Pathophysiology: Neuroanatomy Part II
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This presentation was given to first year pharmacy students as part of a course on medical physiology and pathophysiology.
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Pathophysiology: Neuroanatomy Part II
- 1. Functional Neuroanatomy Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
- 2. Goals • Sensory – Vision – Audition – Touch • Emotion • Motor • Language
- 3. Major Subdivisions of Brain
- 4. Sulci & Gyri
- 5. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
- 6. Vision Retina -> Optic Nerve -> Thalamus -> Occipital Cortex
- 7. Implications of Visual Wiring 1. optic nerve 2. optic chiasm 3. optic tract 4. optic radiation A. unilateral blindness B. bitemporal hemianopsia C. left homonymous hemianopsia
- 8. Beyond Occipital where pathway what pathway
- 9. Auditory Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals. Carpet Explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwp&v=FjbcAH3dL0s
- 10. Localization of Sound 1. Intensity differences 2. Time differences
- 11. Vestibular • Semicircular Canals: mediate balance & movement of head
- 12. Taste Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”. Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken)
- 13. Gustatory Receptors • Sweet: sucrose • Sour: pH • Saltiness: NaCl • Bitter: organic (carbon) • Umami: Monosodium Glutamate • Fat: ?
- 15. Smell Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of smell.
- 16. Touch & Motor Function M S
- 17. Motor Homunculus
- 18. Motor Neurons Medial Column Lateral Column Brodal (2010). Central Nervous System. p. 282. L/M images from: http://quizlet.com/4690758/neuro-lab-flash-cards/
- 19. Sensory Homunculus Phantom Limbs (0 to 4 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mHIv5ToMTM
- 20. Limbic System: Emotional Brain hypothalamus (#2)
- 21. Hypothalamus & Aggression Stimulation of Medial Hypothalamus Stimulation of Perifornical Nucleus of Hypothalamus
- 23. Amygdala Lesions: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- 26. “Only left-handers are in their right mind.” Handedness Right Left Language Center Left 95% Right 5%
- 27. Left-handers are more likely to have their language center in their right cortex Handedness Right Left Language Center Left 95% 70% Right 5% 30%
- 28. Summary
- 29. Insula
- 30. Lesions of Insula • Smoking following brain damage was examined in patients with insula damage. Naqvi et al. (2007). Science, 315, 531-534.
- 31. Lesions of Insula • Smoking following brain damage was examined in patients with insula damage. • He quit because his “body forgot the urge to smoke” Naqvi et al. (2007). Science, 315, 531-534.
Editor's Notes
- Sensory homunculus is shown.
- Neuroscientist’s fallacy is to refer to these as unique systems.
- The parietal occipital sulcus (not shown) separates parietal & occipital lobes.
- Left visual field information is sensed by photoreceptors on medial half of left eye and lateral half of right eye. Right visual field is sensed on medial half of right eye and lateral half of left eye.
- Dorsal pathway proceeds to posterior parietal cortex & ventral stream to inferior temporal cortex.
- Cochlea is Latin for snail shell (2.5 turns). High frequency sounds are interpreted near oval window and low frequency near apex.
- PrecentralGyrus (primary motor cortex) & Postcentralgyrus (primary sensory cortex)
- Medial Column: back, neck, abdomen, pelvis; Lateral Column: arms (cervical enlargement) & legs (thoracic enlagement)
- Stimulating one nuclei in the hypothalamus can result in undirected expression of emotion (“sham rage”) whereas another results in biting rats neck & killing it without emotional expression (“silent attack”).
- Bilateral lesions of the amygdala may present with hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperphagia, and hyperdocility.
- Brodman’s areas is a cytoarchitectural way of identifying different brain areas. This is best for post-mortem but is less useful for living patients.