1. Lingustics ==> scientific study of language
Main branches of lingustics :
1. Morphology = study of words formation
2. Phonetics = study of speech sounds / how speech sounds are made
3. Phonology = study of sounds pattern or system of language / how
speech sounds are used to convey meaning
4. Pragmatics = study of language meaning in context
5. Syntax = study of sentences structure / how the words combine
to form a grammatical sentences
6. Semantics = study of language meaning
language : the system that uses some physical sgn (gesture, sound, mark)
to express meaning for communication
Phonetics and phonology are related, dependent fields for studying aspects of language.
Phonetics is the study of sound in speech; phonology is the study (and use) of sound
patterns to create meaning. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and
received, including study of the human vocal and auditory tracts, acoustics, and
neurology. Phonology relies on phonetic information for its practice, but focuses on how
patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and how such
patterns are interpreted. Phonology includes comparative linguistic studies of how
cognates, sounds, and meaning are transmitted among and between human communities
and languages.
Example: just dʒ st
Definition of language:
A language is an arbitrary system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of
humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society (Francis,1958:13).
From the definition above , it can be known:
1. Language is systematic.
2. Language is basically oral, and that the oral symbols represent meaning related to life
situations and experiences
3. Language has a social function and without it society would not exist.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
It deals with a particular body of material: spoken and written language.
Linguistics is divided into five main branches, they are:
1. Phonetics
2. 2. Phonemics
3. Morphemics
4. Syntax
5. Semantics
1. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics dealing with sound features or qualities and their
arrangement into speech sounds, or phones.
2. Phonemics is a branch of linguistics dealing with phones and their arrangement into
groups or families , called phonemes.
3. Morphemics is a branch of linguistics dealing with speech sounds and their
arrangement into meaningful groups called morphs. It is also concerned with the
arrangement of these morphs into family called morphemes and their combination of
morphemes into words.
4. Syntax is a branch of linguistics dealing with syntactic structures which are called
phrases, clauses, and sentences.
5. Semantics is a branch of linguistics dealing with the study of meaning of language.
Drama: the taming of the screw, hamlet, king lear
Prose: Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics; plain; dull; prosaic; as, the
prose duties of life.
Poetry:
Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and
rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. Poetry has been known
to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary.
“Fire and Ice”
Complete Text
Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice, 5
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.
Summary
3. The speaker considers the age-old question of whether the world will end in fire or in ice.
This is similar to another age-old question: whether it would be preferable to freeze to
death or burn to death. The speaker determines that either option would achieve its
purpose sufficiently well.
A grammar which puts together the patterns of the language and the things you can do
with them is called a functional grammar.
Systemic Function Linguistics views language as a resource for making meanings. This
may mean that every single utterance of language is used to communicate meanings or
messages. In this view the meanings relate to (1) the construal of the inner and outer
world of experience, (2) the interaction with language, and (3) the organization of the
inner and outer world of experience and the interaction with language.
An utterance, therefore, has those three meanings: ideational or experiential meaning,
interpersonal meaning and textual meaning. These three meanings are known as
metafunctions.
Sociolinguistics means the study of how the people around you and your heritage can
change the way you speak. (noun)
An example of sociolinguistics is a study of Spanish and English being spoken together
as Spanglish.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable
humans to acquire, use, and understand language.
It is concerned with the relationship between the human mind and the language as it
examines the processes that occur in brain while producing and perceiving both written
and spoken discourse.
for example, as non-invasive techniques for studying the neurological workings of the
brain become more and more widespread, neurolinguistics has become a field in its own
right. Psycholinguistics covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a
grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and grammatical structures, as
well as the processes that make it possible to understand utterances, words, text, etc.
semiotic The theory and study of signs and symbols, especially as elements of language
or other systems of communication, and comprising semantics, syntactics, and
pragmatics. It is the study of how meaning is created, not what it is. Below are some brief
4. definitions of semiotic terms, beginning with the smallest unit of meaning and proceeding
towards the larger and more complex:
Maher goes to Bunta Island. He arrived there tomorrow.
The word he and there is deixis.
He refers to Maher, there refers to Bunta Island.
The development of language in children. the process of learning a native or Second
language acquisition (also known as second language learning or sequential language
acquisition) refers to the process by which a person learns a "foreign" language--that is, a
language other than his or her mother tongue.
Example:
"For children, acquiring a language is an effortless achievement that occurs:
- without explicit teaching,
- on the basis of positive evidence (i.e., what they hear),
- under varying circumstances, and in a limited amount of time,
- in identical ways across different languages.
Varieties language: Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a
cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect,
idiolect, register, and social dialect.
Ex: "[A] 'variety' can be regarded as a 'dialect' for some purposes and a 'language' for
others, and casual ambivalence about such matters is common worldwide.
Discourse analysis: The study of the ways in which language is used in texts and
contexts. See also:
Conversation Analysis
Discourse
Discourse Marker
5. Rhetoric
[Discourse analysis] is not only about method; it is also a perspective on the nature of
language and its relationship to the central issues of the social sciences.
mood, theme/rheme, metafunction,sociolinguistics,phsycholinguistics dan semiotic.
Cari meaning dan contohnya!
