1. CentrePiece Summer 2007
Culture clash
or culture club?
The identity and attitudes of
immigrants in Britain
Does Britain face a real threat from immigrants
and minorities – particularly Muslims – who
refuse to think of themselves as British?
Alan Manning and Sanchari Roy have
analysed data on the national identity and
values of both immigrants and British-born
people – and they conclude that fears of a
‘culture clash’ are seriously exaggerated.

2. CentrePiece Summer 2007
M
any people in people know so little about Muslims that Table 1 shows the proportions of
Britain consider it is very hard to know how widespread British-born people of different religions,
immigration to these feelings are. Our research uses who think of themselves as British. Of
be one of the responses from the Labour Force Survey of those describing themselves as Christian,
most important almost one million individuals to the 99.1% report themselves as British. But of
issues facing question ‘What do you consider your those describing themselves as Muslim,
the country today. Their concerns seem to national identity to be?’ as well as data on the proportion is slightly higher at 99.2%,
be as much about the social impact of people’s views of their rights and exceeded only by those who are Jewish.
immigration as its economic impact, which responsibilities from Home Office Percentages reporting a British identity are
economists typically conclude are small. It Citizenship Surveys. The answers give little lower for Buddhists, Sikhs and Hindus, but
is not entirely clear what social support to the idea of a serious culture are above 95% for all groups. It is hard to
consequences of immigration are feared – clash within British society. look at these figures and see grounds for
sometimes it is simply the dilution of concern. Of course, this does not mean
‘traditional’ culture; sometimes it is a more The British-born that the Muslims see themselves as British
melodramatic fear that Britain is becoming Among those who were born in Britain, and not Muslim – it is just that they see
a mix of mutually incompatible cultures, over 90% of all groups of whatever no conflict in being both.
whose irreconcilable differences could end religion or ethnicity, think of themselves as Ethnicity has a somewhat larger effect
in a serious ‘culture clash’. British. In particular, there is no evidence on British identity than religion, as can be
Of course, these concerns are not that Muslims are less likely to think of seen from Table 2. All non-white ethnic
new. For example, in April 1990, Norman themselves as British than other groups. groups report lower levels of British
(now Lord) Tebbit cited his infamous Our interest in this topic began with the identity, but this is probably because many
‘cricket test’. The former cabinet minister responses of Muslims, but we came to the of them are second-generation
told the Los Angeles Times: ‘A large conclusion that it was unfair to single immigrants. If we look at young people,
proportion of Britain's Asian population them out for special attention as they do those from ethnic minorities whose
fail to pass the cricket test. Which side do not stand out in any way. parents are British-born report the same
they cheer for? It's an interesting test. Are
you still harking back to where you came
from or where you are?’ Table 1: Table 2:
But the current concerns seem Percentage of British-born Percentage of British-born
heightened, largely because of fears about people reporting British people reporting British
the integration of Muslims into British as their national identity, as their national identity,
culture. There is widespread belief that a by religion (controlling by ethnicity (controlling
growing fraction of Muslims who live (and for ethnicity) for religion)
in many cases were born) in Britain do not
think of themselves as British, have no Religion Percentage reporting Ethnicity Percentage reporting
aspiration to do so and do not want their British identity British identity
children to do so either. Instead, it is feared,
they subscribe to some other identity, Christian 99.1% White 99.1%
creating little enclaves that resemble, as far Buddhist 95.7% Mixed: White/Black Caribbean 97.6%
as is possible, the countries from which Hindu 96.1% Mixed: White/Black African 95.3%
they came or a model of the good society Jewish 99.6% Mixed: White/Asian 95.2%
very different from what is generally Muslim 99.2% Mixed: Other 91.8%
thought of as ‘Britain’. Sikh 95.6% Indian 94.2%
Such fears tend to be magnified by Any other religion 97.0% Pakistani 93.4%
the statements by some British Muslims, No religion 98.8% Bangladeshi 94.9%
which appear explicitly to reject a British Total 99.0% Other Asian 90.5%
identity and affirm another one. One of Black Caribbean 93.5%
the July 7 bombers appeared in a video Black African 94.2%
saying ‘your democratically elected Other Black 95.3%
governments continuously perpetuate Chinese 91.9%
atrocities against my people and your Other 79.4%
support of them makes you directly
responsible, just as I am directly
responsible for protecting and avenging
my Muslim brothers and sisters’. Contrary to what many people seem
The use of the words ‘your’ and ‘my’
clearly expressed the people with whom to believe, Britain is not riven
he identified.
The problem is that most British by a large-scale culture clash
9

3. CentrePiece Summer 2007
levels of British identity as the white
population.
There is no evidence that
There is, however, one group that
stands out as having an extremely low level
Muslims are less likely to
of British identity – Catholics from
Northern Ireland. From our research, it
think of themselves as British
appears that any identity conflict among
British-born Muslims is an order of
than other groups
magnitude smaller than that among
Catholics from Northern Ireland.
Immigrants
So far, we have focused on people born in immigrant groups than others, but not in
Britain, but what about immigrants? The the way that might be expected. For
fraction of immigrants who identify example, Muslims are not less likely to feel
themselves as British varies a lot by country British than those from other backgrounds,
of birth. But there is a simple explanation and immigrants from Pakistan and
for most of this variation – how long Bangladesh assimilate into a British identity
immigrants have been in the country? much faster than the average, while those The longer
Figure 1 shows that new immigrants from Western Europe and the United immigrants remain
almost never think of themselves as British, States do so more slowly, with Italians and in Britain, the more
but the longer they remain in the country Irish standing out as the groups that likely they are to
the more likely they are to do so. This assimilate least into a British identity. think of themselves
process of assimilation is faster for some We also find evidence that immigrants as British
Figure 1:
Immigrants’ views of their national identity
and years since arrival
100%
Malta
80%
Cyprus
Hong Kong
Uganda
Percentage reporting British identity
Pakistan Egypt
Bangaldesh Jamaica
60% India
Canada
40%
Iran Australia
Turkey Poland
USA Ireland
Somalia China Italy
20% Japan France
Slovakia
0
0 10 20 30 40
Average years since arrival
10

4. CentrePiece Summer 2007
from poorer and less democratic countries here are very similar to those on national evidence from the 2003 British Social
assimilate faster into a British identity. Part identity: immigrants are very slightly less Attitudes Survey, which asked respondents
but not all of this can be explained by a likely to have views on rights and to say whether they agreed or disagreed
greater tendency to take up citizenship. responsibilities that the popular consensus with the statement ‘Muslims are more
holds to be ‘desirable’. loyal to Muslims than to Britain’. Of the
Rights and responsibilities But the differences are much smaller non-Muslim respondents, only 9%
This last finding might lead one to argue than the differences among the British- disagreed with a further 25% neither
that whether people think of themselves born population of different ages and with agreeing nor disagreeing. But among the
as British is not a meaningful indicator of different levels of education. What’s more, Muslim respondents (who we might
whether they feel they belong, nor of their the immigrant groups who emerge as expect to be better-informed on the
integration into British life and values. having different values from the British- subject) 45% disagreed, a significant
There is little concern about the fact that born population are not the ones that difference.
Italians rarely seem to come to think of have become the focus of most public The survey also found that 62% of
themselves as British because it is felt that concern. Muslims, for example, do not non-Muslim respondents thought that
Italians have similar views on the way in have significantly different values. there was a fairly or very serious conflict
which society should be run. These findings strongly suggest that, between Muslims and non-Muslims in
So it is conceivable that those born in contrary to what many people seem to Britain, compared with 27% of Muslims.
Britain call themselves British because that believe, Britain is not riven by large-scale A broader question about conflicts
is what their passports say they are but culture clash. This is not to deny the between Muslims and non-Muslims in the
that they espouse a variety of diverse existence of some people who are world as a whole found 85% of non-
values. To examine the values that may lie prepared to use violence to further their Muslims saying they thought that there
behind notions of British identity, we also agenda, but our evidence suggests that was a fairly or very serious conflict,
conducted an analysis of people’s views on these are a tiny minority. compared with only 67% of Muslims.
rights and responsibilities. Our findings Our conclusion is supported by In presenting our research findings at
various universities, we have been
surprised by how many people react by
Immigrants from saying our results are all wrong and that
they ‘know’ that there is a serious culture
poorer and less clash. We should be seriously concerned
that they maintain this stance even when
democratic faced with evidence against it. While there
may not be much of a problem with
countries immigrants and minorities in Britain not
thinking of themselves as British, there
assimilate faster may be a bigger problem in the refusal of
the indigenous white population to see
into a British these groups as British.
identity
This article summarises ‘Culture Clash or
Culture Club? The Identity and Attitudes of
Immigrants in Britain’ by Alan Manning and
Sanchari Roy, CEP Discussion Paper No. 790
(http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/
dp0790.pdf).
Alan Manning is professor of economics at
LSE and director of CEP’s research
programme on labour markets. Sanchari
Roy is a PhD student and research
assistant at LSE.
11