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Emergency Evacuation Planning Jim Burtles
- 1. Jim Burtles, Hon. FBCI, KLJ BCI Global Membership Council Principal at Total Continuity
- 2. EEP Menu Core Material 1. Introduction – BCM and EEP Lifecycles 2. Similarities to BCM 3. Terminology – Concepts and Techniques 4. Evacuation Time – Mathematical Formula – Exodus Software 5. Strategies & Options – Alternative Solutions 6. Evacuation Process Optional Extras 1. Practical Considerations – Plans & Tools 2. “EEP for Your Workplace” – Academic Textbook 3. Interesting Solutions – Escape Chutes 4. Better Fire Drills 5. Counselling – “Coping with Crisis (1998)” 6. Examples – What Can Happen Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 5. One Positive Outcome Since then the Business Continuity Life Cycle and Principles have been adapted to develop:- • Emergency Evacuation Planning (EEP) i.e. • How to make sure you can get people out of your premises and direct them towards a place of safety
- 7. From:- Burtles, J. (2013). Emergency Evacuation Planning for Your Workplace. Rothstein Associates, USA Exercise and Maintain Agree the Strategy Explore and Assess Plans and Procedures Set Up Program
- 8. • Business Impact Analysis (BIA) – Used to determine key factors such as MTPD and RTO • Continuity Requirements Analysis (CRA) – Used to aggregate the requirements for a successful recovery • Emergency Impact Analysis (EIA) – Used to determine key factors such as MTPE and ATO • Evacuation Requirements Analysis (ERA) – Used to aggregate requirements for a safe evacuation
- 9. • RTO o Recovery Time Objective • RPO o Recovery Point Objective • MTDL o Maximum Tolerable Data Loss • MTPD o Maximum Tolerable Period of Disruption • ATO o Assembly Time Objective • AAR o Assembly Area Requirements • MTMP o Maximum Tolerable Missing Persons • MTPE o Maximum Tolerable Period of Exposure Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 10. Emergency Evacuation Terminology Assembly Area Exit Route leads from place of work to Exit Point Muster Point Building Exit Point Exit Route Escape Route Escape Route leads from Exit Point to Assembly Area
- 11. Escape Routes and Assembly Areas • Emergency Escape Routes – Alternate Exit Points • Front, rear and side entrances – Alternate Escape Routes • To avoid crowds, obstacles or dangers – Avoid straight line routes • Corners provide protection • Emergency Assembly Areas – Open spaces • Away from falling debris – Avoid ‘Line of sight’ from targets • Away from flying debris
- 12. Target Building Open Square Route 1 Route 2 Route 2a M P
- 13. Target Building Open Square Route 1 Route 2 Route 2a M P Route 3 Route 4 M P M P
- 14. Refuges or Bunkers • Internal evacuation or ‘Invacuation’ – Limited capacity – Pre-allocate to key players • Those who are – Most needed – Last to Leave – Hampered – Away from windows • Solid walls • Safe doors • Basements may become traps – Consider exit status after the event
- 15. Escape Route Considerations Escape routes must be safe – Often this is a relative term Beware of – Bottle necks and dead ends – Gates, doors and obstructions – Falling or flying debris – Over crowding – People getting lost – Steep or slippery slopes or stairs – Power dependent devices
- 16. Target Building E A A Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook Best choice is governed by Blast Zones 1 - Select an Emergency Assembly Area 2 - Consider Emergency Escape Routes
- 17. Estimating Evacuation Time In many venues and some circumstances, it may not be practical to conduct full scale exercises to determine –Evacuation Time • E.g. Stadiums, Arenas, Theatres, Conference Centres, Shopping Malls & Supermarkets –No permanent population • Hospitals & Care Centres –Fragile population
- 20. EXIT Venue
- 21. Evacuation Software • Software can also be used to predict crowd behaviour and estimate evacuation times. – EXODUS was developed by the Fire Safety Engineering Group at Greenwich University and has produced accurate results – There are several others available, e.g. • Oak Ridge Evacuation Modelling System (OREMS) – Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US Dept. of Energy) • STEPS by Mott McDonald • PathFinder by Thunderhead Engineering • MapleSim by Maplesoft
- 22. Plan Elevation EXIT EXIT Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 23. Internal Refuges An internal refuge is an alternative to escaping to an outside assembly area – It is quicker to reach – Exclusive to occupants However there are disadvantages – Limited capacity • Prioritisation and usage? – Danger of imprisonment – Difficulty of finding a safe cage
- 24. Roll Calls How can you be sure everyone is safe? – A daily roster will tell us who was there before the event • Each manager can do a roll call using the latest staff list for their unit – Hierarchical reporting • Everyone reports to their team leader who reports to the unit manager etc. – A reporting point at the assembly area can be used to check against the roster – Tagging systems will track people
- 25. When is it Safe to Return? • The Emergency Services will decide – They will err on the side of caution – They may allow site visiting • But assume otherwise • Your role is to – Keep your people out of the way – Organise the return • Establish relationships now – Share your ideas and concerns with them
- 26. Escape for Disabled People • Some provisions exist – Health & Safety and Fire regulations • In addition you might consider – The airline approach • First on – Near the door • Last off – Except in an emergency – A buddy system – Escape slides – The ground floor rule – Sledge system – Invacuation – Using the lifts (where possible)
- 27. Testing the Regime • You need to test the whole regime –Practical? –Timings? • Involve ALL interested parties –Neighbours –Tenants –Police • via Crime Prevention Officer (CPO) –Fire and Rescue • via Fire Prevention Officer (FPO) –Emergency Planning Officer • County Hall or City Hall (EPO) Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 28. Emergency Evacuation Process (1) • A series of steps that must be taken in quick succession – No allowances for hesitation • Based on the following assumptions – Evacuation Window of up to 20 minutes • From first alarm to incident occurrence – Emergency Assembly areas will be at least 500 metres away • Within 5 minutes walking distance – Exit Time is 4 minutes • I.e. Time taken to get out of the building
- 29. Emergency Evacuation Process (2) • Alert Received ET Zero • Security Advised ET +2 • Staff Warning ET +4 • Verification ET +4 • Confirmation & Invocation ET +5 • Assembly Area & Escape Route Selected ET +6 • Evacuation Announced ET +8 • Building Clear ET +12 • Staff Assembled ET +18 Emergency Time (ET) is expressed in minutes
- 30. Warning goes out Security goes into EEP routineExecutive Emergency Evacuation Switchboard Reception Security Staff Emergency Services The Key Players in an Emergency Alert The Message goes to Security without delay Verification Warning Update Invocation Confirmation Selection Assembly Area Advise Evacuation Message Evacuation CommencesExit Proceed Assemble Principal reference source; ‘Bombs - Protecting People and Property’, published by the Home Office (UK) Evacuation Route Internal Alarm
- 31. Executive Major Emergency Reception Staff Emergency ServicesMessage direct from Emergency Services Security invokes EEP Invocation Selection Assembly Area Switchboard Evacuation Message Evacuation CommencesExit Proceed Assemble AlertSecurity Verification Confirmation Evacuation Route Advise
- 32. Guidance • Remember to K I S S –Keep It Safe and Simple • Try to use ‘baby’ language ‘Follow the Path’ Not ‘Adhere at All Times to the Indicated Pedestrian Pathway’ Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 33. Tools and Techniques for Evacuation Planning in Your Workplace
- 34. Emergency Evacuation Checklist • Glossary of Terms – Special meanings – New terms • 4 main sections – Exit Routes & Exit Points – Escape Routes & Dangers – Assembly Areas & Muster Points – Internal Refuges & Allocation A Useful Planning Tool http://bcilondonforum.org You will be able to download this checklist from the BCI London website
- 35. ?Think Ahead An Emergency Evacuation Planning Tool From Author: Jim Burtles, FBCI, KLJ, CMLJ © Total Continuity – June 2015
- 36. Types of Plan Unlike Business Continuity Plans, Evacuation Plans are not used by a team in a command & control centre but as personal guides • PEEPS – Are personalised for specific individuals or groups • Handy Plans – One can go in everybody's pocket or handbag • Marshalling Plans – Guidance for those who organise or assist • Visitors’ Plans – Safety information for relative strangers • Poster Plans – Displayed prominently throughout the premises
- 37. • Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan – Tailored for Individual Needs and Use – Convenient Sized • Tri-fold format – Or similar – Personalised by the User • Or their Carer
- 38. Handy Plans Emergency Evacuation Plans should be – Available to everyone – Simple to follow – Up to date – Inexpensive – Replaceable – Convenient to carry • E.g. Trifold, C-Fold or Z-Cards
- 39. A Poster Plan Evacuation Procedure 1. Alert or Alarm Alert – Intermittent fire alarm. Remain alert; no new tasks Alarm – Continuous alarm. Leave without delay 2. Listen Listen for directions 3. Check Check that everyone heard got the message 4. Close Close down, take your handbag, grab your coat and leave Close the doors if you are the last to leave 5. Proceed Follow the signs to the nearest fire exit. 6. Exit Leave the building via the fire exit 7. Escape Follow the signs to the assembly area 8. Assemble Gather at the assembly area 9. Report Report to the Fire Marshal 10. Wait Await further instructions Emergency Plan Exit 1Exit3 Exit2 Exit 4 Kings Arms Assembly Area King Street QueenStreet Duke Street PrinceStreet
- 41. 6 Evacuation Check Board ? ? 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 9 19 18 17 16 Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 42. Further Information For an in-depth study of the subject see: “Emergency Evacuation Planning for Your Workplace” - Regulations - Standards - Emergency Signage - Dealing with the Disabled - Testing and Exercising - Tools and Templates Rothstein Associates ISBN 978-1-931332-56-9 Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 44. Escape Chutes There is a wide choice • Access Methods – Single Entry Point – Multiple Entry Points • Location – Internal – External • Deployment – Fixed – Portable
- 45. A simple three storey building Let’s take a look inside Adding a Multi-entry Escape Chute
- 46. Add an Escape Tower Like a stair well Put in an Escape Chute for each floor Adding a Multi-entry Escape Chute
- 47. These Principles Can Be Applied To Any Number Of Stories Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 48. Fire Drills Regular fire drills are an established activity in every business Expensive exercises that bear no fruit – We simply establish that • Everybody can hear the alarm • They can get out of the building – Under routine circumstances Then everybody goes back to work
- 49. Improved Fire Drills We could learn a lot more from these exercises without increasing the cost and inconvenience We could also be more forward thinking about the evacuation procedure itself
- 50. On the Way Out ‘Take personal possessions like keys, jackets and handbags, PROVIDING you are at, or near, your desk’ The benefits are – People will be less inclined to rush or panic – They will be prepared for what comes next • ‘Back to work’, ‘Stay there’ or ‘Go home’. – Standing around with no jacket can be unpleasant. – Going home with no keys or money can be difficult.
- 51. Whilst they are Out Try to deliver a message or instruction to your staff at the assembly area – You might need to do this in a real emergency All managers should be able to direct their staff to carry out a simple task – I suspect that many would fail
- 52. Once they are Back Ask them to make a ‘Fire Exposure List’ – What would (or might) have been lost in the event of a real fire • Everything that was left exposed Combine the lists to see how vulnerable you are to loss of work in progress – It might highlight the need for better protection or more precaution
- 53. Feedback and Support Post-Event Debriefing is essential • We need to – Know, agree, record and report what happened – Learn and apply any lessons – Gain recognition • They need to – Get it off their chest, say what they think they saw – Deal with their demons, say how they feel – Realise that it is a safe place – Regain their confidence
- 54. Feedback and Support • Debriefing, reporting and counselling are an integral part of any real-life emergency • Therefore they should be an integral part of any test or exercise – “Practice makes Perfect” – Be thorough in your practice – Try to make the whole thing realistic – Stay within the bounds of credibility Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 55. Counselling • Emergencies can traumatise those who are involved • They need to talk about it to get some relief – A good debriefing will help most of them – Others may need counselling See: “Coping with Crisis” Loving Healing Press ISBN 978-1-932690-41-5 Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 56. Examples Short Notice Events • Hurricanes – Andrew, Rita etc. • Floods • Fire • War Zone • Tsunami • Pollution Sudden Events • Earthquakes – Nepal • Lightning • Tornadoes • Explosions • Riots • Plane Crash Terminology Evac.TimeBCM/EEP StrategyIntroduction Process Fire DrillsChutes etc. Counselling ExamplesTool Kit EEPBook
- 57. Thank You