1. Opensourcing: Outsourcing to a Global Unknown Workforce Professor Brian Fitzgerald Lero – the Irish Software Engineering Research Centre University of Limerick IRELAND Brunel University 5 Sep 2011
27. Mean, SD, Scale Reliabilities and Intercorrelation Variable a Mean SD 1 2 3 4 5 1 Create open company-community ecosystem 3.67 0.76 (.79) 2 Provide professional business expertise 3.61 0.61 .42** (.63) 3 Did not seek to dominate and control process 3.37 0.80 .33** .12 __ 4 Community professional obligations 3.74 0.61 .42** .27** .28** (.79) 5 Opensourcing success 3.95 0.81 .54** .37** .28** .57** (.84)
28.
29. Obligation Fulfilment v. Opensourcing Sucess Dependent Variable Independent Variables Model Opensourcing success Company Obligations Create open company-community ecosystem Provide professional business expertise Did not seek to dominate and control process Community professional obligations .35*** .21*** .12* .38*** F R 2 38.56*** .47
How many tech savvy here? Very annoyed with tech savvy disdain. Used work in a company where coffee time was stories of stupid end users misquoting the technology – taking down for backup. Turkey story. Encrypting his documentation. Cult of Dead Cow & Back Orifice 2000—zero day warez. Going OSS ironically. 1953 Project for Advancement of Coding Techniques (PACT)—competing devs from Lockheed, Douglas & North Am Aviation pooled resources. Goal to be more efficient—not idealistic Primary (individual and decision to adopt) v secondary (organisational mass deployment)
Cost-saving makes inevitable IONA Celtix. Philips DVtk SugarCRM, Sendmail Pro, CollabNet for Pfizer, Merrill Lynch ( Same product - JBoss, MySQL), Ingres
Argyris, C. (1960) Understanding Organizational Behaviour , London: Tavistock Publications. Levinson specific about it. Also Schein and Denise Rousseau Ang, S., and Slaughter, S. A. (2001) “Work Outcomes and Job Design for Contract Versus Permanent Information Systems Professionals on Software Development Teams,” MIS Quarterly , 25(3), pp. 321-350. Miranda, S. M., and Kavan, C. B. (2005) “Moments of Governance in IS Outsourcing: Conceptualizing Effects of Contracts on Value Capture and Creation,” Journal of Information Technology , 20(3), pp. 152-169. Pavlou, P. A., and Gefen, D. (2005) “Psychological Contract Violation in Online Marketplaces: Antecedents, Consequences, and Moderating Role,” Information Systems Research , 16(4), pp. 372-399. Piccoli, G., and Ives, B. (2003) “Trust and the Unintended Effects of Behavior Control in Virtual Teams,” MIS Quarterly , 27(3), pp. 365-395. Raghu, T. S., Jayaraman, B., and Rao, H. R. (2004) “Toward an Integration of Agent- and Activity-Centric Approaches in Organizational Process Modeling: Incorporating Incentive Mechanisms,” Information Systems Research , 15(4), pp. 316-335. Koh, Ang & Straub (2004) IT Outsourcing Success: A Psychological Contract Perspective, Information Systems Research, 15 (4), pp. 356-373 Parallel development of coding, testing, bug reporting, debugging, documentation
Company: Clear spec now part of OSS; feedback rather than payment; high risk so need ownership Project monitoring - attending project meetings, regular discussions (PyPy sprints & GNOME conferences) Proj ownership - enure top mgt support & commitment
Community: Benevolent dictator authority structure; independent autonomous developers; good people loyal to project long-term; developers are users so good knowledge transfer; open source service networks for inter-org teams. Taking charge and responsibility for working independently
The initial case selected for this study was the Celtix project, an open source Java Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) sponsored by IONA Technologies. An enterprise service bus (ESB) is a standards-based integration platform that combines messaging, web services, data transformation and intelligent routing in an event-driven service-oriented architecture (SOA) . ESBs are being rapidly adopted within IT organizations across a wide variety of industries, solving real-world integration challenges in many unique ways.
(Side arrangements possible)
IONA Distinguished Engineer
EiffelStudio lesson: have a development plan & publish it. Compnay must be sensitive to different project mgt regimes in OSS projects
Techie to techie communication
Mirrors transparency & close proj monitoring company obligation
Web-link to survey sent to key individuals who forwarded to relevant others – snowball/chain sampling. In addition to three initial cases two liberation style (EiffelStudio & OpenAdaptor) and two commectialisation MySQL & Canonical/Ubuntu) 218 responses – incomplete and those in qual phase eliminated. Late respondents as surrogates. No statistically significant differences but early respondents tended more towards extremes of satisfaction and dissat. Plausible.
Fac analysis based on correlation coefficients and is better with samples over 150. 5-10 particpants per evariable – we had 22 variables Varimax rotation, eigenvalues > 1 and 25 iterations 3 company component factors explained 48% of variance. 1 community obligation explained 46% of variance 3 company obligations dropped with low factor loadings (<.5) obligations dropped : Improved the reputation of the community of contributors; Helped improve the quality of the software; Used an appropriate license to safeguard community contributions Community obligations all retained (loadings .58 to .76)
Cronbach alpha on diagonals in parentheses for reliability all above .6 threshold level apart from seeking to dominate and control (.38) but this is measured by only two items and cronbach alpha sensitive to number of items. Discriminant validity – none of off diagonal correlations above .8 which would indicate multicollinearity
Mann-Whitney ANOVA. Was open to outside contributions SA 1 2 3 4 5 SD ( (p<.05)) Perhaps companies cautious about accepting outside contributions – meritocracy needs to emerge No difference between company and community in relation to perceptions of success
Stepwise regression using PCA 4 factors – continuous scale & normal distribution, Standardised betas 47% of variance explained
Consensus on vision
Metcalfe invented Ethernet (together with Al Gore, of course) & founded 3Com. Metcalfe quote from 1999 Infoworld. Also predicted intrenet wouldn’t last – ate his words publicly BSD likewise—90% contrbutions ignored—rest peed on to smell like Berkeley Bill Joy. Thompson quote from 1999
MIT Press business model – make available for free after 9 months boosts sales
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