Jay Crossler Senior Software Engineer Serious Games & Game Design Lecture 2 : Course Book Review - Theory of Fun, Player Archetypes

The Theory of Fun Why is work usually not fun?* *at least, for most people

Consider tic-tac-toe Kids will play it continuously… and always lose Victory seems just barely outside their grasp And then… one day, all games become draws At this point, they don’t enjoy playing it anymore Did mastery and understanding come so suddenly? Do they understand it’s a limited game with an optimal strategy? Or, do they just see a pattern, and not really understand it? To us, does it matter if it’s a O(n) problem, O(n 2 ), or O(n!)? Then, do we really understand it?

Kids will play it continuously… and always lose

Victory seems just barely outside their grasp

And then… one day, all games become draws

At this point, they don’t enjoy playing it anymore

Did mastery and understanding come so suddenly?

Do they understand it’s a limited game with an optimal strategy?

Or, do they just see a pattern, and not really understand it?

To us, does it matter if it’s a O(n) problem, O(n 2 ), or O(n!)? Then, do we really understand it?

The Problem Games are very multidimensional Game Development has mostly been an art, not a science Not many teachers understand them Even fewer agree that it’s a valid area of study No one really understands what makes something fun And, in the US, video game fun is a $10B/year industry Even more important, games teach values and problem solving skills, both to children and adults

Games are very multidimensional

Game Development has mostly been an art, not a science

Not many teachers understand them

Even fewer agree that it’s a valid area of study

No one really understands what makes something fun

And, in the US, video game fun is a $10B/year industry

Even more important, games teach values and problem solving skills, both to children and adults

Why are games not fun? People quit when it’s too hard to win

People quit when it’s too hard to win

Why are games not fun? People quit when it’s too easy to win

People quit when it’s too easy to win

How do we think? Humans take in vast amounts of information and chunk it into smaller pieces Humans can see up to 72 frames per second (60 is adequate) Humans can distinguish millions of colors (women 30% more) Can recognize image (afterblurs) even at 1/220 th of a second 100M neurons in the retina The eye processes 10 Million point images/sec Brain holds about 100M Megabytes Yet, we are always taking mental shortcuts Brain only notices √ of what we see (estimated at 2000bits/frame)

Humans take in vast amounts of information and chunk it into smaller pieces

Humans can see up to 72 frames per second (60 is adequate)

Humans can distinguish millions of colors (women 30% more)

Can recognize image (afterblurs) even at 1/220 th of a second

100M neurons in the retina

The eye processes 10 Million point images/sec

Brain holds about 100M Megabytes

Yet, we are always taking mental shortcuts

Brain only notices √ of what we see (estimated at 2000bits/frame)

MIPS/Megabytes program growth

“ The best programmer is a lazy programmer” To fight this huge onslaught of data, we chunk and create “icons” Interface standard – Only give 3-7 options Most people can only make judgments about 4 things at once

To fight this huge onslaught of data, we chunk and create “icons”

Interface standard – Only give 3-7 options

Most people can only make judgments about 4 things at once

Chunking isn’t always good

Discovering patterns is fun People dislike chaos, they prefer ordered, chunk able patterns But there is a thrill of delight when you get it , and discover the pattern

People dislike chaos, they prefer ordered, chunk able patterns

But there is a thrill of delight when you get it , and discover the pattern

Grokking “ Grok” – from R. A. Heinlien’s Stranger in a Strange Land When you understand something so deeply that you become one with it… even love it. Grokking something is understanding it beyond intuition Very similar to muscle memory Brain has three levels of thought 1 – Conscious thought – logical, mathematical, list-based 2 – Intuitive, associative, integrative – chunking, no words 3 – Autonomic nervous system – whole sets of decisions

“ Grok” – from R. A. Heinlien’s Stranger in a Strange Land

When you understand something so deeply that you become one with it… even love it.

Grokking something is understanding it beyond intuition

Very similar to muscle memory

Brain has three levels of thought

1 – Conscious thought – logical, mathematical, list-based

2 – Intuitive, associative, integrative – chunking, no words

3 – Autonomic nervous system – whole sets of decisions

Practice is building a library of chunked skills and decisions

What is fun?

What are games? Games are real They’re just abstracted pictures of reality A “Magic Circle” of disconnection… a formal system Their pattern may or may not exist in reality Games are puzzles to solve We learn underlying patterns, grok them fully, then file them Very similar to learning the piano, or learning to drive, or fight Only real difference is that stakes are usually much lower Games are concentrated chunks of reality Abstracted and iconic, already prepared for our brains to use They are formal systems, and don’t have messy details Games are very powerful learning tools

Games are real

They’re just abstracted pictures of reality

A “Magic Circle” of disconnection… a formal system

Their pattern may or may not exist in reality

Games are puzzles to solve

We learn underlying patterns, grok them fully, then file them

Very similar to learning the piano, or learning to drive, or fight

Only real difference is that stakes are usually much lower

Games are concentrated chunks of reality

Abstracted and iconic, already prepared for our brains to use

They are formal systems, and don’t have messy details

Games are very powerful learning tools

Play vs. Game vs. Sport Iconified representations of human experience that we can practice with and learn patterns from What’s the difference between a game and a book? Books offer patterns to the highest level of your brain Games offer patterns to one level lower In a book, you can read “weather is important to armies” In a game, you can get your army beaten and really feel it You can not practice a pattern or run permutations with a book

Iconified representations of human experience that we can practice with and learn patterns from

What’s the difference between a game and a book?

Books offer patterns to the highest level of your brain

Games offer patterns to one level lower

In a book, you can read “weather is important to armies”

In a game, you can get your army beaten and really feel it

You can not practice a pattern or run permutations with a book

Is fun just learning? Play, Games, Sports All about recognizing goals and patterns, just usually have different risks and rewards Why, then, do some people not think learning is fun?

Play, Games, Sports

All about recognizing goals and patterns, just usually have different risks and rewards

Why, then, do some people not think learning is fun?

How can a game be fun? Games are exercise for our brains As we learn the patterns, more novelty is needed Practice can keep a game fresh, but soon we’ll grok it Games are thus disposable, and boredom is inevitable Formal games are very susceptible to this They usually don’t have enough variables to be interesting The pattern is too easily figured out The more formally constructed a game is, the more limiting it will be Adding physics, psychology, multiplayer all add variables

Games are exercise for our brains

As we learn the patterns, more novelty is needed

Practice can keep a game fresh, but soon we’ll grok it

Games are thus disposable, and boredom is inevitable

Formal games are very susceptible to this

They usually don’t have enough variables to be interesting

The pattern is too easily figured out

The more formally constructed a game is, the more limiting it will be

Adding physics, psychology, multiplayer all add variables

Is this fun?

The theory of fun Fun is about our brain feeling good Brains release endorphins into our system Our brains are on drugs all the time There’s a chemical release when we master a task Our “moment of triumph” is rewarded by the brain Notice someone always smiles when they “get it” Needed for survival of the species It is the act of solving puzzles that makes a game fun

Fun is about our brain feeling good

Brains release endorphins into our system

Our brains are on drugs all the time

There’s a chemical release when we master a task

Our “moment of triumph” is rewarded by the brain

Notice someone always smiles when they “get it”

Needed for survival of the species

It is the act of solving puzzles that makes a game fun

What is the opposite?

What is boredom, then? When a game stops teaching us, we feel bored Boredom is the brain looking for new information It happens when there are no new patterns to absorb When a book is dull, it’s failing to show a captivating pattern Don’t underestimate the brains desire to learn The brain craves stimuli Not necessarily new experiences , just new data to make patterns Experiences force new chunking, and the brain doesn’t like to do more work that it has to (That’s why it chunks in the first place!)

When a game stops teaching us, we feel bored

Boredom is the brain looking for new information

It happens when there are no new patterns to absorb

When a book is dull, it’s failing to show a captivating pattern

Don’t underestimate the brains desire to learn

The brain craves stimuli

Not necessarily new experiences , just new data to make patterns

Experiences force new chunking, and the brain doesn’t like to do more work that it has to (That’s why it chunks in the first place!)

The Theory of Fun in Games Games must navigate between boredom and overload Watch out for: Tic-tac-toe – “Too easy” Baseball RBI scores for 20 years – “Fun but not worth my time” Don’t see any patterns – “Too hard” Patterns shown too slowly – “It’s too repetitive” Patterns shown too quickly – “It got too hard too fast” Players mastered the pattern – “I beat it” Fun is just another word for learning A successful game is one that teaches everything it has to offer before the player gets bored and stops playing Is this the same for XML classes, then?

Games must navigate between boredom and overload

Watch out for:

Tic-tac-toe – “Too easy”

Baseball RBI scores for 20 years – “Fun but not worth my time”

Don’t see any patterns – “Too hard”

Patterns shown too slowly – “It’s too repetitive”

Patterns shown too quickly – “It got too hard too fast”

Players mastered the pattern – “I beat it”

Fun is just another word for learning

A successful game is one that teaches everything it has to offer before the player gets bored and stops playing

Is this the same for XML classes, then?

For more… buy the course book “ Theory of Fun ”, by Raph Koster

Are grokers experts? 1. Experts notice features and meaningful patterns of information that are not noticed by novices. 2. Experts have acquired a great deal of content knowledge that is organized in ways that reflect a deep understanding of their subject matter. 3. Experts' knowledge cannot be reduced to sets of isolated facts or propositions but, instead, reflects contexts of applicability: that is, the knowledge is "conditionalized" on a set of circumstances. 4. Experts are able to flexibly retrieve important aspects of their knowledge with little attentional effort. 5. Though experts know their disciplines thoroughly, this does not guarantee that they are able to teach others. 6. Experts have varying levels of flexibility in their approach to new situations.

1. Experts notice features and meaningful patterns of information that are not noticed by novices.

2. Experts have acquired a great deal of content knowledge that is organized in ways that reflect a deep understanding of their subject matter.

3. Experts' knowledge cannot be reduced to sets of isolated facts or propositions but, instead, reflects contexts of applicability: that is, the knowledge is "conditionalized" on a set of circumstances.

4. Experts are able to flexibly retrieve important aspects of their knowledge with little attentional effort.

5. Though experts know their disciplines thoroughly, this does not guarantee that they are able to teach others.

6. Experts have varying levels of flexibility in their approach to new situations.

Player Archetypes Why do people play games so differently? also An introduction to Massively Multiplayer Games

How people choose games

Bartle Personality Types ♦ Achiever Players give themselves game-related goals, then vigorously set out to achieve them. Build cities, accumulate treasure. ♥ Socializer Use communication facilities for role-playing or to converse and interact with others. ♠ Explorer Try to find out as much as possible about the game. Search areas and mechanics, fight every monster, do every quest. ♣ Imposer (Killer) Provide game tools to cause distress on others. Usually involves applying a powerful sword to another players head.

♦ Achiever

Players give themselves game-related goals, then vigorously set out to achieve them. Build cities, accumulate treasure.

♥ Socializer

Use communication facilities for role-playing or to converse and interact with others.

♠ Explorer

Try to find out as much as possible about the game. Search areas and mechanics, fight every monster, do every quest.

♣ Imposer (Killer)

Provide game tools to cause distress on others. Usually involves applying a powerful sword to another players head.

Bartle Personality Types ♦ Achievers Say: &quot;I'm busy.&quot; &quot;Sure, I'll help you. What do I get?&quot; &quot;So how do YOU kill the dragon, then?&quot; &quot;Only 4211 points to go!&quot; ♥ Socializers Say: &quot;Hi!&quot; &quot;Yeah, well, I'm having trouble with my boyfriend.&quot; &quot;What happened? I missed it, I was talking.&quot; ♠ Explorers Say: &quot;Hmm...&quot; &quot;You mean you don't know the shortest route from <obscure room 1> to <2>?&quot; &quot;I haven't tried that, what's it do?&quot; ♣ Killers Say: &quot;Ha!&quot; &quot;Coward!&quot; &quot;Die!&quot; &quot;Die! Die! Die!&quot; &quot;N00b!&quot;

♦ Achievers Say:

&quot;I'm busy.&quot; &quot;Sure, I'll help you. What do I get?&quot; &quot;So how do YOU kill the dragon, then?&quot; &quot;Only 4211 points to go!&quot;

♥ Socializers Say:

&quot;Hi!&quot; &quot;Yeah, well, I'm having trouble with my boyfriend.&quot; &quot;What happened? I missed it, I was talking.&quot;

♠ Explorers Say:

&quot;Hmm...&quot; &quot;You mean you don't know the shortest route from <obscure room 1> to <2>?&quot; &quot;I haven't tried that, what's it do?&quot;

♣ Killers Say:

&quot;Ha!&quot; &quot;Coward!&quot; &quot;Die!&quot; &quot;Die! Die! Die!&quot; &quot;N00b!&quot;

Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOs) Are MMOs: Games? Like chess, tennis, D&D? Yes - to achievers. Pastimes? Like reading, gardening, cooking? Yes - to explorers. Sports? Like huntin', shooting, fishin'? Yes - to killers. Entertainments? Like nightclubs, TV, concerts? Yes - to socialisers.

Are MMOs:

Games? Like chess, tennis, D&D? Yes - to achievers.

Pastimes? Like reading, gardening, cooking? Yes - to explorers.

Sports? Like huntin', shooting, fishin'? Yes - to killers.

Entertainments? Like nightclubs, TV, concerts? Yes - to socialisers.

People play what is familiar

MMO Demographics Source: The Daedelus project In MMOs: Average age is 26 50% work full time 25% are teenagers 36% are married 22% have children 60% have played more than 10 hours continuously 20% play with a romantic partner 28% play with a family member MMO players spend an average of 22 hours/week playing Americans spend an average of 24 hours/week watching TV

In MMOs:

Average age is 26

50% work full time

25% are teenagers

36% are married

22% have children

60% have played more than 10 hours continuously

20% play with a romantic partner

28% play with a family member

MMO players spend an average of 22 hours/week playing

Americans spend an average of 24 hours/week watching TV

Time spent “in game” Given a hypothetical pool of 1000 players: 840 would be male 160 would be female Of the 840 male players: 193 would be playing a female 647 would be playing a male Of the 160 female players: 5 would be playing a male 155 would be playing a female In other words: About 1 out of every 2 female characters is played by a man About 1 out of every 100 male characters is played by a woman

Given a hypothetical pool of 1000 players:

840 would be male

160 would be female

Of the 840 male players:

193 would be playing a female

647 would be playing a male

Of the 160 female players:

5 would be playing a male

155 would be playing a female

In other words:

About 1 out of every 2 female characters is played by a man

About 1 out of every 100 male characters is played by a woman

Occupational Status

Profession Types, Life Lessons

Activity Matrix People’s interests can be broken down into 12 main categories

People’s interests can be broken down into 12 main categories

Activity Matrix These types-of interests correspond highly to categories of game-player

These types-of interests correspond highly to categories of game-player

What do players want? Players want a Challenge Players want to Socialize Players want a dynamic Solitaire experience Players want bragging rights Players want an emotional experience Players want to fantasize

Players want a Challenge

Players want to Socialize

Players want a dynamic Solitaire experience

Players want bragging rights

Players want an emotional experience

Players want to fantasize

What do players expect? Players expect: A consistent world (one that they can chunk and grok) A world with understandable bounds Reasonable solutions should work Direction towards success… goals Accomplishment of tasks incrementally… subgoals Immersion … to fail … a fair chance … not to need to repeat themselves … never to be hopelessly stuck … to do, not to watch

Players expect:

A consistent world (one that they can chunk and grok)

A world with understandable bounds

Reasonable solutions should work

Direction towards success… goals

Accomplishment of tasks incrementally… subgoals

Immersion

… to fail

… a fair chance

… not to need to repeat themselves

… never to be hopelessly stuck

… to do, not to watch

How do you satisfy people? Use Interface conventions Let them rely on their existing knowledge A familiar topic helps people get right into the game Give a lot of positive feedback early in the game Give them the idea they’re on the right track Everything they do, the computer acknowledges it, recognizes it, and thinks it’s really cool Prototype! In 2 years of development, 1.25 of it is for playing/testing Balance so that it’s not boring/too hard is crucial

Use Interface conventions

Let them rely on their existing knowledge

A familiar topic helps people get right into the game

Give a lot of positive feedback early in the game

Give them the idea they’re on the right track

Everything they do, the computer acknowledges it, recognizes it, and thinks it’s really cool

Prototype!

In 2 years of development, 1.25 of it is for playing/testing

Balance so that it’s not boring/too hard is crucial

“ Subgames” can meet the needs of different personalities In Sid Meyer’s Pirates , you have subgames for: Sword-fights Navigating your ship Raiding a town In Sid Meier’s Civilization , subgames are integrated : Military system Economic Stock Market system Production systems ..all of these are intertwined “ Do I invent a new chariot, or give the people that stadium?” Scale: Starting small with one settler, building an empire Started with Will Wright’s Sim City Notice that in some games, there are no goals – you infer what they should be from real life

In Sid Meyer’s Pirates , you have subgames for:

Sword-fights

Navigating your ship

Raiding a town

In Sid Meier’s Civilization , subgames are integrated :

Military system

Economic Stock Market system

Production systems ..all of these are intertwined

“ Do I invent a new chariot, or give the people that stadium?”

Scale: Starting small with one settler, building an empire

Started with Will Wright’s Sim City

Notice that in some games, there are no goals – you infer what they should be from real life

Classic arcade game traits Single Screen Play .. Easy for old graphics cards Infinite Play .. Keep putting in quarters Multiple Lives .. Make you think you have a chance Scoring/High scores .. Players want bragging rights Easy-to-learn gameplay No Story

Single Screen Play .. Easy for old graphics cards

Infinite Play .. Keep putting in quarters

Multiple Lives .. Make you think you have a chance

Scoring/High scores .. Players want bragging rights

Easy-to-learn gameplay

No Story

Classic arcade games Input How responsive do you want to be to the users inputs? Interconnectedness Keep everything in theme with related metaphors Escalating Tension Building speed, with temporary periods of relief Player Focus Keep their attention concentrated on one spot Minimize the superfluous distractions

Input

How responsive do you want to be to the users inputs?

Interconnectedness

Keep everything in theme with related metaphors

Escalating Tension

Building speed, with temporary periods of relief

Player Focus

Keep their attention concentrated on one spot

Minimize the superfluous distractions

The point? Game designers now either build a game completely targeted to one or two personality type Mortal Kombat (Killer) Doom (Explorer, Killer) The Sims (Socializer, Achiever) Or, they build games aimed at balancing across each Star Wars Galaxies Professions for: Dancer, Chef, Image Designer, Architect, Droid Engineer, Pistoleer, Bounty Hunter, Commando, etc. World of Warcraft Each class has parts which satisfy desires of each personality archetype

Game designers now either build a game completely targeted to one or two personality type

Mortal Kombat (Killer)

Doom (Explorer, Killer)

The Sims (Socializer, Achiever)

Or, they build games aimed at balancing across each

Star Wars Galaxies

Professions for: Dancer, Chef, Image Designer, Architect, Droid Engineer, Pistoleer, Bounty Hunter, Commando, etc.

World of Warcraft

Each class has parts which satisfy desires of each personality archetype