European Exploration and Colonization Review

Unit
1
:
Review

Cupid

A Spanish galleon, Martin Luther
ca. 1600
Louis XIV of France

What
mo(vated
European
Explora(on
during

the
Age
of
Discovery?

• 
A
–
Finding
a
newer
and
faster

sea
route
to
China
and
India

• 
B
–
Conquering
new
lands
and

people,
spreading
Christianity

• 
C
–
A
spirit
of
intellectual

curiosity

• 
D
–
Trading
gold,
spices
and

other
resources
to
get
rich
and

powerful

• 
E
–
All
of
the
Above

Prince
Henry
and
the
dawn
of
Discovery

•  Portuguese
sailor
and

explorer,
born
in
1394

•  Set
up
a
“school”
for

navigators
and
map-‐
makers
in
1427

•  Set
his
sights
on

AFRICA

•  Wanted
to
ﬁnd
a
route

around
Africa
to
Asia

•  Helped
establish
the

ﬁrst
slave
trade
between

Two
Important
Sailing
Innova1ons

—  THE CARAVEL —  THE COMPASS
—  Invented by the Portuguese in —  Earliest known use of it was in
the 15th century China, ca. 250 BC
—  Light, maneuverable sailing ship —  First used by European sailors in
—  Used a TRIANGULAR SAIL that the 13th century
allowed ships to move AGAINST —  Uses a magnetized lodestone
THE WIND! —  Enabled voyages beyond coasts
—  Allowed for greater speed as well —  Helps sailors find DIRECTION!

VS.

English
Colonies
in

• 
North
America:

Virginia
Company
established

Jamestown
in
1607

•  Trading
site
for
gold,
furs
and

tobacco.

Lasted
unDl
1705.

•  1620
–
The

__________________
landed
at

Plymouth
Rock,
Mass.

•  102
colonists
came,
looking
for

RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM

•  We
call
them
Puritans
or

__________________.

•  They
were
persecuted
by
the

Church
of
England
for
their

Protestant
(Calvinist)
beliefs.

The
MAYFLOWER
COMPACT,
Nov.

• 
12
t1620

“Having
undertaken
a
voyage
to
plant
he

ﬁrst
colony
in
the
Northern
parts
of

Virginia,
do
by
these
present
solemnly
and

mutually
in
the
presence
of
God,
and
one

of
another,
covenant
and
combine

ourselves
together
into
a
civil
body

politic,
for
our
better
ordering
and

preservation
and
furtherance
of
the
ends

aforesaid;
and
by
virtue
hereof
to
enact,

constitute,
and
frame
such
just
and

equal
laws,
ordinances,
acts,

constitutions,
and
oﬃces,
from
time
to

time,
as
shall
be
thought
most
meet
and

convenient
for
the
general
good
of
the

colony,
unto
which
we
promise
all
due

submission
and
obedience.”

•  Why
is
this
document
so
important?

The Original copy!

• What kinds of things were traded back and forth in the
Columbian Exchange?
• What were the positives and negatives for each side?

SLAVERY
comes
to
Africa
and

the
New
World…

—  Countries
like
Portugal,
England
and
Spain
traded
guns
in
Africa
to
local

chiefs
for
slaves
and
captured
prisoners.

—  Slaves
made
the
MIDDLE
PASSAGE
from
Africa
to
the
West
Indies.

—  There,
the
slaves
worked
in
sugar
cane
planta(ons,
which
led
to
higher

European
demand
and
increased
slave
trade
across
the
AtlanDc

The
Protestant
Reforma1on

How
much

•  Which
of
the
following
was
a
CAUSE
of
for
no

Purgatory?

the
Protestant
Reformation:

•  A
–
Church
clergy
were
abusing
their

power

•  B
–
The
poor
were
being
neglected
while

bishops
and
cardinals
grew
wealthier

•  C
–
Kings
and
Popes
fought
back
and
forth

over
who
was
more
powerful

•  D
–
The
sale
of
indulgences
to
pay
for

Church
building
projects

•  E
–
All
of
the
Above

AOer
100
years
of
growing
hatred…

Thirty Year’s War!
(1618 – 1648)

• The Cause: HRE Ferdinand II wanted to make Bohemia Catholic; it was Protestant.

•  Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists all fought each other in GERMANY,
the Holy Roman Empire fell apart and was divided up into small principalities.

• So: France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark all tried to snatch parts of Germany!
• The Result: more then 3 million Europeans died. FRANCE won BIG TIME!

The
Peace
of
Westphalia
and
the
Results

of
Reforma0on
in
Europe

•  The
Peace
of
Westphalia
(1648)

ended
the
Thirty
Years
War

•  Spain,
Germany
and
Sweden
were

all
weakened
by
war,
loss
of
land

•  FRANCE
grew
in
size
and

power
after
the
war:

centralized

•  New
borders
were
drawn,
oﬃcial

“countries”
were
established

•  Absolute
Monarchies
became

the
new
way
to
govern

•  What
does
it
mean
to
be
an

“Absolute
Monarch”?

•  What
is
the
“Divine
Right
of

Kings”?

Two
Absolute
Monarchs:

•  LOUIS
XIV
-‐
FRANCE
—  Peter
the
Great
-‐
RUSSIA

•  Ruled
France
for
72
years:
—  Ruled
for
42
years
(d.
1725)

The
“Sun
King”
(d.
1715)
—  Through
military
victories
,
he

•  Ended
Feudalism,
made
created
the
Russian
Empire,
the

Paris
the
oﬃcial
Capital
largest
in
the
world
at
the
time

•  Controlled
every
aspect
of
—  Modernized
Russia
by
making
it

French
government
more
“European”,
brought
ships,

•  Built
the
Palace
of
technology
and
new
ideas
to
Russia

Versailles
as
a
symbol
of

his
wealth
and
power
—  Built
St.
Petersburg,
and
made
it

•  “I
am
the
State.”
–
Louis
XIV
his
new
capital

The
ENGLISH
CIVIL
WAR:

King
–
No
King
–
King
Again!

•  King
Charles
I
of
England
refused
to
give
in

to
Parliaments
demands

•  He
claimed
Divine
Right
to
Absolute
Rule
–

Parliament
declared
war!

• 
Charles
I
lost
the
Civil
War,
was
arrested

and
beheaded
in
1649

•  Parliament’s
leader,
Oliver
Cromwell,
took

over
as
“Lord
Protector”
until
his
death
in

1658
–
He
was
a
Puritan:
NO
FUN
L

•  Parliament
restored
the
Monarchy
in
1660,

allowing
Charles
II
to
be
king

•  England
was
back
where
it
started,
almost…

•  Parliament
was
now
calling
the
shots!

The
Glorious
Revolu1on
-‐
1688

•  King
James
II
of
England
was

Catholic,
so
was
his
new
son…

•  Parliament
wanted
to
keep

England
Protestant,
so
it
called
on

William
III
of
Holland
to
ﬁght

James
II

•  James
II
ran
away
like
a
little
girl…

•  William
and
Mary
become
King

and
Queen
of
England

•  Parliament
has
major
pull
now,
so:

•  ENGLISH
BILL
of
RIGHTS
in

1689

•  What
did
it
guarantee?

The Scientific Revolution
•  What was the Scientific Revolution?

•  What Spurred the Scientific Revolution?

Ptolemy vs Copernicus
Geocentric – The Earth is Heliocentric Theory - The
the Center of the Universe Sun is the Center of the
Universe

Galileo Galilee
ž  Designed
New
ScienDfic
devices

—  Thermometer

—  Telescope

ž  Confirmed
Copernicus’
Theory

ž  Silenced
by
the
Church

—  The
InquisiDon
condemned
Galileo
in
1633
because
his
teachings

clashed
with
the
Bible,
which
read:
"God
fixed
the
earth
upon
its

foundaDon,
not
to
be
moved
forever."
Galileo
was
rehabilitated

a_er
359
years.

—  In
1992
of
Galileo,
the
Italian
astronomer
persecuted
by
the
Church

for
teaching
that
the
Earth
revolved
around
the
sun.

Sir Isaac Newton
•  Devloped the “Theory of Laws
of
MoDon

Universal Gravity” First
law
(the
law
of
inerDa):
A
body
in

moDon
will
stay
in
moDon,
and
a
body
at

•  Discovered White light was
rest
will
remain
at
rest,
unless
acted
on
by

comprised of multiple a
force.

spectrums of light Second
law:
The
force
of
an
object
is

•  Developed Calculus equal
to
its
mass
Dmes
its
acceleraDon.

•  The Principia Third
law:
For
every
acDon
there
is
an

equal
and
opposite
reacDon.

*
Proved
the
universe
follows
a
set

of
predictable
rules.

The Enlightenment
ž  Locke
-‐
It
is
the
ž  Montesquieu
-‐

government's
3
Branches
of
ž  Voltaire
-‐

God
ž  Hobbes
–

job
to
protect
Government
–
had
made
the
Humans
are

the
natural
Judicial,
universe
then
naturally

rights
of
life,
LegislaDve,
le_
it
to
run
on
violent
and

liberty,
and
ExecuDve.
its
own,
Kings
Selﬁsh

property.
Inﬂuenced
the
“should”
be

U.S.
governed
by

ConsDtuDon
Reason

ž  Rousseau–

Humans
are

naturally
Good

and
Society

Corrupts
them

American Revolution Causes
ž Britain’s
Debt:
Fixes?

ž Taxes:

—  Sugar
Act
of
1764

—  Stamp
Act
of
1765

ž ProclamaDon
of
1763

ž No
RepresentaDon
in
Parliament

ž Boston
Massacre

ž Intolerable
Acts

ž Mass.
MiliDa
and
the
BriDsh
Regulars
ﬁre
upon

each
other
on
Lexington
Green

The New America
•  Articles of Confederation –
–  Passed in 1781
–  WEAK central government
–  No power to…
•  Collect taxes, force states to follow federal law,
establish an army, print money
–  Much confusion among states – no unity or
uniformity

The U.S. Constitution

ž  Power
is
shared
between

federal
and
state

governments

ž  SeparaDon
of
Powers
–
Who

originally
came
up
with
this

idea?

ž  Checks
and
Balances
system

ž  What
type
of
legislature
did

the
ConsDtuDon
create?

How
many
parts?

ž  It
established
a
government

based
on
a
document

reﬂecDng
the
will
of
the

people

Robespierre Reign of Terror
•  Robespierre – Ruled with the
Council of Public Safety in
1793
•  Reign of Terror –
•  300,000 arrested; 17,000
executed
•  Robespierre eventually
executed

France
Under
Napoleon
Bonaparte

ž Set
up
tax
collecDon

system

ž Est.
a
naDonal
bank

ž Fired
corrupt
oﬃcials

ž Set
up
public
schools

ž Restored
power
to

Cath.
Church

ž Napoleonic
code:

uniform
set
of
laws

Napoleon in Power
ž Appointed
to
lead
French
Army
in
1796

by
the
Directory

ž 1798
–
Mediterranean
Campaign

(Defeat

which
Napoleon
gloriﬁes)

ž 1799
Coup
De
Ta
–
Napoleon
in
Power

ž 1804
Napoleon
the
Emperor

—  Meanwhile
European
CoaliDons
form
to

crush
the
RevoluDon

—  Britain
sole
hope
of
Europe

ž 1807
Peninsula
Disaster

ž 1810
Russia
Campaign
falls
apart
–

Napoleon’s
most
serious
Defeat

ž 1813
Napoleon
exiled
to
Elba

ž 1814
100
Days
–
and
Defeat
at
Waterloo

Revolutions in Latin America
ž HaiD

—  Leader
-‐
Toussaint-‐Louverture

○  HaiD
was
the
ﬁrst
LaDn
American
colony
to
gain
its
independence.

○  Toussaint
was
a
former
slave.

○  France
regained
control
of
HaiD,
but
eventually
gave
up
the
colony.

ž Mexico

—  Leader
-‐
Father
Hidalgo

○  Against
Spain
–
Grimo
de
Dolores

—  Fails
Mob
vs
Wealthy
MesDzos

○  Executed
in
1811

ž Why
RevoluDons
fail?

Nationalism Unites!
•  Italy –
–  Divided into small principalities
–  Young Italy 1831–
•  Giuseppe Mazzini – Pushes for
Italian Rule of Italians; More
Power for the People, Unification
–  Giuseppe Garibaldi – Eventually
Unites Italy under King Victor
Emmanuel

Nationalism Unites!
ž Germany
–

—  Omo
Von
Bismarck
–
Chancellor
of

Prussia
in
1862

—  German
Choice
–
Prussia
or
Austria?

—  Prussia
forces
war
upon
Austria

○  Using
Railroads
and
new
weaponry
they

defeat
Austria

—  Bismarck
Rules
with
an
Iron
Fist

—  Bismarck
teases
war
with
France
–

○  Militarism
draws
other
kingdoms
to
Prussia

creaDng
a
united
Germany

“Workers
of
the
world
unite;
you
have

nothing
to
lose
but
your
chains.”

~Karl
Marx

“In
the
long
history
of
humankind
(and

animal
kind,
too)
those
who
learned
to

collaborate
and
improvise
have
most

eﬀecDvely
prevailed.”

~Charles
Darwin

Unit
3
Review:

How
did
the
Industrial
Revolu0on

change
the
world?

Social
Changes

Economic
Changes

PoliDcal
Changes

The
Industrial
RevoluDon

begins
in
England

• 
Started
in
the
early
1700’s

• 
Advances
in
agriculture
led
to
a
rise
in

populaDon,
less
farmers
required
to
feed

the
people

• 
ALSO:

• 
Numerous
Rivers

(water
wheels,
transportaDon)

• 
Strong
banking
system

(to
build
factories,
start
businesses)

• 
Many
available
laborers

(to
work
in
the
mills,
operate
machines

and
make
parts)

• Started
with
TEXTILE
MILLS

• 
(comon>yarn>fabric>stuﬀ!)

Grandma got nothin’
InnovaDons
that
increased
the
on these guys!

producDon
of
cloth
in
the
18th
century:

FLYING SHUTTLE, 1733 SPINNING JENNY, 1770

WATER FRAME, 1769

Robert
Fulton
and
the
Steamship

•  Applied the Steam Engine that was invented by
James Watt in 1775 (powered the paddles)
•  First steamship, called the Clermont, built in 1807
•  Traveled 300 miles in 32 hours!
•  Forever changed the way people traveled on water
•  Transportation and travel increased dramatically!

The Clermont

The
Second
Industrial
Revolu(on

•  Started during the middle of 19th
century
•  Improved upon earlier technology
and inventions
•  Used chemistry and physics to
build more advanced machines
•  ASSEMBLY LINES increased the
speed of factory production
•  New sources of energy were
discovered and used for power:
•  KEROSENE
•  GASOLINE
•  ELECTRICTY

INVENTIONS
that
Changed
the
World!

•  Match the invention with the Inventor!

A. 
Edison

B. 
Bell

C. 
Morse

Phonograph, 1877
Dynamite, 1866 D. 
Nobel

Telephone, 1876 E. 
Marconi

Telegraph, 1837 Wireless radio, 1896

The
Human
Cost
of

Industrializa0on

ž  By
the
end
of
the
19th
century,
England

and
America
were
highly
industrialized,

however…

ž  While
the
rich
factory
owners
got
richer…

ž  Child
labor
was
used
(and
abused)

ž  Factory
injuries
were
common

ž  CiDes
became
overcrowded
and
polluted

ž  Long
workdays,
limle
pay,
lousy
working

condiDons
for
the
lower
class

ž  BUT,
businesses
needed
more
educated

people
=
larger
MIDDLE
CLASS

MATCH
THEM!

New
ways
of
Thinking
:

Society
and
Humanity

John

Stuart

ž  He
argued
that
humans
share
a
common
Mill

ancestor
with
apes,
also
argued
that
Natural

SelecDon
=
“Survival
of
the
Fimest”

ž  He
believed
that
people
could
build
a

Utopian
(perfect)
society
through
Socialist
Karl

ideals
Marx

ž  He
said
that
Capitalism
would
fail
because

workers
would
revolt
and
create
a

Communist
society
without
rich
and
poor,

only
the
“working
class”
sharing
wealth.
Charles

ž  He
believed
that
governments
should
only

do
those
things
which
guarantee
the
Darwin

greatest
freedom
and
enjoyment
for
their

people
=
U0litarianism
(do
as
you
please,
as

long
as
you
don’t
hurt
others)

Robert

Owen

The
Beneﬁts
of
Industrializa(on:

Increased
Health
and
Leisure

•  By
the
end
of
the
19th
century,

scienDsts
had
discover
GERMS!
•  By
the
end
of
the
19th
century,
millions
of

(bacteria
and
viruses)
(mostly)
MIDDLE
CLASS
Americans
and

•  LOUIS
PASTEUR,
French
Europeans
enjoyed

•  INCREASED
LEISURE
TIME

microbiologist
who
created

•  This
led
to
a
demand
for

vaccines
for
rabies
and
anthrax

MASS
ENTERTAINMENT
!

•  Discovered
new
ways
to
ﬁght
•  People
now
had
the
wealth
and
the
free

diseases!
(heaDng
milk
to
kill
Dme
to
enjoy
things
like:

bacteria
=
pasteuriza0on!)
•  Theaters,
SporDng
Events,
Concerts,

•  Bemer
medicine
=
bemer
health!
Movies,
Carnivals
and…VACATIONS!

European
Imperialism:

Africa
and
Asia
Beware!

ž  What
is
IMPERIALISM?

ž  What
were
countries
like
England,
France,
the

Netherlands
and
Belgium
hoping
to
accomplish

in
Africa
and
Asia?

ž  Acquiring
RAW
MATERIALS
(for
industry)

ž  Promising
PROSPERITY
to
ciDzens
back
home

(at
the
expense
of
colonized
people)

ž  Zeal
for
MISSIONARY
WORK
(souls
to
save)

ž  From
1885
–
1914,
nearly
100
million
people

were
conquered
and
taken
over

by
European

countries

ž  Great
Britain
took
over
all
of
India

ž  Africa
was
carved
up
by
7
diﬀerent
European

naDons:
populaDons
grew,

but
natural

resources,
tradiDons
and

culture
were
lost,
as

well
as
self-‐rule.

So
how
did
European
na(ons

jus(fy
their
overseas
Empires?

ž Europeans
believed
they
were

more
civilized
and
“superior”
to

all
others

ž IndustrializaDon
needed
to
be

spread
throughout
the
world

ž Belief
in
“Social
Darwinism”:

ž Survival
of
the
Fimest…countries!

ž A
new
wave
of
NaDonalism
made

them
want
to
grow
stronger
by

defeaDng
weaker
countries,

building
their
armies
and

increasing
their
industrial
output

India
and
China:

meet
GREAT
BRITAIN!

ž  The
BriDsh
East
India
Company
had
controlled

India
for
over
a
century,
unDl….

ž  The
Sepoy
MuDny
of
1857
proved
that
the

company
had
lost
its
grip
on
India

ž  So,
Queen
Victoria
ordered
that
the
BriDsh

Crown
take
DIRECT
CONTROL
OF
INDIA
=
“The

Raj”
(lasted
unDl
1947)

ž  In
China,
the
BriDsh
were
buying
tea,
silk
and

porcelain,
China
only
bought
silver

Part of the British Empire, 1914
ž  To
balance
the
trade,
England
started
to
sell

OPIUM,
a
highly
addic(ve
drug

ž  China
was
turning
into
a
country
full
of
drug

addicts,
so
they
made
Opium
illegal,
then

blocked
BriDsh
trading
ships

ž  1840
–
1st
Opium
War,
China
lost

ž  Britain
now
had
free
trade
in
China
and
5
open

ports

China
and
Japan
move
forward…

ž China
-‐
Qing
Dynasty
ended
with
revolt
in
1911

—  Sun
Yat-‐sen
–
(1866
–
1925)

—  Leader
of
the
NaDonalist
Party,
GOALS:

○  Drive
out
the
Qing
Dynasty

○  Create
a
DemocraDc
Republic
of
China

○  Guarantee
economic
security
for
China

○  A_er
his
death,
his
followers
split
into
two
rival
parDes:
Communists

vs.
NaDonalists

ž Japan
–
becomes
a
major
military
and
industrial
naDon

—  The
Meiji
RestoraDon
–
ended
rule
of
shoguns
in
1867

○  For
Imperial
Expansion,
Japan
needed:

○  More
natural
resources
for
industry

○  To
open
new
overseas
markets
for
trade

○  ModernizaDon,
especially
weapons

“It
is
forbidden
to
kill;
therefore
all

murderers
are
punished
unless
they
kill
in

large
numbers
and
to
the
sound
of

trumpets.”

~Voltaire

Unit 4 Review:

Outbreak
of
World
War
I

Military
Alliances
in
Europe,

based
on:

Who
was
assassinated?

Where?

What
two
countries
started
the
war?

The Balkan
“Powder Keg”

Na0onalism
and
Militarism:
Major

Causes
of
World
War
I

• 
A
sense
of
NATIONAL
UNITY
and
PRIDE:

• 
Fueled
Rivalries
between
European
naDons

(compeDDon

to
be
the
#1
country)

• 
Encouraged
NaDons
to
expand
their
Empires

(conquering
lands
and
adding
colonies)

• 
GROWING
MILITARISM
in
Europe
led
to:

• 
Built
up
larger
armies

• 
Stockpiled
powerful
weapons

• 
Researched
new
technology
to

perfect
the
art
of
modern
warfare

A
War
of
Alliances:
Match
the
Countries!

RUSSIA

GERMANY

AUSTRIA-‐HUNGARY

SERBIA

FRANCE

BULGARIA

ITALY

BRITAIN

OTTOMAN
EMPIRE

UNITED
STATES

WWI:
A
LONG
and

TOTAL
WAR…

ž  Most
Europeans
believed
the
war
ž  THE
RESULT:

would
end
quickly,
and
involve
ž  Countries
had
to
commit
to
TOTAL

only
a
few
countries…
WAR:

ž  However,
it
LASTED
MUCH
ž  1.
Involves
every
ciDzen

LONGER
than
expected
and
ž  2.
Requires
increased
industrial

dragged
on
and
on
producDon

ž  WHY?
ž  3.
NaDons
must
use
every

ž  More
countries
decided
to
join
the
resource
available

war,
both
to
help
their
allies
and
ž  Led
to
MAJOR
CHANGES:

for
personal
gain
ž  Women
joined
the
workforce

ž  Bamles
were
BOGGED
DOWN
IN
ž  Govt’s
took
control
over
their

TRENCH
WARFARE
naDons’
economies

ž  No
country
had
a
clear
upper
hand
ž  “Planned”
economies
replaced

in
the
war…
Capitalism

The
United
States
enters
the
War

ž  At
the
start
of
the
war,
America
wanted
to

STAY
OUT
of
ﬁghDng

ž  It
was
a
EUROPEAN
WAR,
and
not
our
problem

ž 
THEN…

ž  In
1915,
a
German
U-‐Boat
sunk
the

LUSITANIA,
a
defenseless
passenger
ship:
118

Americans
died

ž  WOODROW
WILSON
used
this
as
the
main

reason
to
join
the
Allies
in
1917

ž  Part
of
his
FOURTEEN
POINTS
for
PEACE:

ž  An
end
to
SECRET
DIPOLAMCY

ž  Freedom
of
the
SEAS

ž  New
associaDon
of
world
naDons:

ž  LEAGUE
OF
NATIONS

World
War
1
comes
to
an
END
(Cease-‐
Fire:
Nov.
11,1918)

ž By
the
end
of
the
“Great
War”:

ž Millions
of
soldiers
and
civilians
died

(most
of
any
war
to
date)

ž The
Economies
of
many
European

naDons
were
RUINED

ž THE
TREATY
of
VERSAILLES:

ž The
Allies
wanted
to
PUNISH
and

BLAME
Germany
for
the
war:

ž Created
the
League
of
NaDons

(though
it
did
not
accept
all
of

Wilson’s
14
Points…)

ž The
Treaty’s
“War-‐Guilt”
clause

angered
Germans

The
Russian
Revolu1ons
of
1917

ž 

ž 

ž 

ž 

ž 
ž 
ž

Joseph
Stalin
takes
over
as

Leader
of
Soviet
Russia

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 
• 
• 
•

INDIA
and
EGYPT
take
diﬀerent
paths
to

Independence

1922

1947 ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 

ž

Zionism
and
the
Baale
for
the
Holy

Land

ž 

ž 
ž 
ž 

ž  Israel in 1947
Palestinian settlements

The
Great
Depression

and
FDR’s
“New
Deal”

CAUSES
OF
THE
GREAT

DEPRESSION

Decline
in
Farming

Prices

The
Stock
Market

Crash
of
1929

RELIEF,

RECOVERY

Bank
Failures
REFORM!

ž Franklin
Roosevelt’s
NEW
DEAL
(1933
–
36):

programs
designed
to
pull
the
U.S.
out
of
the

Great
Depression

FASCISM
and
COMMUNISM

Both
seek
to

Both
try
to

Both
seek
eliminate

suppress
poliDcal

Totalitarian
Rule
poliDcal

freedoms

opposiDons

To stay in power, the government must have ALL the power.

Adolf
Hitler’s
Mein
Kampf:

the
wriDng
was
on
the
wall…

ž 
ž 

ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž

Unit
5
Review:

World
War
2,
The
Cold
War,

and
Beyond…

Part
2:
OpDon
#2!
(instead
of
the
essay)

ž Make
a
fun,
creaDve
HISTORICAL
POSTER
about
one
of
the

following
people
or
events:

–  Pearl
Harbor

–  Dwight
Eisenhower

–  The
Holocaust

–  Hiroshima
and
Nagasaki

–  John
F.
Kennedy

–  The
Berlin
Wall

–  Cuban
Missile
Crisis

–  Nikita
Khrushchev

–  MarDn
Luther
King,
Jr.

Go
to:
www.glogster.com

The
20th
Century:
An
American

Let’s
Review
what
we

learned
in
UNIT
5!

Century?

IMPORTANT
MILITARY
EVENTS

IMPORTANT
SOCIAL/CULTURAL
EVENTS

IMPORTANT
LEADERS
of
the
20th
CENTURY

Causes
of

WWII

ž Treaty
of
Versailles

–  War
Guilt
Clause

–  League
of
NaDons

–  No
Power,
No
Military,
Not
all
countries
part,
and
Slow

ž German
Aggression

–  Push
for
Sudetenland,
Anchluss
(“link-‐up”)
with
Austria,

Invasion
of
Poland

ž Italian
Aggression

–  Invasion
of
Ethiopia
and
Albania

ž Japanese
Aggression

–  Invasion
of
China

–  Invasion
of
Southeastern
Asia

ž Munich
1938
–
Policy
of
Appeasement

America
Joins
the
War

ž December
7,
1941
–

–  Japanese
bomb
Pearl

Harbor
in
order
to
destroy

U.S.
Pacific
fleet
and
hmp://www.radiochemistry.org/history/video/
demoralize
U.S.A.
fdr_infamy.html

-‐
Hear
the
Speech!

–  Guam,
Hong
Kong,

Philippians,
Midway,
and

Wake
Island

ž Opposite
effect
happens:

ž America
Stands
behind

war
–

ž America’s
Navy
becomes

Carrier
based
in
the

Pacific

Opposing
Powers
of

WW2

v Germany •  United States of America
v Italy •  United Kingdom
v Japan
v Vichy •  Soviet Union
France •  Greece
v Romania •  China
v Hungary •  France
v Bulgaria •  Free Poland

Leaders
of
WW2

England
–
Winston
Churchill

United
States
–
Franklin
Delano
Roosevelt

France
–
Charles
De
Gaulle

Soviet
Union
–
Joseph
Stalin

China
–
Mao
Zedong

Evil
Leaders
of
WW2

Germany
–
Adolf
Hitler

Italy
–
Benito
Mussolini

Japan
–
Hideki
Tojo

The
Holocaust

ž The
Holocaust
a.k.a.
The
Final
SoluDon

ž What
was
the
Holocaust?

–  Hitler
blamed
the
Jewish
Race
for
German
poverty

and
the
loss
of
WWI
(a
scapegoat)

–  Horrors
of
the
Camps

–  Dr.
Mengele
conducted
cruel,
inhumane

experiments
on
Jewish
people

–  SystemaDc
Killing
of
Millions
of
:

–  Jews,
Homosexuals,
Gypsies,
Poles,
Russians,
PoliDcal

Adolf
Prisoners,
People
with
DisabiliDes,
Mentally
Disabled
Eichmann
(all
“geneDcally
inferior”)
main “architect”
ž Outcomes
of the Final
Solution”
–  About
5-‐7
million
total
died
in
death
camps

The
Bomb

ž What
was
the
Bomb?

ž Why
drop
the
Atomic
bomb?

–  A_er
the
invasion
of
Iwo
Jima.
U.S.
Oﬃcials
realize
An

invasion
of
Japan
would
cost
tens
of
thousands
of

American
lives

ž  Dropped
by
the
“Enola
Gay”
on
Aug
6,1945

–  Hiroshima
First
to
be
bombed

–  Nagasaki
3
days
later
(why
drop
TWO?)

ž  Damage
of
the
Bomb:

–  Though
we
don't
know
exactly
how
many
perished
in
the
bombing,
it

is
esDmated
that
140,000
(plus
or
minus
10,000)
had
died
by
the
end

of
December
1945.

Eﬀects
of
WW2

More
people
died
in
WW2
than
any
other
war
in

History

Other
Eﬀects
of
WW2

New
World
Powers:

–  Soviet
Union
-‐

Great
Military
Power

–  Land
grab:
Soviets
Control
Eastern
Europe
and
push
for
a

spread
of
Communism

–  United
States
–
One
of
the
richest
countries
on
Earth

–  United
States
vows
to
defend
Democracy
throughout
the

world

Trials
of
War
Criminals

–  Tokyo
Trials
–
Japanese
oﬃcers
put
on
trial

–  Nuremburg
Trials
–
Nazi’s
put
on
trial
for
the
horrors
of

the
death
camps

–  to
judge
Nazi
leaders
for
their
policies
and
orders

CreaDng
a
LasDng
Peace

ž FormaDon
of
the
United
NaDons

–  What
is
the
U.N.?

ž Germany
Divided:

–  Germany
was
divided
into
4
sectors

following
the
war
-‐
Communist/DemocraDc

–  Berlin
also
divided
into
4
sectors:

–  U.S.,
Great
Britain,
France,

–  and
Soviet
Union

The
Divisions
of
Germany
and
Berlin

Were
the
“ﬁrst
shots
ﬁred”
in
the
Cold
War

The Cold War [1945-1991]:
An Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc US & the
Nations Western
[“Iron Curtain”] Democracies
GOAL à “Containment”
GOAL à spread world-wide of Communism & the
Communism
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.

METHODOLOGIES:
1.  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] and political propaganda
2.  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3.  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of peoples
in Europe, Asia and the Third World
4.  Communist govt. & socialist economy vs. democratic govt. &
capitalist economy
5.  Bi-Polarization of Europe: [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

U.S. Anti-Communist Policy: CONTAINMENT

Main Goal Means Actual Application
Offering Supplying economic
* Limit the democratic and (and military) aid to
spread of capitalist countries to help
Communism alternatives to defend them against
into Eastern the Soviet Union
“swing” countries
Europe, Asia (Greece & Turkey) “Truman Doctrine”

President
Harry
Truman:

•  “At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must
choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a
free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is
distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free
elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and
religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is
based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It
relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed
elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
•  I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free
peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or
by outside pressures.
•  I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own
destinies in their own way.
•  I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and
financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political
processes.” - Speech given to Congress, 1947

The
Truman
Doctrine
takes
eﬀect:
The

Berlin
Airli_

• 
1948,
the
Soviet
Union
blockaded
West

Berlin,
hoping
to
force
a
surrender

• 
No
supplies
could
come
into
West
Berlin
by

land
or
sea

• 
So…The
U.S.
began
providing
supplies
to
the

German
ciDzens
in
West
Berlin

• 
How?

With
planes,
LOTS
of
them

• 
Between
1948-‐1949,
nearly
277,000
Take
that,

missions
were
ﬂown
over
West
Berlin
Communism!

• 
Nearly
2
million
tons
of
goods
and
supplies

were
dropped
on
West
Berlin

• 
The
Soviet
Union’s
plan
to
“starve”
West

Berlin
failed
and
the
blockade
was
li_ed.

vs.

• 
Warsaw

• 
North
Atlan0c

Treaty
Organiza0on

Treaty
Organiza0on
• 
Eastern
Bloc
naDons
under
Soviet

• 
Started
in
1949,
sDll
acDve
control
met
in
Warsaw,
Poland
to

today,

with
26
members
unite
against
the
West

• 
A
mutual
defense
alliance
• 
Started
in
1955
as
a
response
to

among
Western
NaDons
NATO

• 
Formed
to
stop
the
spread
of
• 
A
mutual
defense
alliance
among

Communism
in
Europe
Communist
NaDons

• 
An
amack
against
any
• 
Headquartered
in
Moscow,
along

member,
was
an
amack
against
with
military
command

all
members
• 
The
OrganizaDon
dissolved
in
1991

• 
Members
help
each
other
when
the
Soviet
Union
collapsed.

with
ﬁnancial
and
military
aid.

Europe: Cold War “Battleground”

The
“Iron
Curtain”

The Korean War: 1950-1953
•  Korea was freed from
Japanese rule after WW2…
•  It was divided along the 38th
Parallel for political reasons
•  China supported North
Korea and wanted to make it
Communist
•  The U.S. supported South
Korea and wanted to stop the
spread of Communism General
•  North Korea invaded the Douglas MacArthur
south in 1950, the U.S. and U.N.
declared war
•  Ended in a stalemate
•  The RESULT:
•  COMMUNIST N. KOREA
•  NON-COMMUNIST S. KOREA

Oct.
1962:
CUBAN
MISSILE
CRISIS

No
Soviet
Wanted
quick

Missiles
in
Cuba
strikes

Fidel
Castro:
Khrushchev
backed

JFK:
Announced
a
allowed
Russia
to
down,
and
U.S.
/

blockade
of
Cuba
install
missile
bases
Soviet
relaDons

in
Cuba
improved
a_er

13 Days in October that almost led to NUCLEAR WAR!

The
United
States:
AXer

World
War
2…

ž The
1950’s
was
a
decade
of
peace
and

prosperity
in
America

ž Birthrates
soared
as
economic

conﬁdence
grew:
THE
BABY
BOOM!

ž The
threat
of
Communism
in
America

grew
as
well:

THE
RED
SCARE!

(Sen.
Joseph
McCarthy
and
the
House

“Un-‐American”
Commimee)

ž By
the
1960’s,
THE
CIVIL
RIGHTS

MOVEMENT,
led
by
MarDn
Luther
King,

guaranteed
equality
and
freedom
for
all

minoriDes

A
New
“Post-‐War”
EUROPE

• 

• 

• 
• 
• 
• 

• 

•

The
SOVIET
UNION
crumbles,
then

collapses…

ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 

ž

Don’t
Mess

with
the
U.S.!

R.I.P.

SOVIET
UNION

Oct.
1917
–
Dec.
1991

“Wherever
you
have
an
eﬃcient

government,
you
have
a
dictatorship.”

~

Dwight
Eisenhower

Unit 6 Review:

Let’s
Review
Unit
6!

Important
Leaders

Important
Events

Important

Changes

La0n
America
aXer
WW2:
Economic

Problems
&
IndustrializaDon

• 
CAUSES
of
Economic
Struggles:

• 
TRADE
DEFICITS

• 
LACK
of
INVESTMENT
CAPITAL

• 
WIDE
GAPS
between
RICH/POOR

• 
LaDn
America
was
mostly

AGRICULTURAL,
with
centuries
of

poverty
and
lack
of
modernizaDon

• 
THIS
LED
TO:

• 
MigraDon
of
millions
of
farm

workers
to
ciDes

• 
Rising
urban
unemployment

• 
Overcrowded
ciDes

The
United
States
Intervenes
in
La(n

America
during
the
Cold
War

• More
of
the
same:

• U.S.
wanted
to
stop
the
spread
Cause
of
U.S.
Effect
of
U.S.

of
Communism,
this
Dme
in
LaDn
Involvement
Involvement

America

• 
SO…

• 
U.S.
Government
backed
the
Allende’s
Rise
Military
took

military
overthrow
of
Socialist
in
Chile
control
of
Chile

President
of
Chile,
Salvador
Allende

in
1973

• 
In
the
80’s,
the
CIA
supported
the
Sandinistas
take
War
between

Contras
and

Contras
trying
to
overthrow
the
control
of
Sandinistas

Nicaragua
intensified

Communist
Sandinistas

• 
Our
military
supported
the

capitalist
dictatorship
in

Figh(ng

El
Salvador
against
le_ist
“freedom
Civil
War
in
El
intensified
against

Salvador
guerrillas
in

El

fighters”
Salvador

La1n
American
Dictators:

ž Augusto
Pinochet:

ž 
General
who
took
over
Chile
a_er
a

coup
d'état
overthrew
Allende

ž  He
ruled
as
dictator
with
U.S.
help
from

1973-‐1990

ž Fidel
Castro:

ž  Seized
power
in
Cuba
in
1959

ž  Set
up
a
Communist
state

ž  U.S.
placed
an
embargo
on
Cuba
(no

Americans
in,
no
Cuban
goods
out)

ž Juan
Peron:

ž  Military
dictator
in
ArgenDna

ž  Ruled
from
1946
–
1974

ž 
Very
popular
wife,
Eva
(Evita)

ž  Avoided
making
Communism
an
issue,

played
to
both
sides

Organiza0on
of
American
States

q Founded
in
1948

q MAIN
PURPOSE:

Provide
ways
to
encourage
regional
cooperaDon

in
LaDn
America

q 35
members,
including
the
United
States
(Cuba,
as
of
2009)

q Headquartered
in
Washington,
D.C.

The
Rise
of
Mao
Zedong

ž 

ž 

ž 

ž 
ž 

ž 
ž

India’s
Two
Great
Leaders

•  • 
• 
•  • 
• 
• 
• 
•

TROUBLES
FOR
SOUTH
ASIA

ž 
ž  ž 
ž 
ž 
ž  ž 
ž 

ž  ž 
ž 

ž  ž

Causes
of
the
Vietnam
war

ž U.
S.
and
South
Vietnam:

Wanted
to

stop
the
spread
of
Communism
in

Vietnam

ž North
Vietnam:
Wanted
to
take
over

South
Vietnam
and
make
it
Communist,

by
force
if
need
be

ž Vietcong:
Pro-‐Communist
supporters
in

S.
Vietnam.

Used
“guerrilla”
tacDcs
to

insDll
fear

ž U.
S.
President
Johnson:

Wanted
to
win

the
war
at
all
costs.

Outcomes
of

The
VIETNAM
WAR:

ReuniﬁcaDon
of
North
and
South

Vietnam
in
1975

All
Vietnam
became
a
Communist

Dictatorship
(sDll
is)

Mass
Slaughter
in
Cambodia

(nearly
2
million
killed)

Changes
in
EAST
ASIA
since
WW2

ž  ž 
ž 
ž 
ž  ž 

ž 
ž  ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 
ž 

ž  ž  ž

AFRICA
a_er
World
War
2

A
ConDnent
in
TransiDon

European
powers
seized

colonies
in
Africa

African
people
lost

their
freedom

Workers
exploited

Natural
resources
Apartheid:
ruling
minority

stripped
insDtuted
policy
of
racial

discriminaDon
in
S.
Africa

ž Beginning
around
1960:

ž Many
African
naDons
demanded
independence
from
colonial

rulers.

AFRICA’s

ETHNIC
RIVALRIES:

The
bimer
consequences

ž 

ž 

ž 

ž 

ž 

ž

The
Origins
of
the
Arab-‐Israeli

Conﬂict
in
the
Middle
East

ž 

ž 
ž 
Palestinian controlled
lands in Israel,1946 to 2000
ž 

ž

The
Middle
East

and
OIL:
Challenges

Lavish
lifestyles

Wealth
Produced
Money
made

from
oil
revenue

by
oil
enriches
from
oil
is

anger
religious

powerful
elites
invested
abroad

extremists

Why should WE reduce our dependence on Middle East oil?

Religious
Diﬀerences
in
the
Middle
East:
The

Roots
of
Terrorism?

ž The
conﬂict
between
secularism
and

religion
led
to
revoluDon
in
Iran

(1979)

ž Islamic
fundamentalism
and

terrorism:
one
fueling
the
other?

ž 3
major
terrorist
groups:

ž Hamas
(based
in
PalesDne)

ž Hezbollah
(based
in
Lebanon)

ž Al-‐Qaeda
(based
in
Afghanistan)

ž Our
response
to
9/11:

ž Invasion
of
Iraq
and
Afghanistan
to

destroy
Al-‐Qaeda

ž Bin
Laden
dead?

Is
it
over?

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