Color Imaging on the Internet

Color Imaging on the Internet Robert Buckley Xerox Innovation Group Giordano Beretta Hewlett-Packard Laboratories http://www.inventoland.net/imaging/cii/ www Visual Communications and Image Processing 2003

Course objectives 1 • List and describe the current and emerging methods for Internet image exchange • Develop a systematic understanding of the principles of color encoding, image compression, ﬁle formatting, protocols, and Internet imaging applications • Understand the differences between the various methods for each imaging function • Develop an intuition for specifying well-balanced scalable architectures for Internet imaging R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

Rationale 2 Why a course on color imaging specifically for the Internet? • A picture is worth ten thousand words… A screenful of text requires 24×80 = 1,920 bytes • A VGA size image requires 640×480×3 = 921,600 bytes • • …but requires almost 500 times as much bandwidth… • data compression is essential for images on the Internet • which compression is best for my image? • …and the server and client are unknown a priori • which color representation is suitable to both? • which ﬁle format can be understood by both? • how can they negotiate the above? • how can we provide for unknown viewing conditions? To be successful, systems must be designed in a top-down approach R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

Course roadmap 3 Application Protocol Format • Systematic bottom-up Compression presentation and Color image comparison of methods • Intended for top-down system design R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1 Basics 4 Evolution of Internet imaging • Internet developed over 30 years, now mature and in incremental engineering mode • Although the Internet has been used for scientiﬁc visualization from the beginning, it has become a visual medium only since the advent of the free Mosaic browser in 1993 • Outline of this module: • the Internet • protocols • media types • intelligent image processing R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.1 The Internet 5 Born Arpanet, Fall 1969 • Originally a high-speed packet-switching network connecting research super-computers • packet switching allows building a reliable system that is based on an infrastructure assumed at all times to be unreliable • each packet is individually addressed and each node just forwards packets not addressed to itself • the routing of packets is irrelevant • based on TCP/IP • Today the Internet is the communications medium for • individuals • businesses • communities of practice (extended knowledge networks) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.1.1 The communication process 6 Claude Shannon, 1941 1. Information source: person or thing generating original message 2. Transmitter: intrument that transforms the message into a signal suitable for transmission 3. Communication channel: medium that conducts the signal 4. Receiver: instrument that takes the signal and tries to reconstruct the message 5. Destination: person or thing the message is intended for R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.1.2 Multi-layer models for networking 7 OSI 7-layer model DoD 4-layer model Application Process FTP, SMTP, HTTP Presentation Host-to-Host Session TCP, UDP Transport Internet Network IP, IPv6 Data Link Network Access Ethernet, FDDI Physical Used in newer designs Used in the original development of the Internet R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.1.3 IETF standards development 8 4000 3559 3500 3000 2500 RFC No. 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.1.4 The WWW 9 Born World Wide Web, March 1989 • Using hypertext links to connect chunks of information on the Internet • The WWW is a set of three speciﬁcations • URL, Uniform Resource Locator, to locate information • HTML, Hypertext Markup Language, to write simple documents • HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, to transfer HTML ﬁles • The WWW became popular when • the Internet became commercialized • fast data connections became pervasive • graphical browsers made navigation easy and appealing • early adopters understood the value of the new communication medium and invented disruptive technologies R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.2 Protocols 10 • A protocol is a set of conventions or rules governing communications • Protocols allow networks to interconnect and ensure compatibility between devices of different manufacturers • Examples: • FTP — file transfer protocol • HTTP — hypertext transfer protocol • IIP — Internet imaging protocol • IPP — Internet printing protocol • SMTP — Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • Protocols become standards when signed off by an ofﬁcial body like IETF, W3C, ITU-T, ISO, or IEEE • de facto and de jure standards R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.2.1 FTP — File Transfer Protocol 11 Transfer ﬁles from one machine to another • Based on TCP/IP • TCP (transmission control protocol) converts messages into streams of packets at the source, then reassembles them back into messages at the destination • IP (Internet protocol) handles addressing, seeing that packets are routed across multiple nodes and even across multiple networks with multiple standards • Requires explicit directory navigation both at the source and the destination • Allows anonymous login • Can perform end-of-line conversion in ASCII ﬁles R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.2.2 HTTP — HyperText Transfer Protocol 12 Transfer compound documents with links • Application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems • Requires a reliable transport such as TCP/IP • Request the components of a document identiﬁed by hypertext links • Provides support for HTML forms • Typing and negotiation of data representation allows systems to be built independently of the data being transferred • example: color images R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.2.3 Protocols for wireless applications 13 The PC is no longer at the center of the world • WASP — wireless application service providers • WAP — wireless application protocol • WML — wireless mark-up language for WAP • existing commercial applications for automatic translation from HTML to WML by AvantGo and Phone.com • iMode — uses HTML, but the screen is still small • created by NTT DoCoMo • does not require translation from HTML R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.2.4 Protocol evolution for services 14 distributed objects web services remote messages remote procedures DLL CLR .NET DDE OLE 1.0 COM DCOM MSRPC SOAP COM/ LPC CORBA NCS UDP/TCP DCE RPC CORBA J2EE ONC ONC+ RPC IPC JAVA/RMI SHL RRBC 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.3 Internet media types 15 • Identify type and encoding of transmitted data • type/subtype • used by Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) and others • used to be called MIME types • standard types registered with Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) • Standard types, sample subtypes text plain, html multipart mixed, related message rfc822, http application pdf, vnd.ms-powerpoint, ipp image tiff, jpeg, png, gif, vnd.fpx audio basic, 32kadpcm video mpeg, quicktime R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.4 New trends in image processing 16 User’s expectations • Many users access the Internet in the ofﬁce on fast workstations connected over fast links to the Internet • At home users often have fast graphics controllers for playing realistic computer games • Increasingly, private homes are equipped with fast connections over DSL, cable modem, 802.11g, FTTH, … • The latest video game machines are very powerful graphic workstations These user experiences set very high expectations for color imaging on the Internet R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.4.1 Polarization of devices 17 The nomadic workforce • The new generation grew up on video games & WWW • At work, they expect concise answers immediately on multiple media • The new working world is mobile and wireless • a comprehensive fast ﬁber optics network provides a global backbone • the “last mile” is wireless • computers are wearable • An appropriate viewing device has not yet been invented • but it will not be printed paper • the viewing conditions will be unpredictable • likely, a plethora of viewing devices will be in use R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.4.1.1 Global Crossing’s peak network 18 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.4.2 How fast is the Internet? 19 It is both fast and slow • There is a lot of global fiber • example: Global Crossing planned to circumscribe all continents • Backbones will have ample bandwidth • oversupply: a large amount of fiber is dark • competition is fierce • movies on demand and telepresence will consume this bandwidth • Most users will access the data wireless • color imaging over the Internet must be efficient • Today’s game machines have much more processing power than desktop machines • trade-off data for computation on the client Trend: separation of data from control R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.4.3 Leveraging on vision theory 20 • To conserve power, wireless devices will have low effective transmission bandwidth and small display areas • Concomitantly the new users are impatient • Progressive encoding based on region of interest will be crucial • JPEG 2000 and MPEG-21 provide the frameworks • algorithms are required • Automatic cropping based on region of interest is a necessary capability for major commercial sites • Leverage on vision theory for Internet imaging • Intelligent image processing technologies • Lawrence Stark & Claudio Privitera, UC Berkeley R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.5 Anatomy of a Web page 21 computer graphics plain text full color image R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

1.5.1 Web page elements 22 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2 Color representations 23 Application Protocol Format Compression Color image R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.1 Requirements 24 • Color must be encoded in standards that • support communication over the Internet • the total size of a page should be such it can be transferred quickly • hence the color space must compress well • are suitable for heterogeneous environments • there is no a priori knowledge of the user platform • the Internet is more like a bazaar than a cathedral • can easily be implemented efﬁciently and robustly • Internet imaging applications are not implemented by color scientists • images must be displayed reliably (no unexpected rendering) • there is no a priori knowledge of the user’s machine power R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.2 Viewing condition issues 25 see also §2.6.2, slide 40 • There is no control over the user’s viewing conditions • users often work in poor viewing conditions • viewing conditions can change during a session • there is a plethora of viewing devices • an applications implementation may not be aware of the difference, e.g. between colorimetric RGB and device RGB • Issues too complex to expect users controlling their viewing conditions • Color integrity is more important than color ﬁdelity • Ralph Evans: consistency principle R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.3 Color representations 26 Color model operators • XYZ • basis for all colorimetry • deﬁned by CIE for 1931 2˚ and 1964 10˚ Standard Observers • most applications refer to 2˚ Observer • RGB • scanners and digital cameras — linear, non-CIE • monitors and displays — non-linear, CIE-based • Luma-chroma • luminance (lightness) and 2 opponent color signals • color television — luminance-chrominance YIQ, YUV, YCbCr • uniform color spaces — CIELAB, CIELUV • color fax uses CIELAB R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.4 Luma-chroma spaces 27 fR ( R ) L C1 = A ⋅ f ( G ) G fB ( B ) C2 YIQ YUV YC1C2 NTSC EBU SMPTE CCIR sRGB XYZ RGB RGB RGB 709 Photo CIELAB YES YCC R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.4.1 RGB separations 28 R G B R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.4.2 CIELAB separations 29 L* a* b* R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.4.3 Chroma subsampling 30 L* a* b* R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5 Some popular schemes 31 to represent color on the Internet • sRGB is a colorimetric standard based on common CRTs • gamma function is built-in for efﬁcient display • does not require computations in most cases • viewing conditions are part of the standard, but are not realistic for casual users on the Internet • extended sRGB color spaces are under development • CIELAB and YUV are opponent color spaces that compress well in the case of pictorial images • YCbCr is an opponent color space that was used extensively in developing the JPEG standard • Y is the same as in YUV • U and V are scaled and zero-shifted so that Cb and Cr are in [0, 1]; then they are scaled by 255 to be represented by a byte R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5.1 RGB speciﬁcation 32 Transformation from sRGB to 1931 CIE XYZ values R’sRGB = R8bit / 255.0 • Primaries G’sRGB = G8bit / 255.0 • red: (xR, yR) B’sRGB = B8bit / 255.0 • green: (xG, yG) If R’sRGB, G’sRGB, B’sRGB ≤ 0.04045 • blue: (xB, yB) RsRGB = R’sRGB / 12.92 GsRGB = G’sRGB / 12.92 • White point: (xN, yN) BsRGB = B’sRGB / 12.92 else R’sRGB, G’sRGB, B’sRGB > 0.04045 • Non-linearity (gamma) RsRGB = [(R’sRGB + 0.055) / 1.055]2.4 GsRGB = [(G’sRGB + 0.055) / 1.055]2.4 • Example: sRGB BsRGB = [(B’sRGB + 0.055) / 1.055]2.4 • IEC 61966-2-1 and • (xR, yR) = (0.64, 0.33) 0.4124 0.3576 0.1806 R sRGB • (xG, yG) = (0.30, 0.60) X Y = 0.2126 0.7152 0.0722 G sRGB • (xB, yB) = (0.15, 0.06) Z 0.0193 0.1192 0.9505 B sRGB • (xN, yN) = (0.3127, 0.3290) • same as ITU-R BT.709-2 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5.1.1 sRGB viewing conditions 33 Reference display conditions Display parameter Reference condition 80 cd/m2 luminance level white point D65 gamma 2.2 Reference viewing conditions Viewing parameter Reference condition screen background 20% of reference display area surround 20% of ref. ambient illuminance level proximal ﬁeld 20% of ref. display luminance level ambient illuminance level 64 Lux ambient white point D50 veiling glare 1% R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5.2 CIELAB 34 • CIE standard for color difference evaluation • uniform color space • illuminant Xn, Yn, Zn • L* range: [0, 100] L* = 116 ⋅ 3 Y ⁄ Y n – 16 a* = 500 ⋅ { 3 X ⁄ X n – 3 Y ⁄ Y n } b* = 200 ⋅ { 3 Y ⁄ Y n – 3 Z ⁄ Z n } • Xn, Yn, Zn: reference white • D50: 96.422, 100, 82.521; D65: 95.047, 100, 108.883 • von Kries type adaptation • Color fax, ICC Proﬁle Connection Space R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5.2.1 8-bit CIELAB encodings 35 • CIE encoding (TIFF) • scale L* = [0, 100] to [0, 255] • limit a* and b* to [-128, 127] • ICC encoding • scale L* = [0, 100] to [0, 255] • add offset 128 and limit a* and b* to [0, 255] • white point: D50 • ITU-T encoding • scale L* = [0, 100] to [0, 255] • apply scale/offset so a* = [-85, 85] maps to [0, 255] • apply scale/offset so b* = [-75, 120] maps to [0, 255] • white point: D50 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5.3 The YUV color space 36 Used in the PAL television system Y 0.299 0.587 0.114 R U = – 0.148 – 0.289 0.437 ⋅ G V 0.615 – 0.515 – 0.100 B or Y = 0.299 ( R – G ) + G + 0.114 ( B – G ) U = 0.493 ( B – Y ) V = 0.877 ( R – Y ) Reference: Bhaskaran & Konstantinides R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.5.4 The YCbCr color space 37 Popular for JPEG • From ITU-R BT.601-2 for color television Y 0.299 0.587 0.114 R Cb = – 0.169 – 0.331 0.500 ⋅ G Cr 0.500 – 0.419 – 0.081 B • 8-bit encoding in digital ﬁles Y 0.299 0.587 0.114 R 0 Cb = – 0.169 – 0.331 0.500 ⋅ G + 128 Cr 0.500 – 0.419 – 0.081 B 128 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.6 More color representations 38 • CMYK • color print separations — device specific, non-linear • example: SWOP printing process specification • Palette • color map or lookup table • color represented by an index into a table of N colors • see §3.3.1, slide 70 • ICC profiles • profile is a transform between a given color space and a Profile Connection Space (PCS) • defines color explicitly in terms of its transform to PCS • PCS is XYZ or CIELAB • ICC has defined standard formats for profiles R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.6.1 ICC profile concepts 39 • Profile classes • input devices (scanners, digital cameras) • display devices (monitors, LCD projectors) • output devices (printers, film recorders) • DeviceLink (dedicated device to device) • ColorSpace • Abstract (PCS-to-PCS, effects, e.g., contrast adjustment) NamedColor (Pantone®, Trumatch®) • • Rendering intents • colorimetric: absolute, relative; perceptual; saturation • Models • shaper/matrix (shaper is a 1-D LUT) • shaper/multi-D LUT R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.6.2 ICC profile based color reproduction 40 • One cannot assume that a casual Web User works in a controlled environment • sRGB is considered a safe bet for “average” situations • Tools are available to control color rendering on the Internet server side • It is imperative that the entire workflow is characterized and ICC profiles be always embedded in images, instead of assumed • For an example on how to set up an ICC based environment see //www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/1999/HPL-1999-110.pdf R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.7 Color interchange models 41 S R D color color Type I T1 T2 source destination destination parameters S R D color color Type II T1 T2 source destination S R D color color Type III T1 T2 source destination source parameters color values: S = source, R = reference, D = destination Ti = color conversion R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.7.1 Color interchange model types 42 • Type I • interchange uses device color values • source prepares color data for known destination • example: traditional graphic arts CMYK workﬂow • Type II • interchange uses device-neutral, reference color space • examples: color TV broadcasting, color facsimile • Type III • source transmits source values + source characteristics • similar to type II, but with delayed conversion • examples: PDF CIE-based color spaces, ICC workﬂow R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.8 Server side color management 43 • On the client side, a set of filters is used to create visually an ICC profile with an applet running in the browser • High-end systems are based on spectroradiometry & compensate for brightness level differences among monitors 1. On the server side, a servelet pushes each image through a color management system before it is sent to the client • E-Color True Internet Color, Imation Verifi 2. …or servelet sends applet that does correction at browser • Gretag-Macbeth WebSync 3. …or the HTML page is tagged with a trigger • WayTech Coloreal, Praxisoft RealNetColor R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.8.1 True Internet Color architecture 44 send uncorrected images 3 2 Merchant’s E-Color’s image URL send page points to Server Server with E-Color’s image URL server 4 1 send color- request corrected page image Browser R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.8.2 Veriﬁ Accurate Web Color architecture 45 2 Merchant’s Imation’s send raw uncorrected Image Server Profile Server 3 image request 6 1 profile send color- request corrected page 4 image send cookie 5 with send profile profile from cookie Browser R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.8.3 WebSync architecture 46 4 replace 5 image send page tags and color-matching WebSync applet Software 1 request 2 page forward 3 request send Browser page Merchant’s Server R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.8.4 Coloreal architecture 47 • Polynomial for display monitor’s gamma curve is stored in monitor’s EDID chip • On merchant’s Web server all images are encoded in sRGB • Web server adds a Coloreal tag to each HTML file • When monitor is first connected, installer reads gamma curve from EDID chip to create an ICC profile for the monitor • When an HTML page contains the Coloreal tag, Windows ICM is invoked to use the IC profile to compute device RGB counts R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.8.5 RealNetColor architecture 48 • On Web server all images are encoded in sRGB or are tagged with an ICC profile • Web server adds a RealNetColor tag to each HTML file • Each use of the RealNetColor tag triggers a payment from the Web retailer to Praxisoft • When an HTML page contains the RealNetColor tag, a plug-in converts the color using the ICC profile or assuming sRGB values R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.9 Display trends 49 LCDs are not CRTs • CRT displays are being replaced by LCD displays • LCDs are brighter, smaller, and use less power • However, the colorimetry can be quite different • with careful calibration, characterization & color management, an LCD can be made to perform close to a CRT in terms of linearity, gamma, and white point • the color gamut can be very different • today’s LCDs can outperform CRTs (monitors above are from 1995, 1998) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.9.1 Display gamuts, the whole story 50 • Gamut renderings in chromaticity diagrams are misleading, because of colorfulness and appearance mode 21” studio CRT 23” LCD reproduced with permission, © Apple R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.9.2 Future display technologies — OLED 51 Organic light-emitting-diode displays • LCD displays use absorption ﬁlters and polarizers, limiting the gamut in the blues and the brightness • OLED displays are emissive and are brighter • no ﬁlters nor polarizers • Current limited lifetime of blue OLEDs limits the gamut in the blues even more than for LCDs • Wafer size still limited • today’s applications: car stereo, portable DVD players • largest prototype display shown: 13” • manufacturing process more expensive than LCD R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.9.3 Future display technologies — MEMS 52 • MEMS (Micro-ElectroMechanical System) technology makes is possible to build displays based on interference glass substrate V air thin film stack metallic membrane reproduced with permission, © Iridigm • Voltage between thin ﬁlm stack and metallic membrane controls their gap and therefore the pixel’s color • Luminance by ﬂickering or dithering • Typical resolutions: 400–1000 dpi • Bistable, only draws power during switching R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.10 Appearance mode 53 CRT at 80 cd/m2 is darker than surroundings • • perceived as object in ﬁeld of view • viewing conditions must be controlled • color ﬁdelity is important LCD at 300 cd/m2 is brighter than indoor surroundings • • similar to illuminator viewing condition • visual system adapts to white point, memory colors OLED achieves 30,000 cd/m2 in military applications • expect 1,000 cd/m2 in consumer applications • • MEMS interference displays can be brighter than any surroundings • Consistency principle (Evans) • reproduction of relation among colors more important than absolute colorimetry R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.11 Rendering state 54 • Stock photo agency images are rendered to a normalized intent • Typical consumer images are the raw output of digital cameras or scanners • Many CBIR algorithms rely on color histograms • Need to specify when images are unrendered • RIMM/ROMM RGB • Need algorithms to perform automatic rendering operation R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.11.1 Digital color image ﬂow 55 sensor unrendered rendered device space space space space colorimetric colorimetric output device input device estimate of estimate of a specific RGB specific RGB original scene reproduction or CMYK device and/or device and/or image specific image specific image specific transformation transformation transformation R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

2.11.2 Rendering in Photoshop 56 connection space display (XYZ) (RGB counts) input connection space working color space (Adobe RGB, or …) rendered image (RGB counts) (CIELAB or XYZ) connection space printer (CIELAB or XYZ) (CMYK counts) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3 Data compression 57 Application Protocol Format Compression Color image R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.0.1 Approach 58 • Waveform coding of color images • with “waveform” we put the emphasis on the signal, as opposed to its meaning • “Avoiding the transmission of information which the eye cannot use” A.V. Bedford, 1950 • Reducing statistical or visual redundancy • source vs. sink coding • lossless vs. lossy (visually lossless) coding • lossless: decompressed image identical to original • lossy: decompressed image tolerably different R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.0.2 General compression system 59 • 3 stages: transform — quantize — code • quantize — lossy • code — lossless transform quantize code original compressed T Q C spatial ﬁlter scalar quantizer Huffman coding color transform vector quantizer arithmetic coding spatial transform color palette Lempel-Ziv R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1 Coding methods 60 • Achieve compression by exploiting statistical redundancy in the symbol set • average number of bits cannot be less than the entropy H H = – ∑ pi log (pi), where ∑ pi = 1 (pi is the probability of symbol i) • • entropy sets bound on performance • Not all symbols are equally likely • use short codewords for more probable symbols • use long codewords for less probable ones R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.1 Encoding methods (cont.) 61 • Statistics known • Huffman coding • method of constructing the optimum preﬁx code • Arithmetic coding • represents a symbol string as a binary fraction • typically 5–10% better than Huffman coding, but more complex • Statistics not known • Lempel-Ziv (dictionary methods) in 3 ﬂavors: LZ77, LZ78, LZW • represent a string in terms of previous occurrences using: • a pointer to the previous occurrence and its length (LZ77) • a dictionary of previous occurrences (LZ78, LZW) • Flate • LZ77 followed by Huffman coding • in some contents authoring tools, Flate encoding is labelled as ZIP R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.2 Huffman coding 62 Developed 1952 by D.A. Huffman • Produces the optimum preﬁx code • ﬁxed-length symbols to variable-length codewords 1. Order the symbols according to their probabilities • frequency of occurrence of each symbol known a priori • in practice, a training set of data is used 2. Merge the two symbols with the smallest probabilities 3. Repeat step 2 until one merged symbol is left • step 2 can be viewed as construction of a binary tree, since at each recursion we merge two symbols • at end of recursion, all symbols will be leaf nodes of this tree • the codeword for each symbol is obtained by traversing the binary tree from root to the leaf node corresponding to that symbol R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.2.1 Huffman coding example 63 • In most Internet imaging applications the size of the alphabet composing these symbols is restricted to at most 64,000 symbols • Average number of bits cannot be less than the entropy H = – ∑ p i log ( p i ) pi 1 1.00 1 V1 000 0.5 1 01 V2 001 0.2 1 0 0.50 0011 V3 010 0.1 1 0.18 0 0010 V4 011 0.08 0 0.30 1 0001 V5 100 0.06 0 0.12 1 00001 V6 101 0.03 0 0.06 1 000001 V7 110 0.02 0 0.03 0 000000 V8 111 0.01 2.19 Entropy = 2.16 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.3 Arithmetic coding 64 • Achieves higher compression than Huffman by combining several symbols into a single unit • a message is encoded as a whole new symbol instead of as separate symbols • geometric interpretation: symbols correspond to subintervals in [0, 1) • Separates coding from modeling • this allows for the dynamic adaptation of the probability model without affecting the design of the coder • Many image compression standards allow to substitute Huffman with arithmetic coding • Huffman coding is often the baseline requirement • arithmetic coding can be used in critical applications • Covered by patents from IBM, Mitsubishi, and AT&T R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.4 LZ coding method 65 Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel, 1977 and 1978 • A sliding window is moved across the data stream • LZ77: • a string is represented in terms of a pointer to the previous occurrence and its length • LZ78: • a string is represented in terms of a pointer into a dictionary of previous occurrences • a dictionary is built that maps variable length bit strings from the data stream into ﬁxed length codes • the decoder parses the code sequence, recursively builds the same dictionary, and reconstructs the data stream R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.5 LZW coding method 66 Lossless compression of graphics • Improvement of LZ proposed by Terry Welch in 1984 • Dictionary is initialized with the character set • Bytes from the input stream are read and used to progressively form larger and larger sequences until a sequence is formed that is not in the dictionary • The last known sequence’s encoding is output and the new sequence is added to the dictionary • Typical compression ratio: 2:1 • Implementing LZW may require licensing USP 4,558,302 • see http://www.unisys.com/about__unisys/lzw/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.1.6 Flate and deﬂate 67 Proposed in 1996 by L. Peter Deutsch • L77 cascaded with Huffman • window size up to 32K bytes • Huffman coding of pointers and lengths • Performance • substantially better compression than LZW • considerably slower encoding speed than LZW • same decoding speed • Usage • PNG format • gzip, StuffIt, and ZIP archives • PDF 1.2 and later to compress text, graphics, and indexed image data • Speciﬁcation Ver. 1.3, IETF RFC 1951 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.2 Binary image compression 68 • Group 3 1-d (MH) and 2-d (MR) • ITU-T Rec. T.4 • Group 4 (MMR) • ITU-T Rec. T.6 • JBIG — progressive bi-level image compression • ISO 11544 / ITU-T Rec. T.82 • ITU-T Rec. T.85 — application proﬁle for fax • ITU-T Rec. T.43 — bit-plane coding for color fax images using JBIG • JBIG2 — lossy/lossless coding for bi-level images • ISO 14492 / ITU-T Rec. T.88 • text halftone, and generic modes • add color tags to symbols in text mode R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.3 Palette color 69 Counting colors • 24-bit pixels can represent 16 million colors • Humans can distinguish 10 million colors • A 2×3K image contains 6 million pixels • A 512×512 image contains 250 thousand pixels A “typical” 5122 image has • 26 thousand colors • One byte can represent 256 colors R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.3.1 Color palettes (mapped color) 70 • Represent original colors by indices into a map with reduced set of colors (paint by numbers) • choose N colors (palette) • image dependent (adaptive) or image independent (ﬁxed) • e.g., median cut • quantize (map) original to palette colors • use look-up table to map index to palette color • may use dither in palettized image quantize original index Q R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.4 Transform coding 71 • Represent pixels p(x, y) as linear basis functions ci(x, y) p ( x, y ) = k ∑ C i c i ( x, y ) • Coordinate transformation / spectral decomposition • decorrelating original pixels • compacting signal energy • matching quantizer to human visual system • Quantize and code transform coefﬁcients Ci • emphasis on T step of T-Q-C compression model transform quantize code original compressed T Q C R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.4.1 Transform coding (cont.) 72 • Discrete Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT) is optimal • uncorrelated coefﬁcients, best energy packing • image dependent, no fast implementation • Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) • image independent, fast transform exists • performance approaches KLT 7 7 ( 2x + 1 )kπ ( 2y + 1 )lπ 1 ∑∑ Y ( k, l ) = -- C ( k )C ( l ) S ( x, y ) cos --------------------------- cos ------------------------- - - 16 16 4 x = 0y = 0 • Baseline JPEG standard uses block DCT • Joint Photographic Experts Group R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5 JPEG compression method 73 ISO/IEC 10918–1, ITU-T Rec. T.81 • Lossy compression of images • Pixels are correlated across space • the compaction efﬁciency of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is close to the optimal transform (KLT) • DCT is an orthogonal and separable transform • Transformed data is quantized • Compression is achieved with cascaded entropy coder • Typical compression ratios (depends on resolution) • 10:1 in RGB • 25:1 in opponent color spaces R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.1 JPEG sequential modes of operation 74 • Sequential DCT • image blocks are coded in scan-like sequence • Huffman coding (baseline) • arithmetic coding • Sequential lossless • DPCM predictive R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.1.1 JPEG non-sequential modes of operation 75 • Progressive DCT • image blocks are processed sequentially, but coding is completed in multiple scans • spectral selection: successively more coefficients are coded in zig-zag • successive approximation: DCT coefficients are divided by power of 2 before encoding and slices from MSB to LSB are coded • requires buffering • Hierarchical coding • each image component is encoded as a sequence of frames • first frame is a low-resolution version of image • subsequent frames are differential frames between source components and reference reconstructed components • useful for multi-resolution applications R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.2 Color in JPEG 76 Very ﬂexible • No color space speciﬁcation • Baseline JPEG: 4 or less color components • Colorimetric color representation is possible • Full JPEG: 256 or less color components • Discrete spectral color representation is possible • Compression can be improved with chroma subsampling Conclusions: • JPEG can be used for full color communication • Find way to solve artifact problem in JPEG R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.2.1 Examples of problems 77 The same image: original, GIF, JPEG en radi ts Hot colors on g Cool colors o gradients n Soft colors gradients on • GIF can cause color quantization problems due to palettization before LZW compression • Just changing the q-factor introduces ringing and blockiness artifacts R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.3 JPEG sequential (baseline) pipeline 78 compressed original stream raster to entropy block DCT quantization coding translation Q Huffman tables quantization tables critical knob for image quality R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.4 The DCT and its kernels 79 7 7 ( 2x + 1 )kπ ( 2y + 1 )lπ 1 ∑∑ Y ( k, l ) = -- C ( k )C ( l ) S ( x, y ) cos --------------------------- cos ------------------------- - - 16 16 4 x = 0y = 0 m ⎛ n + --⎞ π 1 - ⎝ 2⎠ [ C 8 ] mn = k m cos --------------------------- - 8 The 64 kernels of the discrete cosine transform: R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.5 Classical approach: the q-factor 80 The same image compressed with the same parameters except for an increasing q-factor R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.6 Perceptually lossy compression 81 • Internet images often include text • Readability of text is preserved when small features are preserved • Optimize quantization tables to preserve typeface parts itag ear bar stem serif terminal stress USP 5,883,979 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.7 More than just compression 82 Image processing in the compressed domain • Optical shortcomings can be compensated • cost reduction • Geometric transformations • Preferred rendering USP 5,850,484 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.5.8 Strategies 83 to optimize the JPEG method • A discrete quantization table (DQT) can be used for all images of the same class • text • business graphics • maps • drawings • gradients in various directions • etc. • But: image is created only once, downloaded many times • it can be more efﬁcient to compute custom tables for each image: adaptive algorithm • Main goal is system balancing! R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6 JPEG 2000 — overview 84 ISO/IEC 15444, ITU-T Rec. T.800 • Wavelet-based follow-on to JPEG • same committee, different contributors • Single compression architecture • continuous-tone and binary compression • lossy, lossless, and lossy-to-lossless coding • progressive rendering • by quality or by resolution via order of codestream packets • Offer better compression (~25%) with more features • More parts coming with extensions, proﬁles, ﬁle formats & conformance • Part 1 (core decoder) approved as January 2001 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.1 JPEG 2000 — applications 85 • Internet and WWW images • low bandwidth, multiple resolutions, random access • replacement for FlashPix with multiple, tiled JPEG images? • Mobile applications • error resilience, rate control, progressive decompression • low bit rate • Digital photography • Facsimile and multi-function products • Compound images R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.2 JPEG 2000 — features 86 • Superior low-bit rate performance • Random access within compressed image • Multiple resolutions with multi-level wavelet transform • Can specify bit rate • Error resilience • re-synchronization of decoder • Regions of Interest (ROI) • some parts of the image compressed with higher ﬁdelity • 1–256 color (spectral) components R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.3 JPEG 2000 — operation 87 LH LL 2-D DWT LH LL LL LH 2-D DWT HL HH Original HH HL HH HL transform quantize code original compressed T Q C Component transform Scalar by Modeling followed • reversible for lossless mode by binary adaptive sub-band • RGB-to-YCbCr for lossy mode arithmetic coder • none skip for lossless mode Pixel transform • 2-D discrete wavelet transform • separable, by tiles, multilevel R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.4 JPEG 2000 — wavelet transform 88 2-D DWT LH LL LL LH LL LH 2-D DWT HL HH Original HH HL HH HL • 2-level wavelet transform • with JPEG 2000 9×7 ﬁlter R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5 Image compressed with JPEG 89 0.125 bpp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5.1 Image compressed with JPEG 2000, no ROI 90 0.125 bpp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5.2 JPEG 2000 codestream is packetized 91 • First few packets are such that you can decompress and obtain an image with more quality in the ROI (face) than in the periphery (surround) • As more packets arrive, you obtain the data to produce better quality in the surround, so that the entire image is rendered at the same quality • User can truncate the process anywhere in between R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5.3 Image compressed with JPEG 2000 @ 0.125 bpp 92 ROI coding (face) equivalent to 0.125 bpp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5.4 Image compressed with JPEG 2000 @ 0.25 bpp 93 ROI coding equivalent to 0.25 bpp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5.5 Image compressed with JPEG 2000 @ 0.5 bpp 94 ROI coding equivalent to 0.5 bpp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.6.5.6 Image compressed with JPEG 2000 @ 1 bpp 95 ROI coding equivalent to 1 bpp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7 Mixed Raster Content — background 98 T.4 T.6 black-and-white black-and-white MH MMR text and line text and line diagrams diagrams T.85 in1 in1 out out in2 in2 JBIG black-and-white text, halftones, PSTN stipples, line art, and so on Multiple, independent compression methods— T.43 T.42 each optimized for one kind of image content JBIG JPEG CIELAB CIELAB R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.1 Mixed Raster Content — solution 99 T.44 black-and-white text & digrams Mixed as before, colored Raster text Content too interchange black-and-white text and line diagrams black-and-white text, halftones, stipples, line art, color text and in1 and so graphics on out in2 MRC is a method for using multiple compression methods in raster documents that contain multiple kinds of content R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.2 Fax implementation tree 100 T.4 black-and-white text and line diagrams MH in1 out in2 T.42 black-and-white black-and-white text, halftones, text and line stipples, line art, diagrams JPEG and so on CIELAB in1 out in2 T.85 T.6 JBIG MMR T.44 black-and-white T.43 text & digrams as before, Mixed colored Raster text JBIG Content too CIELAB R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.3 Mixed Raster Content — overview 101 • MRC = Mixed Raster Content • multi-layer model for representing compound images • described in ITU-T Recommendation T.44 • originally proposed in joint Xerox/HP contribution • efﬁcient processing, interchange and archiving of raster-oriented pages with a mixture of multilevel and bilevel images • Technical approach • segmentation of an image into multiple layers (planes), by image content • use spatial resolution, color representation and compression method matched to the content of each layer • Compound image architecture • framework for using compression methods • Performance • can achieve compression ratios of several 100 to 1 on typical documents R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.4 Mixed Raster Content — model 102 Image 3-layer model black-and-white text & digrams • Foreground colored text • multilevel, e.g., text color bla ck • JBIG @ 12 bpp, 100 dpi red • Mask bla • bilevel, e.g., text shape tex ck-a n t co & dig d-wh • MMR @ 1 bpp, 400 dpi lor i ed rams te tex t • Background • multilevel, e.g., contone im. • JPEG @ 24 bpp, 200 dpi Image = M • FG + M’ • BG R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.4.1 MRC model — decomposition by stripe 103 1 strip/page, 3 layers vs. multiple strips/page, 1-3 layers/strip If we do not make Recommendations Stripe 1: M together, we will surely not make them at all Stripe 2: M, B Did you ever get a sinking Time to pull feeling? Stripe 3: M, B, F together? Stripe 4: B Stripe 5: M, B, F Too late! Too late! Stripe 6: B But it is better to have proposed a Recommendation Stripe 7: M, F and failed, than to never have proposed at all. But better still to propose and see success in both document and marketplace Based on Fig. 3 & 8 in T.44 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

104 3.7.5 MRC — test Create the same-sized ﬁles using JPEG and using MRC R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.5.1 MRC test — decomposition by stripe 105 Stripe 1: Mask image with FG = red Stripe 2: Mask image only Stripe 3: Mask image with graphic in FG Stripe 4: Mask image only Stripe 5: Mask (white) with image in BG Unless otherwise noted, FG is defaulted to black and BG is defaulted to white R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.6 MRC — performance 106 Original @ 200 dpi JPEG @200 dpi CR = 95:1 MRC M — MMR @ 400 dpi FG — JPEG @ 200 dpi BG — JPEG @ 200 dpi CR = 382:1 @ 400 dpi R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.7.7 MRC speciﬁcations 107 • Standards • ITU-T Rec. T.44 • TIFF-FX Proﬁle M • JPM (JPEG2000 standard, Part 6) • Proprietary • ScanSoft PagisPro • LizardTech Document Express (DjVu) • Luratech LuraDocument R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.8 Which compression method should I108 use for my images? • Users do not like plug-ins — avoid them if possible • Static pictorial image: JPEG • Image with few colors: LZ (no dithering) • GIF (§4.3, slide 114) is being replaced by PNG; currently there are still differences in what is native in browsers • Vector graphics: do not rasterize • SVG ﬁle format (see §4.10, slide 135) • plug-in still new and huge; not available for all platforms • High concept vector graphics: scripting • Flash ﬁle format • requires plug-in; not available for all platforms R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

3.8.1 Slide 21 revisited in bytes 109 uncompressed compressed 238,960 8,838 1,427 393,448 56,331 619K bytes total 65K bytes total R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4 File formats 110 Application Protocol Format Compression Color image R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.1 Color images 111 • Image: a rectangular array of pixels • a pixel is an array of samples • image document: an array of page images • Two things a ﬁle format should do • provide sufﬁcient information to decode an image or rendering or processing • height, width, samples per pixel, bits per sample, resolution, color space, compression method, associated images • image structure, bye ordering • provide useful information about the image • metadata, e.g., image description, OCR data R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.1.1 File formats 112 How is the data and its metadata stored? • Specify the structure of a ﬁle • ﬁle consists of • metadata (e.g., color space, white point, little endian, big endian) • compressed data • Text, structure, and meta oriented: HTML, XML • Image oriented: GIF, PNG, JFIF, FlashPix, TIFF-FX • Compound document oriented: TIFF-FX, PDF R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.2 What is metadata? 113 • Metadata is machine understandable information about ﬁle resources • The architecture is of metadata represented as a set of independent assertions • assertions about resources are attributes of the resource • this architecture facilitates programming • The set of valid attribute names for a context are deﬁned by convention in a vocabulary • Metadata increases the value of information • See §4.9.1, slide 129 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.3 GIF — Graphics Interchange Format 114 • Developed by CompuServe, Inc. in 1987 • Protocol for the on-line transmission and interchange of raster graphic data. • Colors speciﬁed in uncalibrated device dependent RGB • Color is palettized & restricted to power of 2 in [0, 7] • A GIF data stream can contain several raster-based graphics — this can be used for animations • a optional global color map and a local optional map per image • The raster data is a string compressed with LZW • sliding window is moved across data stream and dictionary is built • code size is limited to 12 bits per code • there are special codes for resetting tables and end-of-stream R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.4 PNG — Portable Network Graphics 115 Patent-free replacement for GIF • Developed within W3C as license-free alternative to GIF • Supports palettized color, grayscale, and RGB color • extension chunk for sRGB and ICC proﬁles • allows for gamma correction for better cross-platform performance • not supported by all browsers • Optional 8-bit alpha channel can be used for transparency • not supported by all browsers • Only supports single images (no animation) • proposed multi-image version is MNG (Multi-image Network Graphics) • Compression method is ﬂate R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.5 JPEG ﬁle formats 116 The JPEG standard does not specify a file format; several different formats have been proposed • ANPA/IPTC — newspaper industry • ITU-T — ITU-T Rec. T.4 Annex E for color fax • ETSI — photo videotext, video telephony • EXIF and Exif Print — digital cameras • TIFF/EP — digital cameras, ISO/DIS 12234–2 • IOCA — IBM Image Object Content Architecture • NITFS — intelligence community, DoD • TIFF — Tag Image File Format rev. 6.0 and later • PDF — Portable Document Format • JFIF — JPEG File Interchange Format • SPIFF — ISO 10918 Part 3 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.5.1 JFIF — JPEG File Interchange Format 117 • Developed by C-Cube Microsystems as a simple file format to exchange JPEG bitstreams • just adds APP0 marker segment with application specific information to a JPEG datastream, as defined in ISO 10918 • baseline or progressive JPEG • Simpler than TIFF, but for JPEG only • single codestream, with thumbnail in APP0 marker segment • quantization and Huffman tables in codestream • Allows for additional attributes over those of JPEG • The color space is YCbCr • no provisions for gamma correction • an offset is applied to turn CbCr into non-negative numbers (see §2.5.4, slide 37) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.5.2 Exif and Exif Print 118 Exchangeable Image File • Exif being revised from V2.1 to V2.2, called Exif Print • New features: • enhanced metadata • scene modes (portrait, landscape, etc) • more manditory camera data • user / image preference data (sharpness, chroma, …) • formalized use of sYCC for larger than sRGB color gamut • ExifPrint sYCC is display referenced for a display with sRGB properties but with no gamut limitations • ExifPrint sYCC can include ICC proﬁle • Exif Print was adoped April 2002 • Often used with Digital Print Order Form (DPOF) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.6 TIFF — Tagged Image File Format 119 • Originally developed by Aldus, acquired by Adobe • current version: TIFF Rev. 6.0 • easily extensible, supports private fields • several published extensions (notes) and derivatives • Supports single images and multi-page image documents • images can be striped or tiles • Supports multiple color spaces • Gray, RGB, palette RGB, CMYK, YCbCr, CIELAB, … • ICC defines TIFF field for ICC profiles; extension for ICCLAB • Supports multiple compression types • Group 3 (2 ways: use Compresion=3), Group 4, JPEG (but use TIFF Technical Note 2 with optional JPEG tables), LZW, Packbits • Most popular image format, not supported by browsers R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.6.1 FlashPix 120 • Images stored in resolution pyramid color spaces are PhotoYCC and NIF RGB ≈ sRGB • • Each plane is tiled (64×64 pixels) • each tile is compressed with JPEG • IIP protocol allows transfer of individual tiles or groups R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.6.2 TilePic 121 • A ﬁle format developed by the Berkeley Digital Library Project • Designed to store tiled data of arbitrary type in a hierarchical, indexed format in order to provide fast retrieval • Inﬂuenced by the FlashPix format • Based on the GridPix format developed by the Tertiary Disk Project at UC Berkeley R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.7 PDF — Portable Document Format 122 • A PDF file contains a PDF document, a version number, and a directory of important structures in the file • A PDF document consists of a number of pages • each one is a page description (PostScript imaging model) • preserves all of the fonts, formatting, colors, and graphics of any source document • can contain also vector graphics, images, hypertext links, sound, movies • supported compression methods: JPEG, G-3, G-4, LZW, flate, and run length encoding • supports ICC profiles • PDF/X is emerging ANSI standard for digital publication • currently there are no tools, but Adobe’s Acrobat tools can be used in conjunction with PDF 1.3, which is superset of PDF/X • Use when layout is important R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.7.1 Optimized PDF 123 A PDF file can be optimized for transmission over the Internet • All data for first page is at the beginning of the file • Embedded fonts are subsetted • recommended setting: subset if less than 99% used • Common page elements are stored only once • Text and vector graphics are flate compressed • All uncompressed images are compressed with flate • already compressed images are left intact • flate is lossless • Consider down-sampling images in the Distiller R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.7.2 PDF for images on the Internet 124 • PDF has excellent provisions for compression • in PDF the file size for an image is typically 3–5 times smaller than in EPS • PDF avoids platform dependency of EPS • Acrobat Exchange can import most file formats and convert them to PDF • Several graphic programs can save as PDF without Distiller • CorelDraw, Freehand, Illustrator, Photoshop, … • see also §6.3.1, slide 197 • PDF libraries can be used to generate PDF files from custom programs • Most text editing programs can import images in PDF files R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.7.3 Marking up PDF 125 • One of the key WWW features is linking • As a ﬁle format for the Internet, PDF has extensive hypertext provisions • Some authoring tools (e.g. FrameMaker) also have powerful hypertext capabilities • Hypertext information can be passed from the authoring tool to the Distiller via the pdfmark operator • manual: click help in the Distiller, select pdfmark Guide • With a PDF library, it is possible to create applications that mark up PDF images for the Internet with metadata • examples: licensing data, copyrights, author, keywords,… R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.7.4 PDF short-comings 126 • Requires a plug-in on Windows OS • Designed before XML • Contents is static — it is hard to customize content on the fly for personal experiences • consider SVG as an alternative (see §4.10, slide 135) • Poorly reflows documents for palm-top devices • conduit only for Windows platform • easily fails on non-tagged PDF files; cannot find all drawing elements • crashes on complex files like the course material you are reading • It is challenging to write software to manipulate PDF documents R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.8 HTML, with XHTML coming 127 Hypertext Markup Language 4.0 • A subset of SGML format for hypertext documents • originally developed within the IETF, now in W3C • current version: HTML 4 • XHTML reformulates HTML as an XML application • brings the rigor of XML • better support of small portable devices • modularity allows better support for vector graphics, math, etc. • Images in HTML or XHTML • use the IMG or OBJECT element • image formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG • has more to do with the browser than the format • XHTML is the image format for UPnP Ver. 1.0 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9 XML — eXtensible Markup Language 128 Framework for markup languages • Meta-grammar (data type dictionary) allows to describe any data (users can add new attribute names and tags) • Document’s ﬂow can be nested (tree instead of list) • Extensible Style Language (XSL) for appearance • Grammar can be supplied for structural validation • Preserve all semantic information on data • Allows to bring database applications to the WWW • Use when contents and structure are most important R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9.1 XML for metadata 129 • Most computer applications manage some metadata in property lists • XML has the advantage of many available tools • lower implementation cost • faster implementation • better interoperability • Using XML for metadata allows to enforce a grammar • increases quality of metadata, thus the value of the information • facilitates application to application communication • As XML is a computer language with a well-deﬁned syntax, it is possible to build equivalence classes and aggregate (merge) information repositories R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9.1.1 RDF — Resource Description Framework 130 • Early effort to represent metadata for the web • Simple descriptive data • card index information (Dublin Core) • privacy information (P3P) • association of style sheets with documents • intellectual property rights labeling • Adobe’s XMP (a.k.a. XAP) is based on this early RDF • will be supported in all Adobe products and their ﬁle formats • open source SDK lowers the entry bar for developers • supporting XMP is a business and development issue, not a research issue • Today the research focus for RDF has shifted towards the semantic web (semweb) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9.1.2 RDF problem 1: DTD vs. schema 131 • XML DTD does not explicitly support name spaces • XML schema solves this problem but provides little semantic information • RDF schema proposal (MetaNet ontology) provides support for richer semantic deﬁnitions… • …however, it provides limited support for local usage constraints, like • closed vocabularies • occurrence or formatting constraints • Example for the vocabulary problem • Library of Congress: author • British Library: creator R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9.1.3 RDF problem 2: ontology merging 132 • Semantic knowledge is represented in the form of an ontology • There is no universal ontology representing all human knowledge — we can only create local ontologies • Today there are no algorithms for automatically aggregating and merging ontologies • example: cook A has an ontology for Mandarin cuisine, cook B has an ontology for Cantonese cuisine — build an ontology for Chinese cuisine • Bioinformatics has developed very powerful structure matching and aggregation algorithms for the human genome project • can they provide a solution to the semweb problem? R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9.2 DOM — Document Object Model 133 For writing XML applications • Generally, a parser is used to transform an XML ﬁle into a data structure — the parse tree • Applications operate on the parse tree, not on the original ﬁle • Libraries are provided, exploiting the DOM to manipulate the data structure generated by an XML parser • an interface that allows programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents • Working Draft released for public review 29 September 2000 • XML is not only for documents • cfr. the role of the scheme language in the late 80s R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.9.3 XML for presentation 134 • Original idea of the WWW is that authors determine contents and its structure, while readers determine the appearance • Graphic artists need to control appearance • This dichotomy explains why so much text on the WWW is communicated as images • XML can be used to define languages for look • XSL is an example of such a styling language • style for example maps emphasis into an oblique font • XML can be used to define languages for format • format specifies the placement of individual elements on a page • the final form can be expressed in an XML language like SVG R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.10 SVG — Scalable Vector Graphics 135 An XML language for final presentation • Language for describing 2-dimensional graphics in XML • XML encoding of PostScript imaging operations • Web-based display of vector data, as well as images and text • supports styles, scripting, searching and linking • supported by Illustrator 9.0 and 10 — free viewer plug-in from Adobe • ‘image’ element • conforming SVG viewers must support JPEG and PNG files result of processing is 4-channel RGBA image (A = α-channel) • • Color representations • sRGB or ICC-profile-based color • profile embedded or accessed via a URI (Uniform Resource Identifiers) R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.10.1 SVG — example 136 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot; encoding=quot;iso-8859-1quot;?>  <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC quot;-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.0//ENquot; quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtdquot; [ <!ENTITY ns_flows quot;http://ns.adobe.com/Flows/1.0/quot;> <!ENTITY ns_svg quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svgquot;> <!ENTITY ns_xlink quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xlinkquot;> ]> <svg xmlns=quot;&ns_svg;quot; xmlns:xlink=quot;&ns_xlink;quot; xmlns:a=quot;http://ns.adobe.com/AdobeSVGViewerExtensions/3.0/quot; width=quot;113.964quot; height=quot;116.656quot; viewBox=quot;0 0 113.964 116.656quot; overflow=quot;visiblequot; enable-background=quot;new 0 0 113.964 116.656quot; xml:space=quot;preservequot;> <g id=quot;Layer_1quot;> <path fill=quot;#FF00FFquot; stroke=quot;#0000FFquot; stroke-width=quot;3quot; d=quot;M105.362,97.903l-37.386-9.682l-29.169,25.309l-2.345-38.548 L3.377,55.062L39.314,40.92l8.722-37.621l24.555,29.807l38.475-3.33 L90.306,62.34L105.362,97.903zquot;/> </g> </svg> R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.11 SMIL 137 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language • Pronounced “smile” • Enables simple authoring of interactive audiovisual presentations • SMIL is typically used for “rich media” (multimedia) presentations which integrate streaming audio and video with images, text or any other media type • Main feature is capability to synchronize multiple streams • SMIL is an easy-to-learn HTML-like language, and many SMIL presentations are written using a simple text-editor R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.12 MRML 138 Multimedia Retrieval Markup Language • XML-based markup language • Basis for an open communication protocol for content- based image retrieval systems (CBIRSs) • Separates CBIR engines from their user interfaces • i.e., query formulation from actual query • Essential for the formulation and implementation of common benchmarks for CBIR • http://mrml.net/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.13 XML vs. PDF for Web pages 139 Should I use PDF or XML? • PDF workflow gives authors full control of contents, structure, and form (layout) • XML workflow gives authors full control of contents and structure, while the form can be controlled by reader • In the case of text documents it is easy to reflow the contents algorithmically • a necessity for PDAs and eBooks • For rich multimedia documents, automatic layout algorithms my produce unacceptable results • the re-incarnation of documents • XML and PDF may converge R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.14 VRML — ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997 140 Virtual Reality Modeling Language • File format for describing interactive 3D multimedia on the Internet • structured graphics and extra dimensions (z and time) • application example: color device gamut visualization • VRML 1.0 speciﬁcation created by Silicon Graphics, Inc. • based on OpenInventor ﬁle format • Rikk Carey, Gavin Bell, and Chris Marrin • In December 1997 VRML 2.0 became VRML97 • Web3D Consortium formed 1994 • Requires plug-in R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.15 QuickTime 141 • Platform-independent suite of ﬁles, applications, and plug-ins for playing or interacting with a wide range of popular media formats • imported formats: AVI, Flash, MOV, PICT, BMP, GIF, JPEG/JFIF, Photoshop, PNG, Targa, TIFF, FlashPix, QuickTime Image, DV, MPEG, AIFF, Audio CD, Karaoke, MIDI, MP3, AAC, WAV, Text • exported formats: AVI, DV Stream, MOV, BMP, JPEG, Photoshop, PNG, Targa, TIFF, QuickTime Image, AIFF, MIDI, MP3, AAC, WAV and Text • Comprises two managers: the Movie Toolbox and the Image Compression Manager • Movie Toolbox allows to store, retrieve, and manipulate time-based data that is stored in QuickTime movies • a single movie may contain several types of data • Image Compression Manager comprises a set of functions that compress and decompress images or sequences of graphic images R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.15.1 QuickTime concepts 142 video metadata audio user data VR copyright information 3D media data MIDI graphics media index text types of tracks compression format … edit information R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.15.2 QuickTime file format 143 • Metadata part is called movie • index, number of tracks, compression method, timing,… • Image part is called media data • video frames, audio samples,… • Movie and media data can be in different files • example: slide shows • Basic data unit is called atom • atom contains size & type info plus (big-endian) data • atoms can be nested—containment hierarchy, tree-structure • QuickTime files consist of atoms • QuickTime Image File Format • provides container for QuickTime-compressed still images • supports ColorSync R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.16 JPEG 2000 144 • JPEG 2000 standard will define optional file formats • unique format for branding, syntax based on QuickTime format • file format is a sequence of boxes (atoms) • each box has an identifier, length and data • different approach than JPEG • JPEG standard defined codestream syntax, but not file format • JPEG 2000 File Format Family (ISO 15444–N) • Part 1 — includes minimal file format: JP2 • Part 2 — includes JP2 extensions: JPX • Part 3 — Motion JPEG 2000: MJ2 • Part 6 — Compound Images: JPM • Usage • coming, early adopters: digital cameras • JP2 will replace FlashPix R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.16.1 JPEG 2000 File Format Family 145 • JP2 (JPEG2000) • single image • contiguous codestream • gray, sRGB, restricted ICC proﬁles, palette, sYCC • JPX (JPEG2000 EXtensions) • multiple code streams, possibly fragmented • other color spaces and compression types • MJ2 (Motion JPEG2000) • timed sequences of JPEG 2000 images • uses many of the same boxes/atoms as MPEG-4 • JPM (JPEG2000 Multi-layer) • MRC model for JPEG2000 (and other) compressed images • represents page as a sequence of (Mask, FG) layout objects R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.17 TIFF-FX 146 • Developed within IETF as file format for Internet fax • TIFF representation of image data generated by suite of ITU-T standards for black-and-white and color facsimile • TIFF-FX = TIFF for Fax eXtended • IETF Proposed Standard (RFC 2301) • required by ITU-T Rec. T.37 and IETF RFC 2532 Internet Fax standards • extension proposed for JBIG2 • Color representation: CIELAB with ITU encoding B&W color Profile S — Group 3 1-D (MH) Profile C — JPEG Profile F — Group 3, 2-D (MR), Profile L — JBIG color (T.82) Group 4 (MMR) Profile J — JBIG (T.85) Profile M — Mixed Raster Content R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.17.1 Relationship among TIFF-FX proﬁles 147 S MH T.4 COLOR B&W J F C JBIG MH, MR, MMR JPEG T.5, T.82 T.4, T.6 T.42, T.81 L M JBIG MRC T.43, T.82 T.44 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.18 File format overview 148 • Single image • GIF, PNG, VRML, JFIF, TIFF-FX, JPEG 2000, PDF, QuickTime • Multiple images • animated GIF, MNG, FlashPix, QuickTime • Multi-page images • TIFF-FX, PDF • Compound images • TIFF-FX Proﬁle M, PDF • Compound documents — vectors, text, images • XML formats, HTML, SVG, PDF, SMIL R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.18.1 File format summary 149 Color spaces supported with the compression methods LZW flate JPEG device RGB n/a n/a GIF n/a device RGB, sRGB n/a PNG n/a n/a YCbCr JFIF n/a n/a PhotoYCC, sRGB FlashPix n/a n/a CIELAB TIFF-FX Profile C dev. RGB, dev. CMYK, cal. RGB, CIELAB, XYZ, ICC profiles PDF • LZW, flate for text, graphics, and indexed images • JPEG for images R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

4.18.2 Internet media types and ﬁle extensions 150 File Format Internet Media Type File Extension GIF image/gif .gif PNG image/png .png JFIF image/jpeg .jpg FlashPix image/vnd.fpx .fpx image/jpeg2000* JPEG 2000 .jp2 image/jpeg2000; extended* .jpx image/jpeg2000-mrc* .jpm TIFF-FX image/tiff .tif PDF application/pdf .pdf HTML text/html .htm, .html .xml† XML text/xml, application/xml R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

151 File Format Internet Media Type File Extension image/svg-xml* .svg† SVG Flash application/x-shockwave-ﬂash .swf VRML model/vrml .wrl QuickTime movie video/quicktime .mov QuickTime image .qif HTTP print job application/ipp * proposed, not yet registered † generic XML files often have the extension .xml, files for particular XML applications or DTDs have specific extensions, such as .svg for SVG or, for example, .cdf for the Channel Definition Format R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5 Protocols 152 Application Protocol Format Compression Color image R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.1 Internet fax 153 What is it? • Store-and-forward Internet fax • scanned document transmission using e-mail attachments • ITU-T standards and IETF protocols • uses ESMTP with delivery confirmation and capabilities exchange • ITU-T Recommendation T.37 — approved September 1999 • references IETF standards • requires use of TIFF-FX • Simple Mode — TIFF-FX Profile S: April 1999 • minimal b&w with no delivery confirmation or capability exchange • Full Mode — TIFF-FX all profiles: September 1999 • range of b&w and color with delivery confirmation and capability exchange R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.1.1 Internet fax 154 • Advantages • higher bandwidth for color and high resolution • high conﬁdence SMTP messaging • Status • B&W Internet fax products available now • Brooktrout Technology • Daewoo Telecom and Connect One • Dialogic (Intel) • Internet Magic • NetCentric and Cisco • Omtool • Panasonic • Xerox • Working implementations: Canon, Quality Logic, Interstar Technologies, iReady, KDD, Matsushita, Metasoft, Natural Microsystems, Open Port Technology, Optus Software, Ricoh, WIDE Project, … R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.1.2 Internet fax — conﬁgurations 155 Internet all-in-one workstation PSTN on/off ramp fax R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.1.3 Internet fax — operation 156 Group 3 fax S&F Internet fax ITU-T Rec. T.4 TIFF-FX Image format +120227653000 recipient@name.org Addressing ITU-T Rec. T.30 Internet fax schema Content (RFC 2531) capabilities point-to-point multi-point Transmission in-band out-of-band Notiﬁcation & MCF MDN, DSN conﬁrmation MUA — Mail User Agent MTA — Mail Transfer Agent MCF — Message Confirmation MDN — Message Disposition Notification DSN — Delivery Status Notification R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2 IPP — Internet Printing Protocol 157 What is it? • IETF standard developed with help from the Printer Working Group • Client-server protocol for distributed printing on the Internet • intended to replace LPR/LPD • Uses HTTP 1.1 POST application protocol • Internet media type: application/ipp R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.1 IPP — Internet Printing Protocol 158 Functions • Get a list of capabilities for a particular printer • Send a print job to a selected printer • Check on the progress of a particular print job • Cancel a previously submitted print job • Get status from the printer • Use modern PDLs • Options for multi-document jobs and print-by-reference • Event notiﬁcation R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.2 IPP — Internet Printing Protocol 159 Sample conﬁgurations Client to printer IPP client IPP object Client to server IPP IPP object client R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.3 Internet Printing Protocol — model 160 IPP or IPP direct connect or network connection requests jobs printer output job control client object device responses status Printer and job objects • printer object / printer description attributes • document-format-supported • Internet media type • compression-supported • around document, not within document • e.g., none, deﬂate, gzip, compress • color supported R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.4 Internet Printing Protocol — status 161 • Current version: IPP 1.1 • Newly published RFCs, September 2002 • RFC 3380 IPP: Job and Printer Set Operations • RFC 3381 IPP: Job Progress Attributes • RFC 3382 IPP: The ‘collection’ attribute syntax • Many IPP products available • http://www.pwg.org/ipp/IPP-Products.html • clients • small and large print servers • printers with embedded IPP • network cards • software • test tools R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.5 Internet Printing Protocol — fax 162 Internet facsimile status Internet fax over IPP, used to be Qualdocs • Real-time alternative to store-and-forward Internet fax • IPP offers negotiation (limited) and delivery receipts • ﬁrewalls will be an issue • TIFF-FX support mandatory • PDFax is PDF with: • image-only • streamable • supports encryption • synchronous, negotiated image transmission • use an extended version of IPP 1.1 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.6 Remote printing and prooﬁng 163 publisher Rio job server printer New Dehli Internet agency NY RIP server client Rom client Seul capabilities R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.7 Canon’s approach 164 Educate user & parametrize ambient conditions • User is given clear instructions on how to set up equipment • background and glare for soft copy • illuminance for hard copy • Low cost sensor is used to assess ambient conditions • Color appearance model is used to compute a color transformation for the current ambient conditions • USP 5,521,708; 5,532,848; 5,831,686; 5,900,932; 5,901,243; 6,078,732 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.2.8 Electronic Color Proof (ECP) 165 Imagicolor — Richard Holub • ECP insures consistent color in a network • resides in a network linking production nodes • Mediates the • sharing of information about the capabilities of nodal color devices • interpretation of color image data to the devices • control of color reproduction by the devices to a common or a negotiated criterion • Separable from image data • Special emphasis on gamut data • USP 6,043,909; 6,157,735 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.3 Digital sending 166 Internet scanning for the ofﬁce • Scanners connected to Ethernet instead of computer • Documents distributed via e-mail, fax servers, remote printers, or ISV applications HP 9100C Imaging Service Application write read TCP/IP image + metadata NOTIFY.DAT HP 9100C Windows Shared Application Digital Sender Server Disk Server R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.4 IIP — Internet Imaging Protocol 167 Transfer tiled images compressed with JPEG • An HTTP client-server protocol to request FlashPix data from an Internet server • Motivation: • execution efﬁciency • special commands to request image attributes and metadata • supports sequences of tiles • provisions for security and e-commerce • locking at the tile level • intelligent caching on proxy servers • Joint initiative by Hewlett-Packard Company and Live Picture Inc. • Now a consortium: DIG — Digital Imaging Group R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.4.1 JPIP Protocol 168 • JPIP defines the interactive protocol to achieve the efficient exchange of JPEG 2000 imagery and imagery related data • The protocol defines the client-server interactions based on a client request and server response image display metadata metadata client request server capabilities client capabilities JPP or JPT streams data limits index tables x-path server response cache model cache HTTP, TCP, UDP R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.5 WebDAV 169 WWW Distributed Authoring and Versioning • Set of extensions to the HTTP protocol which allows users to collaboratively edit and manage files on remote web servers • Very lightweight, works well on slow networks • OS support in Windows XP, MacOS X, NetWare 6 • Application support in Office XP, Acrobat, Oracle 9iAS • in Acrobat a user viewing a PDF file can upload comments and edits to a shared data repository, which can be tapped by and added to by other workers connected to the Web server • Apple’s iDrive is implemented in WebDAV • other Microsoft WebDAV application: SharePoint Portal Server R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.6 Service discovery 170 provide positive user experiences • “Self-configuring computational infrastructure” • avoid driver installation and finding networked devices • Automatic service discovery (brokering, agents, avatars) • user specifies a desired service (e.g., print this image in color) • network finds a resource to fulfill the request • Proposed architectures either address a few layers of the protocol stack (see §1.1.2, slide 7) or all •Three major players: •Microsoft — UPnP •Sun — Jini •Apple — Rendezvous = IETF zeroconf R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.6.1 UPnP — Universal Plug and Play 171 Device discovery in home networks • Architecture for pervasive peer-to-peer network connectivity of PCs of all form factors, intelligent appliances, and wireless devices • Distributed, open networking architecture that leverages TCP/IP and the Web to enable seamless proximity networking in addition to control and data transfer among networked devices in the home, ofﬁce, and everywhere in between • Heavily leverages Internet components, including IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and XML R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.6.1.1 UPnP network components 172 UPnP enabled device UPnP enabled device device device control point service 1 service 2 service 2 control point UPnP enabled device root device embedded device control service server service service 1 service 2 state event table server R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.6.1.2 Steps in UPnP networking 173 1. Addressing: supported by TCP/IP, UDP and DHCP or AutoIP 2. Discovery: enables control points to locate interesting devices on a network and their capabilities; the capabilities are announced with unicast and multicast variants of HTTP 3. Description: detailed description of a sought after device; an XML document 4. Control: control point requests actions to be performed; actions are formatted using SOAP (Simple Object Access protocol) 5. Eventing: services may contain variables reﬂecting their state; control points can request notiﬁcation by subscribing to a service 6. Presentation: HTML based user interface for a device R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

5.6.2 Jini 174 • Architecture for the construction of systems from objects and networks • lets programs use services in a network without knowing anything about the wire protocol that the service uses • client is taught by each service how to talk to it • When a service is plugged into a network of Jini services and/or devices, it advertises itself • client ﬁnds services by looking for an object that supports the API • then it will download any code it needs in order to talk to the service • The Jini architecture uses objects that move around the network to make each service, as well as the entire network of services, adaptable to new strategies over time R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6 Applications 175 Application Protocol Format Compression Color image R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.1 Outline 176 1. Research issues regarding Internet imaging applications • image retrieval • regions of interest 2. Commercial applications • browsers • authoring tools 3. Services • basic tools • three-tier model • experimental services • production services R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.1.1 Entropy and the secret for success 177 • As John von Neuman remarked to Claude Shannon, the formula for the information content of a message is mathematically identical to the formula of entropy • Second law of conservation of energy • Entropy and information can only incease • The human endeavor is to counteract to entropy by creating order • This is the secret for inventing successful Internet appliations R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2 Imaging research for the Internet 178 • Where can I ﬁnd a picture of the Golden Pavilion? • Is there a different view? With autumn color? Sakura? • Can I organize my images? • How can JPEG2000 ﬁnd the regions of interest? • If I browse my image collection on a PDA, can they be cropped by the server? R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.1 Image retrieval 179 Text or contents based • Text-based image retrieval: images are annotated and a database management system is used to perform image retrieval on the annotation • drawback 1: labor required to manually annotate the images • drawback 2: imprecision in the annotation process • Content-based image retrieval systems (CBIRS) overcome these problems by indexing the images according to their visual content, such as color, texture, etc. • A goal in CBIR research is to design representations that correlate well with the human visual system R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.1.1 Retrieval metrics 180 Exact queries are not possible for images (nor text) • Recall (Sensitivity) = Number of relevant items retrieved / Number of relevant items in database • Precision (Speciﬁcity) = Number of relevant items retrieved / Number of items retrieved • Algorithms must make a compromise between these two metrics: broad general vs. narrow speciﬁc query formulation • http://www.benchathlon.net/ • CBIR algorithms tend to be very imprecise… • …the result of a query requires further manual processing R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.1.2 Navigation vs. searching 181 Scalability requirements • Vetting the result of a query requires considerable effort • An Internet imaging system must allow users to capture the fruits of their vetting labor • After a search, a good system must provide functionality to organize the retrieved images so they can subsequently be navigated • Different users navigate differently a given image set • Navigation is facilitated by general structures, like taxonomies or ontologies R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2 Web photo albums 182 Organizing pictures • Amateurs: shoe box • Professionals: • image storage/retrieval of stock photos • structured work-ﬂow • operate on single images Pr capture ofe view print ur ssi catalog ate on al Am great? process archive put in wallet put in shoe box retrieve best R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.1 User model for a Web photo album 183 • Hypothesis: picture taking households want simple system that can be used iteratively • Market rule: customer is willing to buy gadgets when their entertainment value is larger than purchase price • Web Photo Album design goals • publish and retrieve with joy collections of images on the Web • scalable: many images • scalable: wide gamut of user skills capture & archive catalog process retrieve set R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.2 Web photo album 184 Challenges and opportunities 1. structure for navigation 2. storytelling • external intelligence, categories • semantics, context, metadata • thesaurus, taxonomy, ontology • iconography, context digital images iconography / semantics digital assets R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.3 The indexing problem 185 • Indexing entails categorization • Categorization is a difﬁcult cognitive task • High degree of specialization • Changes in time as iconography evolves • Categories implemented as keywords R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.4 The category scaling problem 186 • A typical consumer photo album requires more than 500 keywords → hard to manage Easy solution: hierarchical keywords → too difﬁcult for • untrained person • Classical S&R solution: taxonomy (e.g., decimal classiﬁcation system) → too bulky • Moreover: • each image has several keywords • untrained person needs to reclassify R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.5 Solution part I: heaps 187 • User groups images on desktop by piling them into heaps • Desktop has arbitrary number of baskets User groups images by dragging their icons into baskets • An image can be in several baskets • Heaps are transient Images are automatically ungrouped • at the end of a session • when indexing is committed • a basket is dissolved CPL PIC-NIC PEOPLE ISLANDS Events Subjects Places R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.6 Solution part II: tickets 188 • On the desktop there are also tickets • A ticket represents a set of keywords… • …or ﬁlter operations on images (rendering intent prediction, sharpening, special effects, etc.) • Tickets can be combined by drag & drop • User indexes images by dragging ticket on top of basket De-blur Events Angel Island R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.7 Solution part III: ticket editor 189 • Tickets are built in a separate mode (double-click) • Keywords: User can consult an extensive built-in taxonomy for help in building keyword hierarchy • Filters: User can select or disable image operations and parameters of ﬁlters R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.8 Solution part IV: sequencing 190 • User can order images by arranging icons • The result of a query is a heap • User can expand a heap and arrange the icons System adds a priority, invisible to the user • An image can have a different priority in each heap R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.2.9 Conclusions for Web photo albums 191 A scalable web photo album • Size: database • User skills: tickets • Workﬂow: iterative • Effort: heaps • Algorithms: display list R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.3 Commercial Web photo albums 192 • Adobe ActiveShare.com — http://www.activeshare.com/ • Agfa eLab — http://www.agfanet.com/en/ips/fsub_ips.php3 • HP Cartogra — http://www.cartogra.com/ etc. • † Fuji Film Picture Your Life • Kodak PhotoNet — http://www.kodak.com/US/en/consumer/aol/aol.shtml • Lifetouch, Inc. — http://www.lifetouch.com/ • Ofoto — http://www.ofoto.com/ • PhotoAccess.com — http://www.photoaccess.com/ • Seattle PhotoWorks — http://www.photoworks.com/ with http://www.ememories.com • † PrintLife • Shutterfly.com Shutterfly — http://www.shutterfly.com/ • † Zing.com ZingAlbums • … R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.3.1 Popular business models 193 Digital Film Camera • Prints and merchandising Home Scanner Consumers • Web or printed photo albums • E-services (custom looks, a.k.a. reskinning) Internet • Example: Indigo Photo-e-Print Data Management System http://www.indigonet.com/photo/index.shtml Prints R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.4 Algorithms for ROI 194 • Human vision collects low resolution overview in the retina’s periphery • High resolution views in the fovea with each ﬁxation as the eye jumps from ROI to ROI under top-down control ROIs 3K bytes 3K bytes 100K bytes L. Stark and C. Privitera, U.C. Berkeley R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.2.4.1 Intelligent clipping 195 Image for desktop browser Image for wireless browser R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.3 Browsers 196 IE has won the browser war • Microsoft Internet Explorer, AOL Netscape, Mozilla • support GIF, JFIF and PNG • differ in support of PNG gamma correction and transparency • W3C site has a link to a page that tests compliance: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/ • Independent browsers • Opera, OmniWeb, Camino, KHTML/Safari • Users do not like to install plug-ins • on the open Internet, avoid encodings that require a plug-in • in intranets plug-ins are acceptable • WAP vs. iMode R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.3.1 Authoring tools 197 Beyond vi and xv • Web site and HTML page production • BBEdit, Dreamweaver, GoLive,… • Image editing • CorelDraw, Ghostscript, GraphicConverter, PBMPLUS, Photoshop, … • in Photoshop, saving an image as “Single Image PDF” compresses it using JPEG. To choose between JPEG and Flate, save as “Photoshop PDF” • Vector based illustrations: Freehand, Illustrator,… • Animation: Flash, ImageStyler, LiveMotion,… • Image optimization • GraphicConverter, Fireworks, ImageReady, PBMPLUS, … • Multimedia: Shockwave R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.3.2 Instant Delivery 198 Custom newspapers — an HP product • Subscription system for newspapers and magazines • Every night the server polls the publisher’s sites for new material • Each user receives a custom publication with the articles on subjects they subscribed • The custom publication is automatically printed on the user’s local printer, ready for breakfast • Anyone can publish with Instant Delivery • Currently supported on Windows and MacOS R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4 Three tier architecture 199 Technology trends • With the transition from programs to Web services, the underlying technology has evolved: 1. Objects — Java, C++, Smalltalk 2. Components — CORBA, COM 3. Services — XML 4. Web services — J2EE and .NET • How are Web imaging services built? R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.1 Three tier architecture concepts 200 business partner’s app, Web client firewall client tier Web-based clients internal clients W3C standards UI, demarshalling, error checking, converters Web service J2EE and business logic container .NET transactions, events mostly proprietary standards billing, customer management, identity back-end databases systems e-mail, printing R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.2 Programming tools 201 Microsoft vs. non-Microsoft • Java • extensive classes for various format and ICC proﬁles • watch out for existing intellectual property if you plan to distribute your software • Microsoft: C# • JavaScript • Netscape’s scripting language (was LiveScript) • also used in Acrobat • Microsoft: Visual Basic • Scripting languages — the duct tape of the Internet • Perl — for CGI scripts and SQL database interface • PHP — for MySQL database interface • scripts are not architected, are inefﬁcient, are unreliable — avoid them R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.3 .net to J2EE model comparison 202 packaging .dll, .exe, .asp, … .class, bean (primary), .dll, … MS foundation services J2 services helper classes/services EJB events, JNDI, JTS, EJB security, … , EJB, JAF, JavaMail, JMS scripting intrfaces VB Java reflection .net events, MTS, Passport, Domain, shopping cart discovery/registration UDDI, DISCO UDDI, Java Inspection activation/lifecycle Runtime GC BOA/POA security security object model CLR Java marshalling format/ NDR, XML/SOAP, MIME CDR, GIOP, XML message types communication COM-IPC, SOAP SMTP, IIOP, RMI, SOAP protocol R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.3.1 J2 acronyms 203 EJB Enterprise Java Beans, transactional server components JAF JavaBean App. Framework, maps data blobs to manipulators Jidl Java IDL, Java to CORBA bridge JSDL Java WSDL, Java to SOAP bridge JavaMail Mail services JDBC Database access JDK Java Developer’s Kit JMS Events/asynchronous messaging JNDI Abstraction over DNS, LDAP, Novell Directory, CORBA naming JSP Java Server Pages, replacement to CGI JTS Transactions RMI/IIOP Intra-enterprise communication R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.3.2 .NET 204 • Microsoft's Internet-based strategy to wire appliances, Web services, and legacy applications on the Internet • Comprises Biztalk Server 2000 meant for XML document routing on the Internet in a reliable manner • The .NET platform also comprises Visual Studio based interfaces to wrap legacy business applications as Web enabled services • Third component of .NET involves Common Language Runtime (CLR) environment, aimed at unseating Java • .NET does not address the business conventions required for the automatic business-to-business dynamic interactions required in the e-marketplace R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.4 Simple image Web site 205 • Client: any Web browser • Service: Apache server with PHP or Perl scripts • Back-end: MySQL database on Linux • Problems with decent size images: • Linux ﬁle system too slow • MySQL not transaction oriented • scripts too slow, CGI requires initialize processes Web-based clients client tier business logic Web service container databases back-end systems R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.4.1 Simple solutions 206 • Use a real Unix workstation with high performance disks and ﬁle system • Use a full database like Oracle when you need transactions and stored procedures • Use Java servlets instead of CGI scripts Web-based clients client tier business logic Web service container databases back-end systems R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.4.2 Java servlets 207 • Servlets extend the functionality of Web servers • work with Apache, Netscape, iPlanet, MS IIS, etc. • Like an applet running on the server side • Process always runs and services all requests • Full access to all Java classes, in particular to JDBC for database access • Can be integrated with Web-enabled application servers • BEA WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, iPlanet, etc. • JavaServer Pages (JSP) extend servlet technology to combine static HTML template data with dynamic content R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.4.3 Tomcat JavaServer Pages 208 • Open-source implementation of Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies • Developed under the Jakarta project at the Apache Software Foundation • Jakarta is an Apache umbrella project that includes 3 subprojects related to JSP and servlet technology: • Tomcat, a JavaServer Pages and Java Servlets implementation • Watchdog, a JSP page and servlet validator • Taglibs, a JSP tag library repository R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.5 Web services 209 Web services are modular and reusable software components that are created by wrapping a business application inside a Web service interface • Adobe — AlterCast • HP — e-Speak • IBM — WebSphere Web-based clients client tier • … business logic Web service container databases back-end systems R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.5.1 AlterCast 210 database Content mgt. syst. Asset mgt. syst. customer application layer Perl scripts Java JSP VIsual Basic, VB.NET, ASP shell script Perl Java COM, COM+, .NET comand line API XML AlterCast commands layer HTML SOAP server AlterCast core AlterCast core layer PSD libraries SVG libraries CoolType etc. imaging technologies R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.5.2 e-Speak 211 • Advanced features provided by e-Speak include discovery, negotiation, and mediation of e-services • There are two components in the e-Speak platform: • Service Framework Speciﬁcation (SFS) • e-Speak Service Engine (SE), which is a high performance software implementation of the SFS • Based on XML and Java • Supports TCP/IP, HTTP, WAP • Compatible with Jini and UPnP • Compatible with pervasive object models • EJB, CORBA, DCOM R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.4.5.3 WebSphere 212 • IBM’s scalable Internet software platform for e-business • Technology for dynamic business to business process integration — seamlessly links into existing systems • built on standards like Java and XML • runs on all major operating systems • supports applications on 35 different platforms • Foundation of the platform is the WebSphere Application Server • scales from servelets+JSP+XML to EJB to high-volume transactional applications integrating EJB and CORBA through JTS • While WebSphere addresses more business conventions than .NET, it still lacks the power and features of e-Speak's SFS business conventions R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.5 Summary 1 213 Color space to applications Application Web Browsers Image Transfer Protocol HTTP *TP Format HTML Other formats via plug-ins e.g., PDF, GIF PNG JFIF TIFF, SVG Compression LZW flate JPEG palette Color Space ICC RGB sRGB Profile YCbCr R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

6.5.1 Summary 2 214 Color space to applications Application Internet Internet Image Transfer Fax Printing Protocol *TP IIP *TP ESMTP IPP Format Supported JFIF FlashPix JP2 TIFF-FX Profile Document Profile Formats C M Compression MRC JPEG JPEG JPEG 2000 JPEG Color Space YCbCr sRGB Photo- sRGB, Simple CIELAB Binary YCC Gray ICC profile R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

7 Conclusions 215 • Take a top-down systems design approach • There is a lot available • GIF, JFIF, HTML, … • … And a lot happening • MRC, IPP, Internet Fax,... • …With more coming • JPEG 2000, SVG, wireless... • All fueled by the possibilities offered by the Internet and the Web • The challenge will be delivering the desired color via all these possibilities for Internet color imaging R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

8 Issues and futures 216 • Will JPEG 2000 replace JPEG? • The graphic arts industry is accustomed to CMYK; why was CMYK never mentioned? • Can I use ICC profiles? • variable appearance documents (browsers) • fixed appearance documents (PDF) • How do I control the viewing conditions? • color robustness vs. color fidelity • display calibration widgets • environment sensors • How can I create digital assets? • syndication (hitch-hiking), e-services, metadata, digital rights management, image retrieval R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

9 Acknowledgements 217 • Carl-Uno Manros for his inputs on IPP • Ricardo de Queiroz for supplying the wavelet- transformed images • David McDowell for his insights on standardization activities and clariﬁcations • Standards Update column in IS&T Reporter is an excellent source for information on current imaging standardization activities • James King for his insights into XML • Lawrence Stark and Claudio Privitera for many discussions on intelligent image processing and illustrations R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

9.1 Acknowledgements (continued) 218 • Jean Gastinel for showing emerging display technologies • David Boggs, Neil Gunther, Keith Moore, Peter Schnorf for their insights on communications and Web services • Mark Gorzynski for his input on color management and ﬁle formats • Gabriel Marcu for illustrations and ColorSync advice R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

10 Bibliography 219 Color encoding: Giorgianni & Madden, Digital Color Management, Addison Wesley, Reading, 1998 Compression: Bhaskaran & Konstantinides, Image and Video Compression standards, Kluver, Boston, 1997 Held & Marshall, Data and Image Compression, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1996 Fax: MCConnell, Bodson, & Schaphorst, FAX: Digital Facsimile Technology and Applications, 2nd ed., Artech House, Boston, 1992 JPEG: Pennebaker & Mitchell, JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard, Chapman & Hall, 1993 PDF: Thomas Merz, Web Publishing with Acrobat/PDF, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1998 R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

11 Links to references 220 Latest version of this list: http://www.inventoland.net/imaging/cii/links.html Contents based image retrieval (CBIR): http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2000/HPL-2000-162.html http://www.benchathlon.net/ http://www.almaden.ibm.com/almaden/hermitage.html http://www.virage.com/index.html http://vrw.excalib.com:8015/cst http://viper.unige.ch/ DjVu: http://djvu.research.att.com/ http://www.lizardtech.com/ http://www.luratech.com/ e-Speak: http://www.bluestone.com/products/hp_web_services/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

FlashPix: http://www.digitalimaging.org/ 221 http://www.Kodak.com/go/flashpix http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/tilepic/ http://now.cs.berkeley.edu/Td/GridPix/ Flate: http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1950.html ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1950.txt http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1951.html ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt GIF: ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/misc/file.formats/graphics.formats/ http://www.unisys.com/unisys/lzw/ Graphics: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/ HTML: http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/ HTTP: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616.html ICC: http://www.color.org/ see also R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/1999/HPL-1999-110.html 222 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): http://www.ietf.org/ IEEE Computer Society Guide to Web Resources http://www.computer.org/internet/links.htm Instant Delivery: http://www.instant-delivery.com/ Intelligent image processing: http://scan.berkeley.edu/research/eye/eye.stm Internet fax: http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/fax-charter.html http://www.ifaxbus.org/ http://www.humancomm.com/aboutinetfax.htm Internet media types: ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types/media-types IIP: http://www.digitalimaging.org/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

IPP: http://www.pwg.org/ipp/ 223 http://www.pwg.org/ipp/IPP-Products.html ITU-T standards: http://www.itu.ch/publications/bookstore.html JBIG: ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/pub/doc/ISO/JBIG/ JFIF: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif3.pdf http://icib.igd.fhg.de/icib/it/defacto/research/jfif/read.html ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/misc/file.formats/graphics.formats Jini: http://www.sun.com/jini/overview/ JPEG: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/ http://www.jpeg.org/public/jpeglinks.htm ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/ JPEG 2000: http://www.jpeg.org/JPEG2000.htm LZW: http://www.unisys.com/unisys/lzw/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

MNG: http://www.cdrom.com/pub/mng/ 224 MPEG: http://mpeg.telecomitalialab.com/ MRC: http://www.xerox.com/research/xac/mrc/index.htm http://www.scansoft.com/products/pagismill/ MRML: http://mrml.net/ PBMPLUS: http://www.acme.com/software/pbmplus/ PDF: http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/ PDFSPEC.PDF http://www.ghostscript.com/ http://www.pdflib.com/ PDF/X: http://www.ddap.org/solutions/pdf-x_faqs.html PNG: http://www.cdrom.com/pub/png/ http://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

QUALDOCS: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-moore- 225 qualdocs-protocol-00.txt QuickTime: http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/quicktime/ qtdevdocs/RM/pdfframe.htm Rendezvous: http://www.apple.com/macosx/jaguar/rendezvous.html http://www.opensource.apple.com/projects/rendezvous http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/zeroconf-charter.html RFC####: ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc####.txt http://www.rfc-editor.org/ Server side color management: http://www.coloreal.com/ http://www.ecolor.com/ http://www.gretagmacbeth.com/ http://www.praxisoft.com/products/internet.html http://www.verifi.net/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

SMIL: http://www.w3.org/AudioVideo/ 226 sRGB: http://www.srgb.com/ http://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB SVG: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/ Test images: ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/graphics/misc/test-images/ TIFF: http://partners.adobe.com/asn/tech/tiff/index.jsp TIFF/EP: TIFF-FX: ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2301.txt http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-fax-tiff-fx-07.txt http://www.xerox.com/research/xac/tiff-fx/index.htm Universal Plug and Play (UPnP): http://www.upnp.org/ VRML: http://www.vrml.org/ R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

WebDAV: 227 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/webdav-charter.html http://www.webdav.org/ Web photo albums: http://www.activeshare.com/ http://www.agfanet.com/en/ips/fsub_ips.php3 http://www.apalo.com/ http://www.cartogra.com/ http://www.pictures.fujifilm.com/pictures/ http://www.indigonet.com/photo/index.shtml http://www.kodak.com/go/photonet/ http://www.ofoto.com/ http://www.photoaccess.com/ http://www.photoworks.com/ http://www.shutterfly.com/ http://www.zing.com/ WebSphere: http://www.ibm.com/websphere R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

Wireless: 228 WAP: http://www.wap.com/, http://www.wapforum.org/ WML: http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/wap-wml.html iMode: http://www.nttdocomo.com/ W3C (World Wide Web Consortium): http://www.w3c.org/ XHTML: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/ XML: http://www.w3.org/XML/ Zero Configuration Networking: http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/zeroconf-charter.html Latest version of this list: http://www.inventoland.net/imaging/cii/links.html R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

12 Conference 229 From January 2000, the IS&T/ SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology at Photonics West has an annual conference on Internet Imaging http://electronicimaging.org/ Proceedings are available from http://spie.org/app/Publications/index.cfm?fuseaction=proceedings&type=byconf R.R. Buckley & G.B. Beretta VCIP 2003— Lugano, 8 July 2003 T3 — Color Imaging on the Internet

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Color Imaging on the Internet

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Color Imaging on the Internet — Presentation Transcript