SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 24
Download to read offline
T H E T H R E E D E F I N I T I O N S O F
A B N O R M A L I T Y
Psychological
abnormality
Definitions
Deviating
from social
norms
Deviating from
ideal mental
health
Failure to
function
Strengths Distinction between
desirable and
undesirable
behaviour. Social
roles are considered
as helpful to living
together
Behaving not according
to what is desirable, but
what is according to a
mental health prone
attitudes is a positive
way to recognise
normality from
abnormality
The person in need has
the first saying,
perspective of an
individuals
experiencing
abnormality becomes
the judge of personal
behaviour
Weaknesses •Susceptible to
abuse
•Cultural relativism
•Deviance is related
to context and
degree
•Eccentric and
abnormal
•Changes in time
•Who can achieve this
•Cultural relativism
•Changes over time
•Subjective criteria
•Difficulty of self-
actualizing, not everyone
achieves their full
potential
•Not the whole picture-
just determining the
extent of a persons
problems
•Cultural relativism
•Exceptions to the rule
– Everyone is different,
doesn't meant their
abnormal
Description Expected way of
behaving in society
Marie Jahoda:
1) Personal growth
2) Reality perception
3) Autonomy
4) Integration
5) Self-attitudes
6) Environment
mastery
Unable to cope with
everyday life
A B N O R M A L I T Y I S C A U S E D B Y
P S Y C H I C A L F A C T O R S
Biological approaches
to psychopathology
Biological approaches to
psychopathology
Genetics
 Some people are genetically at risk of developing a mental
disorder
 There is strong evidence relating to mental disorders such as
bipolar, depression and schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia; a first degree relative e.g- son or daughter, of
someone suffering the disorder has a 10% chance of also
developing it whereas the general population only have a 1%
chance
 Gottesman – meta analysis of 40 twin studies, found a
concordance rate for schizophrenia of 48% in monozygotic twins
and a 17% in dizygotic twins
 Heston –did an adoption study. Used 47 adopted children who's
mothers had schizophrenia and 50 adopted children who's
mothers did not have it. 5 children from the first group also got
schizophrenia whereas 0 children from the second group got it.
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
 Too much of this causes schizophrenia and an imbalance of levels
in the neurotransmitter can explain the onset of schizophrenia
Biological approaches to
psychopathology
Serotonin
 Too little of this can cause depression and an imbalance of these
can explain the mental disorder of depression
Noradrenaline
 Too little of this neurotransmitter is linked to anxiety disorders
such as phobias and an imbalance of noradrenaline can cause the
onset of phobias
Infection
 Bacteria viruses can cause physical and psychological conditions
such as syphilis and influenza virus
 Syphilis bacteria causes STI’s which causes general paresis:
forgetfulness, mental deterioration and delusions
 Influenza virus in pregnant women, this exposes the foetus to the
virus which then lies in the child's brain causing schizophrenia
 Infection explains psychopathology (mental disorders) as a result
of syphilis or influenza
Biological approaches to
psychopathology
Strengths
 Techniques have shown that there are biological component's
 Research shows there could be a genetic link
 Drugs can work as treatment options
 It is scientific
Weaknesses
 Reductionist
 Genetics don’t provide a complete explanation
 Drugs don’t work for everyone
 Focuses on curing symptoms not the actual cause
M E N T A L D I S O R D E R I S A R E S U L T
O F P S Y C H O L O G I C A L R A T H E R
T H A N P H Y S I C A L
The psychodynamic
approach
Psychopathology
The psychodynamic approach
Psychopathology
Conscious thoughts
 Conscious – Something you can think about where you are fully aware
of everything around us
 Preconscious - Something that we have stored in our memories that is
about something in the past and can bring back to the conscious mind
 Unconscious – A place in our mind where we store shameful
experiences, sexual desires, fears and violent motives, we do not have
access to this mind. Issues form childhood can be stored in the
unconscious mind. We do not have access to the mind. Access comes
in the form of dreams or slip of the tongue. The unconscious mind
could lead to distress because the person does not understand why it
is that they think this way
Freud's personality theory
ID
 Pleasure principal, present at birth
 Wants everything now
 Money, food and sex
 No morals
Superego
 The conscience which as morals
 Develops at the age 5
Ego
 Develops at the age of 3
 Decides between ID or the superego
 Reality principle
The psychodynamic approach
Psychopathology
Cause of abnormality
 In childhood, the ego is not developed enough to deal with
traumas so these events re repressed
 In order to balance the demands it employs a defence
mechanisms to protect themselves such as denial, projection,
regression or repression
Strengths
 The psychodynamic model reminds us that experiences in
childhood can effect us throughout our lives
 No need for medication
Weaknesses
 Cannot scientifically test it, its just a theory
 Evidence is through a therapist which causes bias and
misinterpretation
 Retrospective data, looking back on data
 Lack of evidence
 Sexism, Freud focused his research on men or boys
A L L M A L A D A P T I V E B E H A V I O U R
I S A C Q U I R E D I N T H E S A M E W A Y
The behavioural
approach to
psychopathology
The behavioural approach to
psychopathology
Abnormal behaviour is learnt through conditioning or social
learning, for example, classical and operant conditioning
 Classical conditioning; unconditioned stimulus has an
unconditioned response. When the conditioned stimulus is
combined with an unconditioned stimulus, it creates and
unconditioned response. Therefore the conditioned stimulus
becomes the conditioned response.
 Operant conditioning is where you learn through reinforcement,
this could be through a reward and being rewarded for doing
something good, right or well and/or through a punishment, for
punishing behaviour which is not good or right.
Social learning theory
 Imitation of role models and reinforcement can also lead to
abnormal behaviour
 Modelling – coping the behaviour of role models
 Attention; noticing the behaviour
 Retention; remembering the behaviour
 Motor reproduction; it has to be psychically possible
 Motivation; has to be a reason why they want to copy
The behavioural approach to
psychopathology
Albert Bondura – bobo doll
 Studying the effects of observation of a model on subsequent
behaviour
 It was suggested that watching aggressive behaviour might diffuse the
inner aggression of the watcher
 After the child watched the adult play around hitting the doll, the child
copied and did similar things
Variations:
1) Aggression was rewarded (Vicarious reinforcement)
2) Aggression was punished (Vicarious punishment)
3) Adult neither rewarded nor punished (No reinforcement)
 The results found that when the child was rewarded behaviour was
most likely to be copied
 When it was punished, behaviour was least likely to be copied
Strengths
 Behaviour approaches when combined with cognitive approach have
proved to be effective in treating clients with phobias and neurotic
disorders (OCD)
Weaknesses
 Only behaviour is considered, the thoughts and feelings f cognition are
not taken into account
 Symptoms not cause, limited view (reductionist)
A B N O R M A L I T Y I S C A U S E D Y
F A U L T Y T H I N K I N G
Cognitive approach to
psychopathology
Cognitive approach to
psychopathology
Ellis’ ABC model:
 A – activating events
 B – beliefs are affected
 C – consequences of the thoughts
 These result in rational and irrational beliefs
 The cognitive model assumes that thinking expectations and attitudes
result in mental illness
Becks cognitive triad:
 Having a negative view of the self
 Having a negative view of the world
 Having a negative view of the future
Strengths:
 Concentrates on current thought processes which means a patients
remembers in more detail
 Cognitive and behavioural therapies when mixed together have a high
success rate
Weaknesses:
 Focusing only on a persons cognition may be too narrow
 Situational factors
 Consequence not cause
 Not all irrational beliefs are actually irrational
D R U G S A N D E C T
Biological therapies
Biological therapies
Drugs:
Anti-anxiety drugs (BZ’s)
 Reduce tension and anxiety
 Enhance action of GABA -> reduction of brain activity -> calm
 Side effects can include: drowsiness, fatigue and weight gain
Anti-depressive drugs
 Increase levels of serotonin
 SSRI (e.g. Prozac) interferes with re-absorption of serotonin
 Side effects can include: dizziness, dry mouth and nausea]
Anti-psychotic drugs (Neuoleptics)
 Decrease in the production of neurotransmitter dopamine
 Relieves hallucinations
 Close supervision is needed
 Side effects can include: Weight gain, constipation, dizziness and
nausea
Evaluation of drugs
Strengths:
 Effectiveness – WHO reported that relapse rates after one year of
using placebo drugs for schizophrenic patients was 55%
 Ease of use – chemotherapy requires little effort of the user
Biological therapies
Weaknesses:
 Placebo effects – Patients who receive placebos found it almost as
effective as those receiving the real drug
 Tackles symptom rather than problem
 Side effects – SSRI’s cause anxiety , sexual dysfunction, insomnia,
nausea etc.
 Addiction – BZ’s should be limited to only taking them for 4
weeks because they become very addictive
ECT – Electroconvulsive therapy
 This therapy is used when drugs fail to treat depressive disorders
 22,000 peoples receive this treatment per year
 Patient is given a muscle relaxant as a 110mv shock in passed
through the brain causing a seizure
 The therapy increases a neurotransmitter which increases a
patients mood
 The therapy can cause brain damage or substantial memory loss
 Usually given 3 times a week and the patient will require 3-15
treatments
Biological therapies
Evaluation of ECT
Strengths:
 Effective treatment for depression
 Can be life saving to patients who are suicidal
 60%-70% 0f patients improve after therapy
Weaknesses:
 84% of patients relapse after 6 months
 Huge side effects including: Impaired memory, cardiovascular
changes, irregular heartbeat, headaches and anxiety
 When a placebo ECT was done and was compared with a real
ECT. The results were that those who did the placebo ECT
recovered almost as well as the patients from the real one
P S Y C H O A N A L Y S I S , S D
( S Y S T E M A T I C D E S E N S I T I S A T I O N
A N D R E B T ( R A T I O N A L - E M O T I V E
T H E R A P Y )
Psychological therapies
Psychological therapies
Psychoanalysis
Free association:
 A client is asked to express anything which comes into mind
which could extend back to childhood
 The therapist will only interfere occasionally perhaps to
encourage some reflection on a particular experience
 The therapist will then try to interpret what the client has said
and try to draw conclusions
 Freud believes that these associations are determined by
unconscious factors which analysis tries to uncover
Dream analysis:
 Freud felt that during dreams are the barrier into the unconscious
mind
 The therapist will analyse the patients dream and might be able
to identify significant conflicts repressed into the unconscious
mind
 The meaning of the dream can only be revealed by therapist
interpretation
 The therapist and client will then analyse the dream together
resolving the source of the anxieties
Psychological therapies
Evaluation of psychoanalysis
Strengths:
 Effectiveness – 80% of patients benefit from psychoanalysis
compared to 65% of electric therapies
 Length – The longer the treatment, the more beneficial patients
found it and psychoanalysis can last years
Weaknesses:
 False memories – Some therapists are not helping patients to
recover repressed memories but are planting ‘False memories’
 Appropriateness - Fails to appreciate the differences between
individuals
Psychological therapies
Systematic desensitisation
 Used to treat phobias
 Extinguishes undesirable behaviour by replacing it with a more desirable
one; relaxation
 The client will work out a hierarchy of fear from least to most frightening
about their phobia
 The client works through each stage of the hierarchy starting with the least
frightening, becoming relaxed with that stage and then moving up
Example of spiders:
 Think about spider
 See a picture of a spider
 Be in the same room as a glass tank with a spider in
 Sit next to the tank with lid shut
 Sit next to the tank with lid open
 Put hand in the tank
 Hold the spider
Strengths:
 Appropriateness – quick and require little effort
 Effectiveness – successful for a range of anxiety disorders as 75% of
patients with phobias respond well to SD
Weaknesses:
 Symptom substitution – SD may appear to resolve the problem but they
only elimate or supress symptoms
 Reduced effectiveness – some suggest that SD may not be as effective in
treating some anxiety problems; fear of heights or animals
Psychological therapies
Rational-emotive behaviour therapy
 Helps patients understand irrationality and consequences of this
way of thinking
 REBT helps a person substitute these thoughts with a more
effective problem-solving method
Challenging irrational beliefs
 Client and therapist decide how the clients beliefs can be reality
tested
 The aim is for the client to become more self-sufficient and
recognise the consequences of their faulty cognitions
 The client and therapist will then set new goals for the client in
order to become more realistic
 Because it is not activating events themselves it can cause
unproductive consequences therefore the patient is encouraged to
dispute these beliefs by:
 Logical disputing – Self-deflating beliefs do not follow logically
from the information available (Does this information make
sense?)
 Empirical disputing – Self-deflating beliefs may not be consistent
with reality (Where is the proof that this is accurate?)
 Pragmatic disputing – Emphasises the lack of usefulness of self-
deflating beliefs (How is this belief likely to help me?)
Psychological therapies
ABC model and REBT
A (activating event) B (belief about event) C (emotional
consequences) D (disputations take place) E (effective
beliefs replace irrational ones)
Strengths
Effectiveness – It is an effective treatment for a number of different
types of disorders
Appropriateness – It is useful for clinical population (mental
disorders) and non-clinical populations (anxiety)
Weaknesses
Irrational environments – REBT cannot control outside factors
such as marriage, bullying or jobs etc and as a result, these
environments reinforce these irrational beliefs
Not suitable for all – REBT does not always work for everyone and
is not always what everyone wants, some just don’t want the advice
that a therapist will have to offer

More Related Content

What's hot

Behavioural approach to abnormality
Behavioural approach to abnormalityBehavioural approach to abnormality
Behavioural approach to abnormalitynazaninjahed
 
First rank symptoms of schizophrenia
First rank symptoms of schizophreniaFirst rank symptoms of schizophrenia
First rank symptoms of schizophreniasensibledoctor
 
Psychological Treatments
Psychological Treatments  Psychological Treatments
Psychological Treatments vwagner1
 
Attitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology pptAttitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology pptPrakriti Gupta
 
History of abnormal psychology
History of abnormal psychologyHistory of abnormal psychology
History of abnormal psychologyAlex Vellappally
 
Disorders of emotion
Disorders of emotionDisorders of emotion
Disorders of emotionshirisha968
 
Abnormal Behavior
Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Abnormal BehaviorAlex Holub
 
Behavioral assessment
Behavioral assessmentBehavioral assessment
Behavioral assessmentIqra Shahzad
 
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE Study
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudySchizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE Study
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
 
Culture bound syndrome
Culture bound syndromeCulture bound syndrome
Culture bound syndromeCijo Alex
 
Culture and Mental Health
Culture and Mental HealthCulture and Mental Health
Culture and Mental HealthEarly Artis
 
Psychopathology
PsychopathologyPsychopathology
Psychopathologycandyvdv
 
Children's apperception test
Children's apperception testChildren's apperception test
Children's apperception testSanika Sathe
 
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]Zahiruddin Othman
 
Histrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorderHistrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorderjasleenbrar03
 

What's hot (20)

Delusion
DelusionDelusion
Delusion
 
Behavioural approach to abnormality
Behavioural approach to abnormalityBehavioural approach to abnormality
Behavioural approach to abnormality
 
First rank symptoms of schizophrenia
First rank symptoms of schizophreniaFirst rank symptoms of schizophrenia
First rank symptoms of schizophrenia
 
Psychological Treatments
Psychological Treatments  Psychological Treatments
Psychological Treatments
 
Attitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology pptAttitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology ppt
 
History of abnormal psychology
History of abnormal psychologyHistory of abnormal psychology
History of abnormal psychology
 
Disorders of emotion
Disorders of emotionDisorders of emotion
Disorders of emotion
 
School refusal
School refusalSchool refusal
School refusal
 
Insight
InsightInsight
Insight
 
Abnormal Behavior
Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Abnormal Behavior
 
Behavioral assessment
Behavioral assessmentBehavioral assessment
Behavioral assessment
 
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE Study
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudySchizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE Study
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE Study
 
Culture bound syndrome
Culture bound syndromeCulture bound syndrome
Culture bound syndrome
 
Culture and Mental Health
Culture and Mental HealthCulture and Mental Health
Culture and Mental Health
 
WISC
WISCWISC
WISC
 
Personality
PersonalityPersonality
Personality
 
Psychopathology
PsychopathologyPsychopathology
Psychopathology
 
Children's apperception test
Children's apperception testChildren's apperception test
Children's apperception test
 
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders [2020]
 
Histrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorderHistrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
 

Viewers also liked

Psychopathology ppt
Psychopathology pptPsychopathology ppt
Psychopathology pptdpainter8
 
Introduction Psychopathology
Introduction PsychopathologyIntroduction Psychopathology
Introduction PsychopathologySara Dawod
 
Psychology - Psychopathology
Psychology - PsychopathologyPsychology - Psychopathology
Psychology - PsychopathologyMya007
 
Theories of Psychopathology
Theories of PsychopathologyTheories of Psychopathology
Theories of PsychopathologyAbigail Abalos
 
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on PsychopathologyViewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on PsychopathologyBryn Robinson
 
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on PsychopathologyViewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on PsychopathologyBryn Robinson
 
Genetics of personality
Genetics of personalityGenetics of personality
Genetics of personalitynaeim1370
 
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive modelAS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive modelJill Jan
 
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathologyCognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathologyPhi Lo
 
Cognitive approach to abnormality AS
Cognitive approach to abnormality ASCognitive approach to abnormality AS
Cognitive approach to abnormality ASJill Jan
 
Research methods intro
Research methods introResearch methods intro
Research methods introPatrick Basil
 
Group work with elderly
Group work with elderlyGroup work with elderly
Group work with elderlyGoharik Sh
 
Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...
Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...
Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...Mano y Corazon Health Care Conference
 
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentists
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentistsWork related musculoskeletal complaints among dentists
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentistsAbduljaleel Samad
 
Work related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapists
Work related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapistsWork related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapists
Work related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapistsTuğçehan Kara
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Psychopathology ppt
Psychopathology pptPsychopathology ppt
Psychopathology ppt
 
Introduction Psychopathology
Introduction PsychopathologyIntroduction Psychopathology
Introduction Psychopathology
 
Psychology - Psychopathology
Psychology - PsychopathologyPsychology - Psychopathology
Psychology - Psychopathology
 
Theories of Psychopathology
Theories of PsychopathologyTheories of Psychopathology
Theories of Psychopathology
 
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on PsychopathologyViewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
 
Psychopathology
PsychopathologyPsychopathology
Psychopathology
 
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on PsychopathologyViewpoints on Psychopathology
Viewpoints on Psychopathology
 
Genetics of personality
Genetics of personalityGenetics of personality
Genetics of personality
 
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive modelAS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
 
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathologyCognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
 
Cognitive modeling
Cognitive modelingCognitive modeling
Cognitive modeling
 
Cognitive approach to abnormality AS
Cognitive approach to abnormality ASCognitive approach to abnormality AS
Cognitive approach to abnormality AS
 
Research methods intro
Research methods introResearch methods intro
Research methods intro
 
Group work with elderly
Group work with elderlyGroup work with elderly
Group work with elderly
 
MWSRevisedResume092015
MWSRevisedResume092015MWSRevisedResume092015
MWSRevisedResume092015
 
Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...
Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...
Determinants of Fall Risk and Injury in Hispanic Elderly Living in El Paso Co...
 
Post Traumatic 2008
Post Traumatic 2008Post Traumatic 2008
Post Traumatic 2008
 
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentists
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentistsWork related musculoskeletal complaints among dentists
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentists
 
Work related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapists
Work related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapistsWork related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapists
Work related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapists
 
Presentation1
Presentation1Presentation1
Presentation1
 

Similar to Psychopathology/Abnormality

Communicate curated content
Communicate curated contentCommunicate curated content
Communicate curated contentSiphiwe Mashiya
 
Psychological Approaches to Schizophrenia
Psychological Approaches to SchizophreniaPsychological Approaches to Schizophrenia
Psychological Approaches to SchizophreniaEmily Vicary
 
Abnormal psychology models of abnormality
Abnormal psychology models of abnormalityAbnormal psychology models of abnormality
Abnormal psychology models of abnormalityLinda Robinson
 
What is Psychology?
What is Psychology?What is Psychology?
What is Psychology?xibopa9124
 
Module1-intro_000.ppt
Module1-intro_000.pptModule1-intro_000.ppt
Module1-intro_000.pptjohnryanpiol2
 
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders kbolinsky
 
Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11
Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11
Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11Rikaz Sheriff
 
Awesome week 1 guidance ppt
Awesome week 1 guidance pptAwesome week 1 guidance ppt
Awesome week 1 guidance pptewhitelo
 
Mood Disorders Video Analysis
Mood Disorders Video AnalysisMood Disorders Video Analysis
Mood Disorders Video AnalysisAngela Overton
 
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for RehabilitationBehavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitationkanagaraj Ramalingam
 
PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adler
PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adlerPSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adler
PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adlerAmin Upsi
 
Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02
Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02
Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02Arletha Thomas
 
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Part Ii
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16   Part IiMood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16   Part Ii
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Part Iilifeisgood727
 

Similar to Psychopathology/Abnormality (20)

Communicate curated content
Communicate curated contentCommunicate curated content
Communicate curated content
 
Theories of addiction
Theories of addictionTheories of addiction
Theories of addiction
 
Psychological Approaches to Schizophrenia
Psychological Approaches to SchizophreniaPsychological Approaches to Schizophrenia
Psychological Approaches to Schizophrenia
 
Abnormal psychology models of abnormality
Abnormal psychology models of abnormalityAbnormal psychology models of abnormality
Abnormal psychology models of abnormality
 
PA&T
PA&TPA&T
PA&T
 
What is Psychology?
What is Psychology?What is Psychology?
What is Psychology?
 
Module1-intro_000.ppt
Module1-intro_000.pptModule1-intro_000.ppt
Module1-intro_000.ppt
 
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
 
Abnormality AQA
Abnormality AQAAbnormality AQA
Abnormality AQA
 
Introduction to Psychology
Introduction to PsychologyIntroduction to Psychology
Introduction to Psychology
 
Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11
Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11
Psychological Illness @ IPM on 3.4.11
 
Awesome week 1 guidance ppt
Awesome week 1 guidance pptAwesome week 1 guidance ppt
Awesome week 1 guidance ppt
 
Mood Disorders Video Analysis
Mood Disorders Video AnalysisMood Disorders Video Analysis
Mood Disorders Video Analysis
 
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for RehabilitationBehavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
Behavioral problems and learning for Rehabilitation
 
Chapter14
Chapter14Chapter14
Chapter14
 
Schizophrenia first
Schizophrenia firstSchizophrenia first
Schizophrenia first
 
WORLD MENTAL HEALTH DAY
WORLD MENTAL HEALTH DAYWORLD MENTAL HEALTH DAY
WORLD MENTAL HEALTH DAY
 
PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adler
PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adlerPSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adler
PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adler
 
Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02
Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02
Mooddisordersmentalhealthnursingchapter16 Partii 091112080813 Phpapp02
 
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Part Ii
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16   Part IiMood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16   Part Ii
Mood Disorders Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Part Ii
 

More from bethieboo8

Aggression psychology
Aggression psychologyAggression psychology
Aggression psychologybethieboo8
 
Eating behaviour psychology
Eating behaviour psychologyEating behaviour psychology
Eating behaviour psychologybethieboo8
 
Stress psychology
Stress psychologyStress psychology
Stress psychologybethieboo8
 
Social psychology
Social psychologySocial psychology
Social psychologybethieboo8
 
Attachment psychology
Attachment psychologyAttachment psychology
Attachment psychologybethieboo8
 
Memory psychology
Memory psychologyMemory psychology
Memory psychologybethieboo8
 

More from bethieboo8 (6)

Aggression psychology
Aggression psychologyAggression psychology
Aggression psychology
 
Eating behaviour psychology
Eating behaviour psychologyEating behaviour psychology
Eating behaviour psychology
 
Stress psychology
Stress psychologyStress psychology
Stress psychology
 
Social psychology
Social psychologySocial psychology
Social psychology
 
Attachment psychology
Attachment psychologyAttachment psychology
Attachment psychology
 
Memory psychology
Memory psychologyMemory psychology
Memory psychology
 

Recently uploaded

VIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdf
VIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdfVIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdf
VIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdfArthyR3
 
UNIT I Design Thinking and Explore.pptx
UNIT I  Design Thinking and Explore.pptxUNIT I  Design Thinking and Explore.pptx
UNIT I Design Thinking and Explore.pptxGOWSIKRAJA PALANISAMY
 
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptxPlant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptxHimansu10
 
Arti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdfArti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdfwill854175
 
2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...
2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...
2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...Marlene Maheu
 
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...Sandy Millin
 
EDD8524 The Future of Educational Leader
EDD8524 The Future of Educational LeaderEDD8524 The Future of Educational Leader
EDD8524 The Future of Educational LeaderDr. Bruce A. Johnson
 
3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx
3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx
3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptxmary850239
 
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptxMetabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...
25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...
25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita AnandThe OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita AnandDr. Sarita Anand
 
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.docdieu18
 
Quantitative research methodology and survey design
Quantitative research methodology and survey designQuantitative research methodology and survey design
Quantitative research methodology and survey designBalelaBoru
 
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargavPOST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargavJitendra Bhargav
 
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptxAlamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptxDhatriParmar
 
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx
3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx
3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptxmary850239
 
3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx
3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx
3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptxmary850239
 
BBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptx
BBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptxBBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptx
BBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptxProf. Kanchan Kumari
 

Recently uploaded (20)

VIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdf
VIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdfVIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdf
VIT336 – Recommender System - Unit 3.pdf
 
UNIT I Design Thinking and Explore.pptx
UNIT I  Design Thinking and Explore.pptxUNIT I  Design Thinking and Explore.pptx
UNIT I Design Thinking and Explore.pptx
 
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptxPlant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
Plant Tissue culture., Plasticity, Totipotency, pptx
 
Arti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdfArti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Send Ahead Pitchdeck 2024.pdf
 
2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...
2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...
2024 March 11, Telehealth Billing- Current Telehealth CPT Codes & Telehealth ...
 
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
 
EDD8524 The Future of Educational Leader
EDD8524 The Future of Educational LeaderEDD8524 The Future of Educational Leader
EDD8524 The Future of Educational Leader
 
3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx
3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx
3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx
 
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptxMetabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
 
25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...
25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...
25 CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT 2023 – BÀI TẬP PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ ĐỀ MINH HỌA...
 
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita AnandThe OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
 
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
 
Quantitative research methodology and survey design
Quantitative research methodology and survey designQuantitative research methodology and survey design
Quantitative research methodology and survey design
 
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargavPOST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargav
 
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptxAlamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
 
t-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodology
t-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodologyt-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodology
t-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodology
 
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
 
3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx
3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx
3.12.24 Freedom Summer in Mississippi.pptx
 
3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx
3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx
3.12.24 The Social Construction of Gender.pptx
 
BBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptx
BBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptxBBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptx
BBA 205 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I.pptx
 

Psychopathology/Abnormality

  • 1. T H E T H R E E D E F I N I T I O N S O F A B N O R M A L I T Y Psychological abnormality
  • 2. Definitions Deviating from social norms Deviating from ideal mental health Failure to function Strengths Distinction between desirable and undesirable behaviour. Social roles are considered as helpful to living together Behaving not according to what is desirable, but what is according to a mental health prone attitudes is a positive way to recognise normality from abnormality The person in need has the first saying, perspective of an individuals experiencing abnormality becomes the judge of personal behaviour Weaknesses •Susceptible to abuse •Cultural relativism •Deviance is related to context and degree •Eccentric and abnormal •Changes in time •Who can achieve this •Cultural relativism •Changes over time •Subjective criteria •Difficulty of self- actualizing, not everyone achieves their full potential •Not the whole picture- just determining the extent of a persons problems •Cultural relativism •Exceptions to the rule – Everyone is different, doesn't meant their abnormal Description Expected way of behaving in society Marie Jahoda: 1) Personal growth 2) Reality perception 3) Autonomy 4) Integration 5) Self-attitudes 6) Environment mastery Unable to cope with everyday life
  • 3. A B N O R M A L I T Y I S C A U S E D B Y P S Y C H I C A L F A C T O R S Biological approaches to psychopathology
  • 4. Biological approaches to psychopathology Genetics  Some people are genetically at risk of developing a mental disorder  There is strong evidence relating to mental disorders such as bipolar, depression and schizophrenia  Schizophrenia; a first degree relative e.g- son or daughter, of someone suffering the disorder has a 10% chance of also developing it whereas the general population only have a 1% chance  Gottesman – meta analysis of 40 twin studies, found a concordance rate for schizophrenia of 48% in monozygotic twins and a 17% in dizygotic twins  Heston –did an adoption study. Used 47 adopted children who's mothers had schizophrenia and 50 adopted children who's mothers did not have it. 5 children from the first group also got schizophrenia whereas 0 children from the second group got it. Neurotransmitters Dopamine  Too much of this causes schizophrenia and an imbalance of levels in the neurotransmitter can explain the onset of schizophrenia
  • 5. Biological approaches to psychopathology Serotonin  Too little of this can cause depression and an imbalance of these can explain the mental disorder of depression Noradrenaline  Too little of this neurotransmitter is linked to anxiety disorders such as phobias and an imbalance of noradrenaline can cause the onset of phobias Infection  Bacteria viruses can cause physical and psychological conditions such as syphilis and influenza virus  Syphilis bacteria causes STI’s which causes general paresis: forgetfulness, mental deterioration and delusions  Influenza virus in pregnant women, this exposes the foetus to the virus which then lies in the child's brain causing schizophrenia  Infection explains psychopathology (mental disorders) as a result of syphilis or influenza
  • 6. Biological approaches to psychopathology Strengths  Techniques have shown that there are biological component's  Research shows there could be a genetic link  Drugs can work as treatment options  It is scientific Weaknesses  Reductionist  Genetics don’t provide a complete explanation  Drugs don’t work for everyone  Focuses on curing symptoms not the actual cause
  • 7. M E N T A L D I S O R D E R I S A R E S U L T O F P S Y C H O L O G I C A L R A T H E R T H A N P H Y S I C A L The psychodynamic approach Psychopathology
  • 8. The psychodynamic approach Psychopathology Conscious thoughts  Conscious – Something you can think about where you are fully aware of everything around us  Preconscious - Something that we have stored in our memories that is about something in the past and can bring back to the conscious mind  Unconscious – A place in our mind where we store shameful experiences, sexual desires, fears and violent motives, we do not have access to this mind. Issues form childhood can be stored in the unconscious mind. We do not have access to the mind. Access comes in the form of dreams or slip of the tongue. The unconscious mind could lead to distress because the person does not understand why it is that they think this way Freud's personality theory ID  Pleasure principal, present at birth  Wants everything now  Money, food and sex  No morals Superego  The conscience which as morals  Develops at the age 5 Ego  Develops at the age of 3  Decides between ID or the superego  Reality principle
  • 9. The psychodynamic approach Psychopathology Cause of abnormality  In childhood, the ego is not developed enough to deal with traumas so these events re repressed  In order to balance the demands it employs a defence mechanisms to protect themselves such as denial, projection, regression or repression Strengths  The psychodynamic model reminds us that experiences in childhood can effect us throughout our lives  No need for medication Weaknesses  Cannot scientifically test it, its just a theory  Evidence is through a therapist which causes bias and misinterpretation  Retrospective data, looking back on data  Lack of evidence  Sexism, Freud focused his research on men or boys
  • 10. A L L M A L A D A P T I V E B E H A V I O U R I S A C Q U I R E D I N T H E S A M E W A Y The behavioural approach to psychopathology
  • 11. The behavioural approach to psychopathology Abnormal behaviour is learnt through conditioning or social learning, for example, classical and operant conditioning  Classical conditioning; unconditioned stimulus has an unconditioned response. When the conditioned stimulus is combined with an unconditioned stimulus, it creates and unconditioned response. Therefore the conditioned stimulus becomes the conditioned response.  Operant conditioning is where you learn through reinforcement, this could be through a reward and being rewarded for doing something good, right or well and/or through a punishment, for punishing behaviour which is not good or right. Social learning theory  Imitation of role models and reinforcement can also lead to abnormal behaviour  Modelling – coping the behaviour of role models  Attention; noticing the behaviour  Retention; remembering the behaviour  Motor reproduction; it has to be psychically possible  Motivation; has to be a reason why they want to copy
  • 12. The behavioural approach to psychopathology Albert Bondura – bobo doll  Studying the effects of observation of a model on subsequent behaviour  It was suggested that watching aggressive behaviour might diffuse the inner aggression of the watcher  After the child watched the adult play around hitting the doll, the child copied and did similar things Variations: 1) Aggression was rewarded (Vicarious reinforcement) 2) Aggression was punished (Vicarious punishment) 3) Adult neither rewarded nor punished (No reinforcement)  The results found that when the child was rewarded behaviour was most likely to be copied  When it was punished, behaviour was least likely to be copied Strengths  Behaviour approaches when combined with cognitive approach have proved to be effective in treating clients with phobias and neurotic disorders (OCD) Weaknesses  Only behaviour is considered, the thoughts and feelings f cognition are not taken into account  Symptoms not cause, limited view (reductionist)
  • 13. A B N O R M A L I T Y I S C A U S E D Y F A U L T Y T H I N K I N G Cognitive approach to psychopathology
  • 14. Cognitive approach to psychopathology Ellis’ ABC model:  A – activating events  B – beliefs are affected  C – consequences of the thoughts  These result in rational and irrational beliefs  The cognitive model assumes that thinking expectations and attitudes result in mental illness Becks cognitive triad:  Having a negative view of the self  Having a negative view of the world  Having a negative view of the future Strengths:  Concentrates on current thought processes which means a patients remembers in more detail  Cognitive and behavioural therapies when mixed together have a high success rate Weaknesses:  Focusing only on a persons cognition may be too narrow  Situational factors  Consequence not cause  Not all irrational beliefs are actually irrational
  • 15. D R U G S A N D E C T Biological therapies
  • 16. Biological therapies Drugs: Anti-anxiety drugs (BZ’s)  Reduce tension and anxiety  Enhance action of GABA -> reduction of brain activity -> calm  Side effects can include: drowsiness, fatigue and weight gain Anti-depressive drugs  Increase levels of serotonin  SSRI (e.g. Prozac) interferes with re-absorption of serotonin  Side effects can include: dizziness, dry mouth and nausea] Anti-psychotic drugs (Neuoleptics)  Decrease in the production of neurotransmitter dopamine  Relieves hallucinations  Close supervision is needed  Side effects can include: Weight gain, constipation, dizziness and nausea Evaluation of drugs Strengths:  Effectiveness – WHO reported that relapse rates after one year of using placebo drugs for schizophrenic patients was 55%  Ease of use – chemotherapy requires little effort of the user
  • 17. Biological therapies Weaknesses:  Placebo effects – Patients who receive placebos found it almost as effective as those receiving the real drug  Tackles symptom rather than problem  Side effects – SSRI’s cause anxiety , sexual dysfunction, insomnia, nausea etc.  Addiction – BZ’s should be limited to only taking them for 4 weeks because they become very addictive ECT – Electroconvulsive therapy  This therapy is used when drugs fail to treat depressive disorders  22,000 peoples receive this treatment per year  Patient is given a muscle relaxant as a 110mv shock in passed through the brain causing a seizure  The therapy increases a neurotransmitter which increases a patients mood  The therapy can cause brain damage or substantial memory loss  Usually given 3 times a week and the patient will require 3-15 treatments
  • 18. Biological therapies Evaluation of ECT Strengths:  Effective treatment for depression  Can be life saving to patients who are suicidal  60%-70% 0f patients improve after therapy Weaknesses:  84% of patients relapse after 6 months  Huge side effects including: Impaired memory, cardiovascular changes, irregular heartbeat, headaches and anxiety  When a placebo ECT was done and was compared with a real ECT. The results were that those who did the placebo ECT recovered almost as well as the patients from the real one
  • 19. P S Y C H O A N A L Y S I S , S D ( S Y S T E M A T I C D E S E N S I T I S A T I O N A N D R E B T ( R A T I O N A L - E M O T I V E T H E R A P Y ) Psychological therapies
  • 20. Psychological therapies Psychoanalysis Free association:  A client is asked to express anything which comes into mind which could extend back to childhood  The therapist will only interfere occasionally perhaps to encourage some reflection on a particular experience  The therapist will then try to interpret what the client has said and try to draw conclusions  Freud believes that these associations are determined by unconscious factors which analysis tries to uncover Dream analysis:  Freud felt that during dreams are the barrier into the unconscious mind  The therapist will analyse the patients dream and might be able to identify significant conflicts repressed into the unconscious mind  The meaning of the dream can only be revealed by therapist interpretation  The therapist and client will then analyse the dream together resolving the source of the anxieties
  • 21. Psychological therapies Evaluation of psychoanalysis Strengths:  Effectiveness – 80% of patients benefit from psychoanalysis compared to 65% of electric therapies  Length – The longer the treatment, the more beneficial patients found it and psychoanalysis can last years Weaknesses:  False memories – Some therapists are not helping patients to recover repressed memories but are planting ‘False memories’  Appropriateness - Fails to appreciate the differences between individuals
  • 22. Psychological therapies Systematic desensitisation  Used to treat phobias  Extinguishes undesirable behaviour by replacing it with a more desirable one; relaxation  The client will work out a hierarchy of fear from least to most frightening about their phobia  The client works through each stage of the hierarchy starting with the least frightening, becoming relaxed with that stage and then moving up Example of spiders:  Think about spider  See a picture of a spider  Be in the same room as a glass tank with a spider in  Sit next to the tank with lid shut  Sit next to the tank with lid open  Put hand in the tank  Hold the spider Strengths:  Appropriateness – quick and require little effort  Effectiveness – successful for a range of anxiety disorders as 75% of patients with phobias respond well to SD Weaknesses:  Symptom substitution – SD may appear to resolve the problem but they only elimate or supress symptoms  Reduced effectiveness – some suggest that SD may not be as effective in treating some anxiety problems; fear of heights or animals
  • 23. Psychological therapies Rational-emotive behaviour therapy  Helps patients understand irrationality and consequences of this way of thinking  REBT helps a person substitute these thoughts with a more effective problem-solving method Challenging irrational beliefs  Client and therapist decide how the clients beliefs can be reality tested  The aim is for the client to become more self-sufficient and recognise the consequences of their faulty cognitions  The client and therapist will then set new goals for the client in order to become more realistic  Because it is not activating events themselves it can cause unproductive consequences therefore the patient is encouraged to dispute these beliefs by:  Logical disputing – Self-deflating beliefs do not follow logically from the information available (Does this information make sense?)  Empirical disputing – Self-deflating beliefs may not be consistent with reality (Where is the proof that this is accurate?)  Pragmatic disputing – Emphasises the lack of usefulness of self- deflating beliefs (How is this belief likely to help me?)
  • 24. Psychological therapies ABC model and REBT A (activating event) B (belief about event) C (emotional consequences) D (disputations take place) E (effective beliefs replace irrational ones) Strengths Effectiveness – It is an effective treatment for a number of different types of disorders Appropriateness – It is useful for clinical population (mental disorders) and non-clinical populations (anxiety) Weaknesses Irrational environments – REBT cannot control outside factors such as marriage, bullying or jobs etc and as a result, these environments reinforce these irrational beliefs Not suitable for all – REBT does not always work for everyone and is not always what everyone wants, some just don’t want the advice that a therapist will have to offer