Cooperative Learning Structures

Cooperative Learning Structures P ositive Interdependence I ndividual Accountability E qual Participation S imultaneous Interaction

A Review of the Research

Positive Interdependence A gain for one is a gain for another.
Weak Forms
The success of each teammember is likely to contribute to the success of others
2. The success of teams is likely to be facilitated by success of individual members
Intermediate Forms
The success of each team member contributes to success of all teammates, but a team member could succeed on their own
The success of a team is facilitated by the success of each member, but team could succeed without the success or contribution of every member
Strong Forms
The success of every team member is not possible without success/contribution of each
The success of a team is not possible without success or contribution of each member

Individual Accountability Individual public performance is required
For Achievement
Color code individual contributions
Team scores based on individual scores
Give teams time to reflect on individual progress & role performance
Assign & grade mini-topics
For Participation
Use talking chips
Have students summarize their participation
Have students take time to reflect on their participation
For Listening
Have students paraphrase what they heard
Share ideas they heard from groups and individuals

Equal Participation Participation is equal
Created by
Turn allocation
Division of labor
Possible Roles:
Encourager/Praiser/Cheerleader – Pulls out reluctant students, motivates when the team gets down, shows appreciation gambits
Gatekeeper – Equalizes participation by shuts the gate if some students talk to much and opens the gate to another student
Coach – helps student master academic content without doing it for them
Question Commander – Checks to see if the group has any questions that they cannot answer
Checker – C hecks to see that each person is prepared and has mastered the material
Taskmaster – Keeps the group on task
Recorder – Writes down group decisions and answers
Reflector – Leads the group reflection or summarizes the groups process
Quiet Captain – Makes sure the group huddles and whispers
Materials Monitor – Obtains and returns supplies, makes sure the team cleans up

Simultaneous Interaction All students are active at the same time GOAL SEQUENTIAL STRUCTURE SIMULTANEOUS STRUCTURE Distribute Supplies Teacher or student walks around & hands out materials one at a time Materials Monitor from each team distributes materials to teammates Discuss Topic One student at a time states their viewpoint All students discuss their views in pairs Form Teams Sequential reading by the students’ names and assignments Students simultaneously look for names on tables Share Answers Teacher calls on one student at a time All students engage in choral response Receive Help Students raise hands and wait for teacher to come over Students ask a teammate and receive immediate help

Structures

SHOW DOWN
Teacher or teammate reads a question aloud
Students work or think independently
Teacher calls “Show Down!”
Students show answer
Key Middle School ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Where learning is key…

FOUR CORNERS
Teacher asks a question & assigns answer choices to each of the 4 corners of the room
Teacher allows think time for students to write their answers privately
Teachers direct students to move to a corner based on their answer choice
Students find a partner at their corner
Pairs take turns explaining their reasoning
Students share out
A B C D

SAGE & SCRIBE
Teacher/Students determine a sage & a scribe
Sage explains to the scribe how to solve a problem or perform a tasking using step-by-step instructions
Scribe completes the problem or task as the sage is describing the steps
Sage coaches the scribe if necessary
Sage praises the scribe when finished
Students switch roles for next problem/task
First you… Then you… After that… Don’t forget to… Try this instead… It might help if you… Great Job! You Did It! Well Done!

NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER
Students number off (groups of 4)
Teacher poses a problem
Students write their individual answers
Students stand up and put their heads together to show their answers, discuss and teach
Students sit down when their group is done
Teacher calls a number and those students respond using choral response or response cards
Key Middle School _________________ _________________ _________________ Where learning is key…

TIMED PAIR SHARE
Teacher/Students determine Student A/B
Teacher announces topic and time limit
Teacher provides think time
Student A shares while Student B listens
Students switch roles

TEAM PAIR SOLO
Teams of 4 work together to solve a problem
Teacher announces the answer
If correct , students advance to pair work
If not, teams solve another problem together
As a pair, students use sage & scribe or rally coach to solve 2 additional problems
If correct , students advance to solo work
If not, students move back to team work
As a solo, students work alone to solve new, similar problems

RALLY COACH
Teacher/Students determine Student A/B
Student A solves problem/ answers question
Student B watches, listens, checks, & praises
Students switch roles

RALLY ROBIN
Students pair up
Teacher announces topic and allows think time
Students take turns sharing ideas (back & forth)

PARAPHRASE PASSPORT
Students pair up and determine Student A/B
Teacher assigns discussion topic & allows think time
Student A shares thought, Student B listens
Student B paraphrases Student A’s thought
Student B shares thought, Student A listens
Student A paraphrases Student B’s thought
Pairs continue sharing back and forth
A A B B

DUELING FLIP CHARTS
Teacher provides teams with a graphic organizer, explains task, and determines time limit
Each student on team has a different colored marker
Teams line up away from the chart
On Teacher’s command, students take turns inserting one piece of information/answer onto the team’s chart
Teams continue to rotate through students until time is up or chart is complete

PUZZLE PIECES
Teacher assigns groups a topic, vocabulary term or quote to consider and gives them a puzzle piece
Teacher allows think time for individual thoughts/responses
Groups discuss & design a puzzle piece to represent their topic (with pictures/words)
Teacher selects from one student from each group to share out group’s puzzle piece
Puzzle pieces are joined to display one puzzle representing the class as a whole

CAROUSEL
Students in groups of 4 number off
Teacher poses a question and allows for think time
Students write their answer individually
Students share their individual responses with the group
Teacher calls a number
Students with that number rotate
Students share their individual/group responses with new group
Teacher continues calling number to expand sharing or stating a new problem for new groups
Key Middle School _________________ _________________ _________________ Where learning is key…

Inside/Outside Circle (Teacher Directed)
Students stand in two circles – inside circle faces out, outside circle faces in
Each student has a partner
Teacher poses a question
Students work together to make sure each knows the answer ( seeking coaching from a neighboring pair, if needed)
Teacher solicits a choral response from either inside circle, outside circle or the whole class

PLACEMAT CONSENSUS
Teacher provides a placemat graphic organizer with one problem for the group of 4 to work on
Students complete the problem/answer the question individually in their portion of the placemat
Students come together to discuss their thinking and reach a consensus answer for the center portion of the placemat

TEAM NOTEBOOK
Students in groups of 4 number off
Groups have one notebook/worksheet with multi-step problems/questions
Student 1 completes first step, Student 2 coaches/praises
Student 2 completes second step, Student 3 coaches/praises
Student 3 completes third step, Student 4 coaches/praises
Student 4 completes fourth step, Student 1 coaches/praises
Continue through the group again, as needed

TEAMMATES CONSULT
Teacher provides worksheet
Students begin with all pens down!
Team Discussion – Student 1 reads the first question and students seek an answer from the book and/or by Team Discussion
Check for Agreement – The student on the left of the reader checks to see that all teammates understand and agree with the answer
Individuals Write – When there is agreement, then all students pick up their own pens and write the answer in their own words
Roles – Students progress to the second question. The checker becomes the reader and the person on his/her left becomes the checker

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Cooperative Learning Structures

by Benjamin Garcia

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