The Energy Crisis | Biocity Studio

The Energy Crisis
Kriston Kearney & Zinan Zhang

The Energy Crisis
226 600 gWh of electricity generated within Australia annually
=
18 333 000 000 two storey houses
Of the 226 600 gWh generated, only 209.5 000 gWh is consumed (7.5% discrepancy)
884 400 circuit km of circuit transmission infrastructure
Per capita, Sydney uses 10% more electricity than the rest of NSW
Sydney has an extremely low population density, due to urban sprawl
Sydney’s energy consumption per capita is 15% above average in comparison to other cities of the developed world

The Energy Crisis
27.8% of NSW Electricity used residentially, 22.4% commercially
90.5% of NSW electricity from coal, 6.8% hydro, 1.4% gas, 1.3% renewables
2007 US Study of 50 000 power stations found Eraring & Bayswater in 100 worst. Annually, these 2 power station emit the same carbon dioxide as 4.6 million cars
8-10% of electricity lost in transit

The Energy Crisis
Government introduces Carbon Trading Scheme as a proactive response to Greenhouse Gas Emissions & realisation of finite nature of coal
Electricity prices increase significantly
Power shortages occur as companies attempt to minimise expenditure and output
Economic downturn in commodities
Public outcry for short & long term solution

The Energy Crisis
Trigeneration
The production of electricity, heating and cooling from a single source
Waste heat by-product which results from the generation of electricity is harnessed, and harvested for use in cooling and heating
Same concept as cogeneration, however the third element is the cooling of excess steam in electricity generation by an absorption chiller
Cogeneration is prevalent throughout Frankfurt, where in 1963, new developments were supplied with heat, courtesy of cogeneration from local coal CHP plant
1972 Frankfurt new developments supplied with heat via gas powered CHP plant

The Energy Crisis
Trigeneration Mechanism

The Energy Crisis
Trigeneration Efficiency

The Energy Crisis
Decentralisation
Generating electricity at point of use, or an electric power source connected directly to the distribution network or on the customer side of the meter
Rather than being passive energy consumers, buildings are transformed into power generators for themselves and local energy network
Decentralisation has the ability to synthesis various energy inputs; fossil and renewable sources
Fossil fuel can be used during peak demand periods to cater for demand

The Energy Crisis
Decentralised Trigeneration & Its Benefits
Non centralised electricity loses 8-10% in transmission. This is avoided
Provides power, hot water, space heating & air conditioning from a single source
Trigeneration has a 90% energy efficiency, compared to coal electricity at 35%
Absorption chillers are more energy efficient than existing cooling infrastructure & emit significantly less CFCs
Excess energy created can be redirected onto the power grid and sold back to the power company

The Energy Crisis
New York City
$65 million renovation of existing power plant
40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, $20 million savings for residents
Removed ‘Co-op’ area in the Bronx off city grid. Completely self sufficient for 55 000
Extra energy generated can be diverted in case of black out during peak periods
If this was to be implemented across Sydney, we can expect....

The Energy Crisis
Improved energy efficiency from 33.6 billion kWh per annum, to 15.12 billion kWh per annum
↑ 55%
Improved greenhouse gas emissions from coal electricity generation from 271 million tonnes per annum, to 162.6 million tonnes per annum
↓40%
Decrease electricity bills significantly, as over 50% electricity bill is accounted for by transmission expenses

The Energy Crisis
Project Electricity Sources

The Energy Crisis
Over the 11 year projected period, an average of 23.65% of electricity in NSW will be generated from gas
A consumption rate of 1% of Australia’s gas reserves would be sustainable for 875 years
Current reserves can sustain electricity generation consumption at 23.65% for 37 years and 3 months, or by the solution’s introduction in 2014; 32 years and 3 months
Although there are gas fuelled power stations in; Tallawarra, Liddell, Smithfield, Uranquinty, further station will have to be converted or built
Current contributing co-gen plants: Kurnell (Caltex), Port Kembla (BHP), Clyde (Shell)

The Energy Crisis
Proposed Decentralisation Scheme

The Energy Crisis
Projected Outcomes/Benefits
A more reliable power system, significantly less dependant upon fossil fuels
large step towards rendering coal obsolete
Most affordable stepping stone in the transition to 100% renewable energy
Significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions
Through government incentive, the creation of an updated and sustainable energy system with increased reliability and long term financial benefit
Maximisation of building space and creation of a self sufficient sustainable network

The Energy Crisis
Existing Renewable Energy Power Plants 2008

The Energy Crisis
2025 Proposed Renewable Energy Plants

The Energy Crisis
Solar Energy – Photovoltaics

The Energy Crisis
Solar Power
Three levels: low level (solar panels for pool), middle level (flat plates used for heating water residentially and commercially), high level (use of mirrors and lenses to generate electricity)
Approximately $50 000 to install a solar system capable of powering a house and rendering it self sufficient
Through financial incentives and substantial subsidies, the transition to completely renewable power will be undertaken. Feed in tariffs to be introduced
Push for BIPV- Building Integrated Photovoltaics

The Energy Crisis
Solar Generation vs. Consumption

Wind Generated Energy
Approximated 1% of Australia’s electricity is from wind power, with annual production figures of 1125 MW as of 2008
2007, Australia’s wind generation capacity is 0.8 GW in comparison to Germany’s 22 GW, US’ 16 GW
Wind power development costs around $1 million per MW of generating capacity installed. To take advantage of economies of scale, wind power facilities should be in excess of 20 MW.
1 Wind turbine = 750 kW in capacity
Wind farms can by placed on land, or offshore as seen in the UK
Therefore 26 turbines arerequired to produce20 mW, and an investment of $20 million
The Energy Crisis

The Energy Crisis
In the Long Term…
A developer will secure tentative commitments from one or more buyers for the wind plants output over 10 – 30 years of its operational lifetime
In combination with other renewable sources, will eventually take up 100% of Australia’s dependence on renewable energy.
Bayswater Coal Plant (NSW) = 2640 MW at capacity with 4 turbines
Blayney Wind Farm (NSW) = 9.9 MW at capacity with 15 turbines
264 x 15 =

3960 Wind Turbines!

The Energy Crisis....Solved
Thank you for listening!
Kriston Kearney & Zinan Zhang

The Energy Crisis | Biocity Studio

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