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If we’re not there yet, how far
           do we have to go ?
 A review of web metadata at
 The University of Melbourne
                    Eve Young, Metadata Coordinator
      Information Acquisition and Organisation Section
                                   Information Division

                   Baden Hughes, Research Fellow
       Department of Computer Science and Software
                                       Engineering

                            The University of Melbourne



                     Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005          1
Overview
 Background
   Web publishing policies circa 1999, 2001
   Research projects
 Towards standardization
   Dublin Core
   UniMelb administrative metadata
 Broad scale compliance analysis
   UniMelb web environment
   DC Metadata on the UniMelb Web
   UniMelb Metadata on the UniMelb Web
 Reflections and challenges for the future
                      Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   2
Before Metadata on UniM site
  Existing standard (1999) not widely adopted
  9 metadata tags
    expiryDate, maintainer, authoriser, author, description,
    keywords, lastModified, distribution, contentType
  Operational and implementation issues
  Difficulty finding information
  Suspected non-compliance
    Investigate and analyze
    Manual research


                     Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005               3
Expiry Tag Analysis


  Expiry tag functionality important
  Analysis into non-compliance (608 pages)
  Only 27% of pages audited were compliant
   Of the remainder of pages reviewed, 441
  had no date, or NA as value



                Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   4
A to Z Index: Compliance Audit

  Audit of metadata on 78 web pages
  Highest compliance 84.6% (content type)
  Lowest 11.5 % (expiry date)
  More unknown than known maintainers
  Default value tags had high degree of
  compliance
  Page specific tags (keywords) had lowest

                Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   5
Metadata Working Group
 Advise on implementation of a uniform approach to
 the creation of metadata
 Membership drew on expertise from across the
 university - academics, IT, web, metadata, and
 library
 Reviewed metadata standards, DC, IMS, AGLS
 Metadata use in large information –rich
 organizations, eg, Aust Govt, UK Government,
 UNSW libraries

                   Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005       6
UniMelb metadata standard

  19 elements (meta tags) to describe and
  manage a resource
  2003 revised standard endorsed by
  Information Strategy Committee.
  Requirement on all University of Melbourne
  web pages




                 Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   7
Why Dublin Core (besides this
being a DC-ANZ conference) ?
 ISO 15836
 15 elements, simple
 International consensus
 Well supported
 Offers semantic interoperability
 Extensible
 Easy to implement in our environment
              Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   8
University of Melbourne DC
Metadata Elements

D C.Ti le
      t                           D C.Right s
D C.Creato r                      D C.Date
D C.Subject                       D C.Date.Mod fiied
D C.Descr ton
          ip i                    D C.Language
D C.Publi sher                    D C.Format
D C.Contr t
          ibu or                  D C. dent f r
                                      I    iie



                   Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005         9
University of Melbourne
Administrative Metadata
Elements
U M.Creato .Emai
          r     l
U M.Author .Name
          iser
U M.Author .T te
          iser il
U M.Mainta .Name
          iner
U M.Mainta .Depar ment
          iner      t
U M.Mainta .Ema l
          iner    i
U M.Date.Revi ewDue


              Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   10
Broad Scale Compliance
Analysis
 Full crawl of the University of Melbourne web
 presence in March 2005
 Used was the Internet Archive's Heritrix suite
 (an open-source, extensible, web-scale,
 archival-quality web crawler)
 Total 57Gb of data was retrieved from
 www.unimelb.edu.au and its associated sub-
 domains over a period of 146 hours
 1.4 million documents were retrieved
                 Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005   11
The UniMelb Web Environment

       Format Demographics of UniMelb Web

                                              text/html
                                              image/jpeg
                                              image/gif
                                              application/pdf
                                              text/plain
                                              application/msword
                                              application/msexcel
                                              application/mspowerpoint
                                              application/postscript
                                              others

                Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                            12
Observations
  HTML is no longer the dominant format
    UniMelb’s metadata creation processes primarily oriented at
    creating Dublin Core-extended metadata as simple HTML meta
    tags
    Pure HTML content in fact is no longer dominant format
  Web-accessibility of “non-native” document types
    Many MIME Types are not addressed by the UniMelb guidelines
    for metadata creation but which do offer some potential for
    restricted metadata inclusion
    Emerging document types such as XML and RDF do not easily
    allow for the embedding of metadata internal to the resource.
  The emergence of dynamic documents
    Analysis of “All Other” categories shows many (~38%) of these
    documents are dynamic, generated server side on demand by
    PHP, ASP, JSP etc.
    No thought currently given to inclusion of metadata in automatically
    generated documents of this type
                         Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                  13
DC Metadata on the UniMelb Web
                                                                                              Usage of DC Elements

              90.0
              80.0
              70.0
 % Coverage




              60.0                                                                                                                                                                                                 % HTML Pages with
              50.0                                                                                                                                                                                                 Metatdata in <HEAD>
              40.0
              30.0
              20.0                                                                                                                                                                                                 %HTML Pages with
              10.0                                                                                                                                                                                                 Metadata in <BODY>
               0.0                                                                                                                                                                                                 element
                                             DC.Subject and


                                                                               DC.Publisher




                                                                                                                                                       DC.Language




                                                                                                                                                                                                 Overall Average
                                                                                              Dc.Contributor




                                                                                                                                     DC.DateModified




                                                                                                                                                                                 DC.Identifier
                                                                                                                                                                     DC.Format
                     DC.Title




                                                              DC.Description




                                                                                                               DC.Rights
                                DC.Creator




                                                                                                                           DC.Date

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Total % HTML Pages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   containing Metadata in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   either <HEAD> or
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <BODY>


                                                                    DC Metadata Element
                                                                                                                Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                                                                                                 14
Observations
 Alignment with broad Dublin Core norms
  These figures are generally in line with the
  findings of broad scale Dublin Core-oriented
  metadata communities
    OAI (Ward, 2003)
    OLAC (Hughes, 2004)




                  Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005    15
UM Metadata on the UniMelb Web
                                  Usage of UM Elements

                     80.0
                     70.0
                                                                     % HTML Pages with
                     60.0                                            Metatdata in <HEAD>
  % Coverage




                     50.0
                                                                     %HTML Pages with Metadata
                     40.0                                            in <BODY> element
                     30.0
                                                                     Total % HTML Pages
                     20.0                                            containing Metadata in either
                                                                     <HEAD> or <BODY>
                     10.0
                      0.0
                                                  e


                                                 e
                                               ue




                                               ge
                                                   l
                                                  l




                                               ai
                                               ai


                                              itl

                                            am


                                            m
                                             D


                                            m


                                           .T




                                            ra
                                         ew




                                        r.E
                                       r.N
                                         .E




                                         ve
                                         er
                                      or


                                     ris




                                   ll A
                                      vi




                                     ne
                                    ne
                                   at
                                  Re




                                 ho




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                               nt
                               ut
                     e.




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                            ve
                            .C




                            ai
                   at




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                           .A




                          O
                          M




                         .M
                        .M
                .D




                         M
                      U

                       U
               M




                       M
                       M
               U




                     U
                     U




                                UM Metadata Element
                                       Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                                   16
Observations
 Differences between core Dublin Core and institutional metadata
    institutional metadata is more regularly contributed, despite the
    automatic creation of some DC by content creation applications
 Correlation with manual inspection statistics
    these experiments suggest trends detected in earlier focused
    studies such as Zajacek (2002a, 2002b) are valid.
 Differences between metadata included in <HEAD> vs <BODY>
 elements
    for institutional metadata, there is a strong tendency to include
    metadata in the <BODY> elements where it is immediately visible
    on the page rather than in the <HEAD> elements which may
    reflects the emphasis of the training materials

                         Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005               17
Reflections and Challenges 1
 % coverage of HTML sources is relatively low, but it does
 account for a large number of documents (650K total in this
 survey)
   Many documents are non-compliant for identifiable reasons – eg
   exclusion of metadata in template based pages such as those within
   the learning management system
 External search engines like are not using meta tag information
 any more but perform full text indexing (see Richardson, 2004)
   Benefit to general web searchers of institutional metadata creation is
   almost zero
   May still retain currency for other administrative purposes eg the
   authorization of web content publication.
   Need to distinguish between the institutions need for web content
   management, and how metadata facilitates this goal, and
   decoupling from web search experience in general.


                          Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                  18
Reflections and Challenges 2
 Potential impact of institution wide Content Management System
   Existing metadata standards failed to address distributed content
   creation (or underestimated the pervasive effect of “publish to web”
   type technologies to all staff),
   Opportunity to increase compliance with new generation tools and
   practices.
 Revisiting motivation for web metadata: search assistance or
 administrative processes ?
   Changes to work practices required for web publishing authorisation
 “Compliance audit” service
   for run time verification of metadata compliance, with a
   “watermarking” service which automatically imprimaturs compliant
   pages in the absence of manual inspection.
   Require the formalisation of University of Melbourne metadata as a
   true Dublin Core application profile and an associated formal
   schema, and the creation of controlled vocabularies for extensions.

                          Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                 19
Reflections and Challenges 3
 Large number of pages which will be updated only at an irregular
 interval
    Substantially increasing the coverage of institutional metadata in the
    short to medium term may require the deployment of an automated
    metadata creation service such as DCdot (Powell, 2000) or an
    augmentation service such as OLACdot (Hughes, 2005).
    Early experiments with DCdot show significant promise, but need to
    be more carefully evaluated in light of recent research in the area
    (Greenberg, 2005).
 Training of critical importance
    Significant effort was invested in training key personnel, and the
    propagation of the institutional standards and training notes online,
    only a small number of face to face classes have been held.



                           Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                   20
Conclusion
 UniMelb was identified as one of the leading universities with
 regard to metadata implementation (Ivanova, 2004)
 Empirical evidence suggests that The University of Melbourne
 still faces significant challenges
 Compliance in the age of moving standards - over a 2 year
 period the evolution of external standards, web content creation
 tools, and web content demography is significant
 Strong basis for institutional metadata was formed by the
 adoption of Dublin Core
   the disparate content creation environment and rapidly changing
   composition of web content has induced a less than satisfactory
   application of these standards.
 Automated metadata creation and assessment, forming a
 significant component of future work may address this problem in
 part

                         Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005                 21
Questions / Comments
 http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000983
 Eve Young
 Metadata Coordinator
 Information Acquisition and Organisation Section
 Information Division
 e.young@unimelb.edu.au
 Baden Hughes
 Research Fellow
 Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering
 badenh@cs.mu.oz.au
                      Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005          22

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If We're Not There Yet, How Far Do We Have To Go ? Web Metadata at The University of Melbourne

  • 1. If we’re not there yet, how far do we have to go ? A review of web metadata at The University of Melbourne Eve Young, Metadata Coordinator Information Acquisition and Organisation Section Information Division Baden Hughes, Research Fellow Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The University of Melbourne Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 1
  • 2. Overview Background Web publishing policies circa 1999, 2001 Research projects Towards standardization Dublin Core UniMelb administrative metadata Broad scale compliance analysis UniMelb web environment DC Metadata on the UniMelb Web UniMelb Metadata on the UniMelb Web Reflections and challenges for the future Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 2
  • 3. Before Metadata on UniM site Existing standard (1999) not widely adopted 9 metadata tags expiryDate, maintainer, authoriser, author, description, keywords, lastModified, distribution, contentType Operational and implementation issues Difficulty finding information Suspected non-compliance Investigate and analyze Manual research Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 3
  • 4. Expiry Tag Analysis Expiry tag functionality important Analysis into non-compliance (608 pages) Only 27% of pages audited were compliant Of the remainder of pages reviewed, 441 had no date, or NA as value Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 4
  • 5. A to Z Index: Compliance Audit Audit of metadata on 78 web pages Highest compliance 84.6% (content type) Lowest 11.5 % (expiry date) More unknown than known maintainers Default value tags had high degree of compliance Page specific tags (keywords) had lowest Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 5
  • 6. Metadata Working Group Advise on implementation of a uniform approach to the creation of metadata Membership drew on expertise from across the university - academics, IT, web, metadata, and library Reviewed metadata standards, DC, IMS, AGLS Metadata use in large information –rich organizations, eg, Aust Govt, UK Government, UNSW libraries Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 6
  • 7. UniMelb metadata standard 19 elements (meta tags) to describe and manage a resource 2003 revised standard endorsed by Information Strategy Committee. Requirement on all University of Melbourne web pages Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 7
  • 8. Why Dublin Core (besides this being a DC-ANZ conference) ? ISO 15836 15 elements, simple International consensus Well supported Offers semantic interoperability Extensible Easy to implement in our environment Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 8
  • 9. University of Melbourne DC Metadata Elements D C.Ti le t D C.Right s D C.Creato r D C.Date D C.Subject D C.Date.Mod fiied D C.Descr ton ip i D C.Language D C.Publi sher D C.Format D C.Contr t ibu or D C. dent f r I iie Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 9
  • 10. University of Melbourne Administrative Metadata Elements U M.Creato .Emai r l U M.Author .Name iser U M.Author .T te iser il U M.Mainta .Name iner U M.Mainta .Depar ment iner t U M.Mainta .Ema l iner i U M.Date.Revi ewDue Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 10
  • 11. Broad Scale Compliance Analysis Full crawl of the University of Melbourne web presence in March 2005 Used was the Internet Archive's Heritrix suite (an open-source, extensible, web-scale, archival-quality web crawler) Total 57Gb of data was retrieved from www.unimelb.edu.au and its associated sub- domains over a period of 146 hours 1.4 million documents were retrieved Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 11
  • 12. The UniMelb Web Environment Format Demographics of UniMelb Web text/html image/jpeg image/gif application/pdf text/plain application/msword application/msexcel application/mspowerpoint application/postscript others Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 12
  • 13. Observations HTML is no longer the dominant format UniMelb’s metadata creation processes primarily oriented at creating Dublin Core-extended metadata as simple HTML meta tags Pure HTML content in fact is no longer dominant format Web-accessibility of “non-native” document types Many MIME Types are not addressed by the UniMelb guidelines for metadata creation but which do offer some potential for restricted metadata inclusion Emerging document types such as XML and RDF do not easily allow for the embedding of metadata internal to the resource. The emergence of dynamic documents Analysis of “All Other” categories shows many (~38%) of these documents are dynamic, generated server side on demand by PHP, ASP, JSP etc. No thought currently given to inclusion of metadata in automatically generated documents of this type Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 13
  • 14. DC Metadata on the UniMelb Web Usage of DC Elements 90.0 80.0 70.0 % Coverage 60.0 % HTML Pages with 50.0 Metatdata in <HEAD> 40.0 30.0 20.0 %HTML Pages with 10.0 Metadata in <BODY> 0.0 element DC.Subject and DC.Publisher DC.Language Overall Average Dc.Contributor DC.DateModified DC.Identifier DC.Format DC.Title DC.Description DC.Rights DC.Creator DC.Date Total % HTML Pages containing Metadata in either <HEAD> or <BODY> DC Metadata Element Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 14
  • 15. Observations Alignment with broad Dublin Core norms These figures are generally in line with the findings of broad scale Dublin Core-oriented metadata communities OAI (Ward, 2003) OLAC (Hughes, 2004) Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 15
  • 16. UM Metadata on the UniMelb Web Usage of UM Elements 80.0 70.0 % HTML Pages with 60.0 Metatdata in <HEAD> % Coverage 50.0 %HTML Pages with Metadata 40.0 in <BODY> element 30.0 Total % HTML Pages 20.0 containing Metadata in either <HEAD> or <BODY> 10.0 0.0 e e ue ge l l ai ai itl am m D m .T ra ew r.E r.N .E ve er or ris ll A vi ne ne at Re ho ai ai ra re nt ut e. nt ve .C ai at ai .A O M .M .M .D M U U M M M U U U UM Metadata Element Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 16
  • 17. Observations Differences between core Dublin Core and institutional metadata institutional metadata is more regularly contributed, despite the automatic creation of some DC by content creation applications Correlation with manual inspection statistics these experiments suggest trends detected in earlier focused studies such as Zajacek (2002a, 2002b) are valid. Differences between metadata included in <HEAD> vs <BODY> elements for institutional metadata, there is a strong tendency to include metadata in the <BODY> elements where it is immediately visible on the page rather than in the <HEAD> elements which may reflects the emphasis of the training materials Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 17
  • 18. Reflections and Challenges 1 % coverage of HTML sources is relatively low, but it does account for a large number of documents (650K total in this survey) Many documents are non-compliant for identifiable reasons – eg exclusion of metadata in template based pages such as those within the learning management system External search engines like are not using meta tag information any more but perform full text indexing (see Richardson, 2004) Benefit to general web searchers of institutional metadata creation is almost zero May still retain currency for other administrative purposes eg the authorization of web content publication. Need to distinguish between the institutions need for web content management, and how metadata facilitates this goal, and decoupling from web search experience in general. Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 18
  • 19. Reflections and Challenges 2 Potential impact of institution wide Content Management System Existing metadata standards failed to address distributed content creation (or underestimated the pervasive effect of “publish to web” type technologies to all staff), Opportunity to increase compliance with new generation tools and practices. Revisiting motivation for web metadata: search assistance or administrative processes ? Changes to work practices required for web publishing authorisation “Compliance audit” service for run time verification of metadata compliance, with a “watermarking” service which automatically imprimaturs compliant pages in the absence of manual inspection. Require the formalisation of University of Melbourne metadata as a true Dublin Core application profile and an associated formal schema, and the creation of controlled vocabularies for extensions. Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 19
  • 20. Reflections and Challenges 3 Large number of pages which will be updated only at an irregular interval Substantially increasing the coverage of institutional metadata in the short to medium term may require the deployment of an automated metadata creation service such as DCdot (Powell, 2000) or an augmentation service such as OLACdot (Hughes, 2005). Early experiments with DCdot show significant promise, but need to be more carefully evaluated in light of recent research in the area (Greenberg, 2005). Training of critical importance Significant effort was invested in training key personnel, and the propagation of the institutional standards and training notes online, only a small number of face to face classes have been held. Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 20
  • 21. Conclusion UniMelb was identified as one of the leading universities with regard to metadata implementation (Ivanova, 2004) Empirical evidence suggests that The University of Melbourne still faces significant challenges Compliance in the age of moving standards - over a 2 year period the evolution of external standards, web content creation tools, and web content demography is significant Strong basis for institutional metadata was formed by the adoption of Dublin Core the disparate content creation environment and rapidly changing composition of web content has induced a less than satisfactory application of these standards. Automated metadata creation and assessment, forming a significant component of future work may address this problem in part Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 21
  • 22. Questions / Comments http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000983 Eve Young Metadata Coordinator Information Acquisition and Organisation Section Information Division e.young@unimelb.edu.au Baden Hughes Research Fellow Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering badenh@cs.mu.oz.au Young & Hughes, DC-ANZ 2005 22