “institutional repository” or other open web-site Over 600 open repositories already established world-wide Second route : authors publish in peer-reviewed journals funded by publication charges rather than by library subscriptions Over 1400 peer-reviewed open access journals now listed in the Lund Directory of Open Access Journals www.doaj.org ROAR DOAJ RoMEO

First route : authors deposit copy of pre-print or post-print in an “institutional repository” or other open web-site

Over 600 open repositories already established world-wide

Second route : authors publish in peer-reviewed journals funded by publication charges rather than by library subscriptions

Over 1400 peer-reviewed open access journals now listed in the Lund Directory of Open Access Journals www.doaj.org

Open access enables more people to read research reports More readers lead to greater use and exploitation of research results (including higher numbers of citations), facilitating the funding of further research Greater use of research results leads to more public awareness of the value of scientific research More public awareness leads to a higher political profile for academic research Repositories help university administrators to keep a record of university research reports Frederick Friend

Open access enables more people to read research reports

More readers lead to greater use and exploitation of research results (including higher numbers of citations), facilitating the funding of further research

Greater use of research results leads to more public awareness of the value of scientific research

More public awareness leads to a higher political profile for academic research

Repositories help university administrators to keep a record of university research reports

(“Online or invisible?”, Steve Lawrence in Nature 411, Number 6837, p. 521, 2001.)

Bits and bytes 1010100101000001101010 (not paper) In pervasive cyberspace (not physical space) Databases and/or Web identified by URIs: (not buildings) Cost of distribution fallen by orders of magnitude Read and indexed by machines like Googlebot et al (not just humans) Increasingly public, available to everyone via Open-Access publishing (less private, less restrictive copyright) Everything is great? Alexander Griekspoor www.mekentosj.com Duncan Hull

Bits and bytes 1010100101000001101010 (not paper)

In pervasive cyberspace (not physical space)

Databases and/or Web identified by URIs: (not buildings)

Cost of distribution fallen by orders of magnitude

Read and indexed by machines like Googlebot et al (not just humans)

Increasingly public, available to everyone via Open-Access publishing (less private, less restrictive copyright)

Everything is great?

www.scopus.com www.pubmed.gov http://ukpmc.ac.uk isiknowledge.com scholar.google.com Duncan Hull

Isolation each discipline has its own data silo Impersonal and unsociable “ who the hell are you”? Where are “my” papers? (authored by me, or of interest to me) What are my friends and colleagues reading? What are the experts reading? What is popular this week / month / year ? “ Cold”: Identity of publications and authors is inadequate Obsolete models of publication, not everything fits publication-sized holes Micro-attribution Mega-attribution Digital contributions (databases, software, wikis/blogs?) Duncan Hull

Isolation

each discipline has its own data silo

Impersonal and unsociable

“ who the hell are you”?

Where are “my” papers? (authored by me, or of interest to me)

What are my friends and colleagues reading?

What are the experts reading? What is popular this week / month / year ?

“ Cold”: Identity of publications and authors is inadequate

Obsolete models of publication, not everything fits publication-sized holes

Micro-attribution

Mega-attribution

Digital contributions (databases, software, wikis/blogs?)

How can I find anything?

http://pubmed.gov/18974831 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974831 http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?accid=pmcA2568856 http://ukpmc.ac.uk/picrender.cgi?artid=1687256&blobtype=pdf http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000204 http://www.dbkgroup.org/Papers/hull_defrost_ploscb08.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000204 One paper, many URIs. Disambiguation algorithms rely on getting metadata for each Big problem for libraries is these redundant duplicates Matching can be done by Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and PubMed ID (PMID); these are frequently absent < 5% (Kevin Emamy, citeulike) Duncan Hull

http://pubmed.gov/18974831

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974831

http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?accid=pmcA2568856

http://ukpmc.ac.uk/picrender.cgi?artid=1687256&blobtype=pdf

http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000204

http://www.dbkgroup.org/Papers/hull_defrost_ploscb08.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000204

One paper, many URIs. Disambiguation algorithms rely on getting metadata for each

Big problem for libraries is these redundant duplicates

Matching can be done by Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and PubMed ID (PMID);

these are frequently absent < 5% (Kevin Emamy, citeulike)

Or filter failure?

Publish or perish: number of publications Where are you published? ~24,000 scholarly journals (~6,000 with IF) ~2.5 million publications/year 60-300 applicants per tenure-track position Reading enough publications is impossible!

Publish or perish: number of publications

Where are you published?

~24,000 scholarly journals (~6,000 with IF)

~2.5 million publications/year

60-300 applicants per tenure-track position

Reading enough publications is impossible!

Thomson Reuters: Impact Factor ScImago JournalRank Eigenfactor

Thomson Reuters: Impact Factor

ScImago JournalRank

Eigenfactor

Publikationstätigkeit (vollständige Publikationsliste, darunter Originalarbeiten als Erstautor/in, Seniorautor/in, Impact-Punkte insgesamt und in den letzten 5 Jahren, darunter jeweils gesondert ausgewiesen als Erst- und Seniorautor/in, persönlicher Scientific Citations Index (SCI, h-Index nach Web of Science) über alle Arbeiten) Publications: Complete list of publications, including original research papers as first author, senior author, impact points total and in the last 5 years, with marked first and last-authorships, personal Scientific Citations Index (SCI, h-Index according to web of science) for all publications.

As much as some may want metrics to go away entirely, that Genie is already out of the bottle and won‘t go back in.

Albert Einstein

Who knows what the IF is? Who uses the IF to pick a journal (rate a candidate, etc.)? Who knows how the IF is calculated and from what data?

Who knows what the IF is?

Who uses the IF to pick a journal (rate a candidate, etc.)?

Who knows how the IF is calculated and from what data?

50,000 employees US$600million profit/quarter Thomson family owns 53% $30,000-120,000/year subscription rates

50,000 employees

US$600million profit/quarter

Thomson family owns 53%

$30,000-120,000/year subscription rates

Introduced in 1960’s by Eugene Garfield: ISI 2006 and 2007 2008 IF=5 Articles published in 06/07 were cited an average of 5 times in 08. citations articles

Introduced in 1960’s by Eugene Garfield: ISI

Journal X IF 2008= All citations from Thomsons Reuters journals in 2008 to papers in journal X Number of citable articles published in journal X in 2006/7

Negotiable Irreproducible Not mathematically sound

Negotiable

Irreproducible

Not mathematically sound

PLoS Medicine, IF 2-11 (8.4) Current Biology IF from 7 to 11 in 2003 Bought by Cell press in 2001

PLoS Medicine, IF 2-11 (8.4)

Current Biology IF from 7 to 11 in 2003

Bought by Cell press in 2001

Rockefeller University Press buys their data from TR Up to 19% deviation from published records Second dataset still not correct

Rockefeller University Press buys their data from TR

Up to 19% deviation from published records

Second dataset still not correct

Left-skewed distributions Weak correlation of individual article citation rate with journal IF

Left-skewed distributions

Weak correlation of individual article citation rate with journal IF

www.mendeley.com www.zotero.org connotea.org www.mekentosj.com hubmed.org Re-couple metadata that has be de-coupled from data www.2collab.com www.refworks.com “ iTunes for PDF files”

Where the work is published JournalRank Citations scholarly, hyperlinks, social bookmarks Web usage Publisher platform; 3rd party locations Expert ratings F1000; Peer Reviewers; Ed Boards etc Community rating & commenting Digging; Commenting; Rating etc Peter Binfield

Where the work is published

JournalRank

Citations

scholarly, hyperlinks, social bookmarks

Web usage

Publisher platform; 3rd party locations

Expert ratings

F1000; Peer Reviewers; Ed Boards etc

Community rating & commenting

Digging; Commenting; Rating etc

Media/blog coverage Which sources are considered the most important? Policy development? Who published it? And where do they work? What did they publish before? How ‘impactful’ are they? Who is talking about it? And what authority do they have? Who is citing it ? And what authority do they have? Peter Binfield

Media/blog coverage

Which sources are considered the most important?

Policy development?

Who published it?

And where do they work? What did they publish before? How ‘impactful’ are they?

Who is talking about it?

And what authority do they have?

Who is citing it ?

And what authority do they have?

“ Your article was published in a journal with an Impact Factor of X” Peter Binfield

Your article: Received X citations (de-duped from Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) It was viewed X times, placing it in the top Y% of all articles in this journal/community It received X Comments It was bookmarked X times in Social Bookmarking sites. Experts in your community rated it as X, Y, Z. It was discussed on X ‘respected’ blogs It appeared in X, Y, Z International News media Peter Binfield

Your article:

Received X citations (de-duped from Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science)

It was viewed X times, placing it in the top Y% of all articles in this journal/community

It received X Comments

It was bookmarked X times in Social Bookmarking sites.

Experts in your community rated it as X, Y, Z.

It was discussed on X ‘respected’ blogs

It appeared in X, Y, Z International News media

Prestige of the publisher (if any). Prestige of commenters/users Percentage of a document quoted in other documents. Raw links to the document. Valued links Obvious attention: discussions in blogspace, comments etc Language in comments: positive, negative, clarified, reinterpreted. Quality of author's institutional affiliation(s). Significance of author's other work. Amount of author's participation in other valued projects. Reference network: the significance of all the texts cited. Length of time a document has existed. Inclusion of a document in lists of &quot;best of,&quot; in syllabi, indexes, etc Types of tags assigned to it Authority of the taggers, the authority of the tagging system. Peter Binfield

Prestige of the publisher (if any).

Prestige of commenters/users

Percentage of a document quoted in other documents.

Raw links to the document.

Valued links

Obvious attention: discussions in blogspace, comments etc

Language in comments: positive, negative, clarified, reinterpreted.

Quality of author's institutional affiliation(s).

Significance of author's other work.

Amount of author's participation in other valued projects.

Reference network: the significance of all the texts cited.

Length of time a document has existed.

Inclusion of a document in lists of &quot;best of,&quot; in syllabi, indexes, etc

Types of tags assigned to it

Authority of the taggers, the authority of the tagging system.

Discuss…

No more publishers – libraries archive everything Single semantic, decentralized database of literature and data Peer-review done by independent body Link typology for text/text, data/data and text/data links („citations“) Semantic Text/Datamining All the metrics you (don‘t) want (but need) Tagging, bookmarking, etc. Unique contributor IDs with attribution/reputation system (teaching, reviewing, curating, blogging, etc.) Technically feasible today (almost)

No more publishers – libraries archive everything

Single semantic, decentralized database of literature and data

Peer-review done by independent body

Link typology for text/text, data/data and text/data links („citations“)

Semantic Text/Datamining

All the metrics you (don‘t) want (but need)

Tagging, bookmarking, etc.

Unique contributor IDs with attribution/reputation system (teaching, reviewing, curating, blogging, etc.)

Technically feasible today (almost)