Alcohol

ALCOHOL

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL & ROLE OF DISULFIRAM MARIA RUPINI J ROLL NO:46

True or False? Alcohol Slows Down Your Body and Mind.

TRUE!!!
Depressant.
Leaves you unable to think, react, and make decisions as you normally would.

True or False? You Feel Alcohol’s Effects Right Away.

TRUE!!!
Absorbed into bloodstream very quickly (within 5-10 minutes).
Passes from stomach directly into bloodstream.
Affects every organ, including brain.

People who have developed dependence on alcohol are called ALCOHOLICS .

Alcoholism
Disease in which a person has physical or psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol.
Characterized as an impaired ability to study, work, or socialize normally.

Alcohol Dependence
Characterized by the following:
Craving: A strong need, or compulsion, to drink.
Loss of control: The inability to limit one’s drinking on any given occasion.

Physical dependence: Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, occur when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking.
Tolerance: The need to drink greater amounts of alcohol in order to “get high.”

Blood Alcohol Concentration
Amount of alcohol in a person’s bloodstream
legal limit acc to IL is .08% for people 21 years and older
& is zero for people under 21

THE BRAIN

Neuronal depressant.
Small doses – euphoria , relief of anxiety, loss of social inhibitions & moods and feelings are altered.
Moderate dose – impair muscular co-ordination & visual acuity -driving dangerous.
Higher dose – mental clouding, impaired judgment, drowsiness & loss of self control.

High doses-stupor, coma& death
Sleep architecture-disorganized, sleep apnoea
Precipitates convulsions
Tolerance on long-term use

Damages Frontal, Temporal lobes,
Hippocampus
Decreases the no of dendrites
and axons
Increases Ventricle Size
Decreases blood flow

Wernicke-Korsakoffs Syndrome- ophthalmoplegia,ataxia,delirium,stupour. Psychosis,polyneuritis,insomnia etc
Other Psychological and Psychiatric problems

THE LIVER

Liver suffers more than any other organ.
Liver is responsible for filtering alcohol.
Excess calories are stored in liver as fat.

Can only oxidize about 1 serving of alcohol an hour
NO WAY to speed up this process
Until liver has had time to oxidize all of the alcohol ingested, it keeps circulating through the bloodstream

Healthy Liver Alcoholic Liver

Chronic consumption accumulation of fat-fatty degeneration & cirrhosis.
CIRRHOSIS
scarring of liver
no blood flow in scarred area

liver cannot function
symptoms: high blood pressure, abdominal swelling, jaundice
IRREVERSIBLE

Heart/Blood Vessels
Small doses-Perspiration vasodilation-skin becomes flushed, feeling of warmth.
Moderate doses-tachycardia, mild rise in BP- muscular activity & sympathetic stimulation.

Large doses-myocardial & vasomotor depression- BP
Chronic alcoholism-HTN & cardiomyopathy
Atrial fibrillation & other cardiac arrhythmias may occur due to conduction defects & Q-T prolongation.

THE STOMACH

Stomach
15-20% absorbed here Short Term-
Stomach acids increase, - nausea, vomiting, mucosal congestion & gastritis
Long Term-
Chronic gastritis, ulcers & risk of stomach cancer

THE PANCREAS
Increased concentration of Pancreatic enzymes
Decreased volume of enzyme secretion
Pancreatitis
Decreased insulin production –
Secondary Diabetes
Bleeding Pancreas of an Alcoholic, he’s now dead!

Pyloric Valve- Spasms in the presence of large amounts of ethanol Small Intestine- Majority of Ethanol absorbed here Damages Mucosal Cells, Villi, and Microvilli Decreases absorption of nutrients and vitamins Increases Triglyceral and Cholesterol production

Gall Bladder
Decreased amounts of Bile Secretion
Large Intestine
Decreased water and vitamin absorption
-Diarrhoea

Alcohol can even cause skin problems such as acne and splotchy skin.
eeew!

BLOOD CHANGES RBC Decreased Production-Anemia WBC Decreased production Decreased response time more infections Increased risk for STD’s/HIV

Platelets
Decreased production
Decreased clotting time
More bumps and bruises
Endocrine Effects
Inhibits Vasopressin release
Decreases thyroid hormones,
progesterone, testosterone,
Luteinizing hormone, and others

Males Damages or kills Leydig Cells Increases feminine characteristics Decreased sexual drive, reproductive failure, impotence Females Early Menopause Premenstrual discomfort Increased menstrual Flows Infertility

Skeletal Muscle Di srupts internal structure of muscle Cramps, pain, weakness  Alcoholic Myopathy

FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Most common preventable cause of adverse CNS development
Characteristics
Growth retardation
Facial malformations
Small head
Greatly reduced intelligence

Binge Drinking
5 or more drinks in a sitting for men
4 or more drinks in a sitting for women

Dangers of Binge Drinking
Unintentional injuries (e.g. car crash, falls, burns, drowning).
Intentional injuries (e.g. firearm injuries, sexual assault, domestic violence).
Alcohol poisoning.
STD’s and/or Unintended pregnancy.
High blood pressure, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases.
Liver Disease

ALCOHOL TOXICITY
A.MODERATE DRINKING
Nausea, vomiting
Flushing
Hangover
Traffic accidents

B. Acute alcoholic intoxication
Hypotension, gastritis, hypoglycemia, collapse, respiratory depression, coma & death
TREATMENT:
Patent airway
Tracheal intubation & positive pressure respiration
Fluid & electrolyte balance
Glucose infusion

Thiamine(100mg in 500ml glucose soln infused i.v. slowly)
Haemodialysis
Insulin + fructose drip
Gastric lavage
C. Chronic alcoholism
Tolerance & dependance develops & All systems affected.

WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
Anxiety, sweating,impairment of sleep, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, tremors,irritability,HTN, convulsions & collapse
Treatment
CNS depressants: barbiturates, phenothiazines, chloral hydrate
BENZODIAZEPINES & NALTREXONE

METHANOL POISONING
Alcohol DH
METHANOL FORMALDEHYDE FORMIC ACID Aldehyde DH TOXIC EFFECT DUE TO FORMIC ACID

MANIFESTATIONS OF TOXICITY
Headache,vertigo,severe abdominal pain,vomiting,hypotension,delirium, acidosis & coma
Affinity for optic n  retinal damage  blindness(15ml)
Death(respiratory failure)

TREATMENT
Correction of acidosis-IV sodium bicarbonate
Dark room
Gastric lavage
Maintain BP & ventilation
Ethyl alcohol
Antidote-FOMEPIZOLE
Haemodialysis

Drinking before age 21 is ILLEGAL!!! Don’t gamble with your future!

It Kills and Badly Injures

TOO MANY YOUNG LIVES ARE LOST EACH YEAR

After a nasty break up she got drunk and went for a drive, with a BAC of .19, missed a turn, flipped and rolled the car more than 5 times. Fifteen surgeries later she is disfigured and blind with permanent brain damage, luckily she did not hurt or kill anyone else. Meet Denise Wagoner

DISULFIRAM
Used in chronic alcoholics
Trade name: Antabuse & Antabus

ALCOHOL DH
ACETALDEHYDE DH
Disulfiram (-)acetaldehyde DH
ALCOHOL ACETALDEHYDE ACETATE co 2 + H 2 O

4)Nausea & vomiting,
5)throbbing headache, visual disturbance, mental confusion, postural fainting,
6)circulatory collapse.
EFFECT:7-14 days after stopping alcohol
Aversion to alcohol intake-gives up the habit.

Peak-12hrsDosage:1g,0.75g,0.5g,0.25g
sensitization:2-3hrs after 1 st dose
Disulfiram should not be taken if alcohol has been consumed in the last 12 hours

N o tolerance to disulfiram: longer it is taken, the stronger its effects.
As disulfiram is absorbed slowly through digestive tract and eliminated slowly by body, effects may last for up to 2 weeks after initial intake.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Liver disease
Physically dependant on alcohol
SIDE EFFECTS
rashes, metallic taste, nervousness, malaise, abdominal upset, tingling of legs & shortness of breath

DRUGS THAT PPT DISULFIRAM LIKE REACTIONS
Metronidazole
Sulfonylureas
Griseofulvin
Some cephalosporins
Phenylbutazone
Nitrofurantoin

Don’t Live Dangerously

Too Smart To Start

SAFEST AMOUNT OF DRINKS = 0!!! This is at any age!!!!

THANK YOU

Alcohol

by bhavyalathaa

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Alcohol Presentation Transcript