Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
An Intro to Latex Part II
An introduction to creating a Latex document
Aubry W. Verret
Brown Science and Engineering Library Research Computing Lab
November 11, 2008

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Outline I
Notes
Footnotes
Marginal Notes
Endnotes
Mathematics in LaTeX
Math Environment
Math Symbols
Tables
Table Features
How to Create Tables
Example of Table
Table Resources
Graphics
Graphicx Package

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Outline II
Allowed Formats
Includegraphics Command
Graphicx Examples
Including Plots
Figures
Including and Formatting Figures
Captions
Example of Figure
Making Presentations in LaTeX
Packages
Using Beamer
Creating a Slide
Hyperlinks
Overlays

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Outline III
Acquiring Beamer
Resources

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Footnotes
You can include footnotes in your document by using the command
\\footnote[number]{text}
3
This is the third footnote

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Footnotes
You can include footnotes in your document by using the command
\\footnote[number]{text}
The footnote is automatically placed at the bottom of the page
and is automatically given a number.
3
This is the third footnote

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Footnotes
You can include footnotes in your document by using the command
\\footnote[number]{text}
The footnote is automatically placed at the bottom of the page
and is automatically given a number.
You can override the automatic numbering by using the optional
[number] portion of the footnote command.
3
This is the third footnote

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Footnotes
You can include footnotes in your document by using the command
\\footnote[number]{text}
The footnote is automatically placed at the bottom of the page
and is automatically given a number.
You can override the automatic numbering by using the optional
[number] portion of the footnote command.
Example:
\\footnote[3]{This is the third footnote}
3
This command produces this footnote.
3
This is the third footnote

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Marginal Notes
You can also include margin notes in your document. Use the
\\marginpar[left]{righttext} command
If you only specify the required command righttext then the margin
note placement goes as follows:
• On the right for single sided documents
• On the outside margin for doublesided documents
If you use the optional [left] argument then the note will go on the
left. Example:
\\marginpar[left]{Here is a margin note.}

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Endnotes
Endnotes require the use of the endnote package. Include it in the
preamble of your document with the
\\usepackage{endnote} command.
To create an endnote just use the
\\endnote{text} command
Finally, include this command at the end of your document where
you want the endnotes to appear
\\theendnotes

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Math Environments
In order to typeset mathematical formulae, you must put LaTeX
into math mode.
There are four different types of math mode:
• Math environment - Short in-line equations
• Displaymath environment - Numbered equations set apart in
the text
• Eqnarray Environment - Sequences of equations or very long
equations
• Equation environment - Centered equations

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You can achieve these modes by using the following commands:
Math environment -
• \\begin{math}...\\end{math
• \\(...\\)
• $...$

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
You can achieve these modes by using the following commands:
Math environment -
• \\begin{math}...\\end{math
• \\(...\\)
• $...$
Displaymath environment -
• \\begin{displaymath)...end{displaymath}
• \\[...\\]
• $$...$$

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
You can achieve these modes by using the following commands:
Math environment -
• \\begin{math}...\\end{math
• \\(...\\)
• $...$
Displaymath environment -
• \\begin{displaymath)...end{displaymath}
• \\[...\\]
• $$...$$
Eqnarray environment -
• \\begin{eqnarray[*]}...\\end{eqnarray[*]}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
You can achieve these modes by using the following commands:
Math environment -
• \\begin{math}...\\end{math
• \\(...\\)
• $...$
Displaymath environment -
• \\begin{displaymath)...end{displaymath}
• \\[...\\]
• $$...$$
Eqnarray environment -
• \\begin{eqnarray[*]}...\\end{eqnarray[*]}
Equation environment -
• \\begin{equation}...\\end{equation}

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Math symbols
There are many symbols involved in typesetting simple and
complicated mathematical formulae. LaTeX is equipped to typeset
everything from simple to high level mathematics.
Example (Ampere’s Circuit Law):
∂ΦE ,S
B· dl = µo IS + µo o
∂t
∂S
Code:
$$\\oint_{\\partial S}B\\cdotp dl = \\mu_o I_S + \\mu_o
\\epsilon_o \\frac{\\partial \\Phi_{E, S}}{\\partial t} $$

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Example (Matrices):
    
a11 a12 · · · a1n x1 0
 a21 a22 · · · a2n x2 0
  
=
   
. . . . .
..
. . . . .
 
.
. . . . .
  
an1 an2 · · · ann xn 0
Code:
$$\\left[ \\begin{array}{cccc}
a_{11} & a_{12} & \\cdots & a_{1n} \\\\
a_{21} & a_{22} & \\cdots & a_{2n} \\\\
\\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\
a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \\cdots & a_{nn} \\end{array} \\right]
\\left[ \\begin{array}{c}
x_1 \\\\ x_2 \\\\ \\vdots \\\\
x_n \\end{array} \\right] = \\left[ \\begin{array}{c}
0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ 0 \\end{array} \\right]$$

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Example (Taylor Series):
∞
f n (a)
(x − a)n
n!
n=0
Code:
$$\\sum^{\\infty}_{n=0} \\frac{f^{n}(a)}{n!}(x - a)^n$$
Example (DeMorgan’s Law):
¬(p ∨ q) ⇐⇒ (¬p) ∧ (¬q)
Code:
$$\\neg (p \\vee q) \\Longleftrightarrow (\\neg p)
\\wedge (\\neg q) $$

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More Features
Aside from these examples, LaTeX provides symols for everything
you need to typeset mathematics including:
• binary operators
• Greek symbols
• logical operators
• set notation
• trig functions
• delimiters
You can look up any mathematical command on google. The
following link is helpful:
http://web.ift.uib.no/Fysisk/Teori/KURS/WRK/TeX/
symALL.html

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Amsmath Package
If you use mathematics heavily in your documents, you might
consider using the amsmath package. It provides some
enhancements to the normal LaTeX math capabilities which make
typesetting formulas easier and more attractive.
Go here for more info:
http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Tables
You can use LaTeX to create tables for your document. They are
highly customizable and can be simple or complex.
With LaTeX you can:
• Easily format columns and Rows
• Customize the lines that separate columns and rows
• Control table size

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Tables must be created within the Tabular environment.
\\begin{tabular[alignment]{columns}...\\end{tabular}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Tables must be created within the Tabular environment.
\\begin{tabular[alignment]{columns}...\\end{tabular}
Here are examples of parameters for the columns argument:
• l - left justified column
• c - centered column
• r - right justified column
• - vertical line

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Tables must be created within the Tabular environment.
\\begin{tabular[alignment]{columns}...\\end{tabular}
Here are examples of parameters for the columns argument:
• l - left justified column
• c - centered column
• r - right justified column
• - vertical line
The [alignment] argument is optional. The options are:
• b - bottom
• c - center
• t - top

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
To form the table, separate each element with a & sign and each
row with \\ \\

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
To form the table, separate each element with a & sign and each
row with \\ \\
a b c d
e f g h
Example:
i j k l
m n o p
Code:
\\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\\hline
a & b & c & d \\\\
e & f & g & h \\\\
i & j & k & l \\\\
m & n & o & p \\\\
\\hline
\\end{tabular}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Example:
Iteration k of f (xn )
k k k
k x1 x2 x3 remarks
0 -0.3 0.6 0.7 -
1 0.47102965 0.04883157 -0.53345964 δ<
2 0.49988691 0.00228830 -0.52246185 δ<ε
3 0.49999976 0.00005380 -0.523656 N
4 0.5 0.00000307 -0.52359743
. . .
..
. . .
.
. . .
δ < 10−8
7 0.5 0.0 -0.52359878
Find code here:
http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/
reference/tables/

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
You can find a number of other examples plus code here:
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables
http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/
reference/tables/

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Including Graphics
LaTeX is able to manage graphics via an external package called
graphicx. To use graphicx you must include the package in the
preamble of your document.
\\usepackage{graphicx}
The graphicx package allows you too:
• Use several different file formats
• Scale or specify dimensions of the image
• Crop the image
• Rotate the image

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Allowed Formats
If you compile with latex you can only use the EPS image format.
If you compile with pdflatex you can use the following formats:
• JPG
• PNG
• PDF

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Includegraphics Command
Use this command to include a graphic in your document:
\\includegraphics[dimension]{file}
The optional [dimension] argument can include several different
options including:
• width and height
• scale
• angle
• trim

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Example of Graphicx
\\includegraphics[width=6cm, height=4cm]{flower.jpg}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Example of Graphicx
\\includegraphics[scale = .05]{flower.jpg}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Example of Graphicx
\\includegraphics[scale=.05, angle=45]{flower.jpg}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Importing Plots
It is also possible to import plots from other programs such as
Matlab or Maple into your document. You just need to export the
plot as a .eps file, or if you are using pdflatex you can export it as
a .jpg. Then include the plot in your document using the
includegraphincs command.

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Including Figures
LaTeX provides a way to include figures in your document. You
must use the figure environment.
\\begin{figure}...\\end{figure}
LaTeX will insert the figure into your document wherever it seems
best, but there are a few optional commands that you can use with
the figure environment:
• h - put figure here
• t - put figure at top of page
• b - put figure at bottom of page
• p - put figure on separate page

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Example:
\\begin{figure}[h]
You can also include captions with your figures by using the
command
\\caption{text}
LaTeX will automatically number your figures and update a List of
Figures page in the ToC each time you add new figure to your
document.
Example:
\\begin{figure}
\\centering
\\includegraphics{filename}
\\caption{This is a figure}
\\end{figure}

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Example Figure
\\begin{figure}
\\centering
\\includegraphics{flower}
\\caption{Photo of a purple flower}
\\end{figure}
Figure: Photo of a purple flower

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Slide Presentations in LaTeX
You can use LaTeX to make professional looking presentations.
There are several packages for doing so including:
• Beamer
• Prosper
• Ppower4

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Slide Presentations in LaTeX
You can use LaTeX to make professional looking presentations.
There are several packages for doing so including:
• Beamer
• Prosper
• Ppower4
The Beamer class allows you to easily create professional looking
presentations that are
• Easily customized
• Capable of displaying sophisticated mathematics
• Capable of containing overlays
• Easily converted to handouts
• Display independent of operating system

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Using Beamer
In order to use the Beamer Class you must use it as the
documentclass option in the preamble:
\\documentclass[style]{beamer}
In the optional [style] command you can specify a number of
different styles. If you exclude the command, then Beamer will use
a default style.
Go here for examples of Beamer styles:
http://mike.depalatis.net/beamerthemes/

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Creating a Slide
To create slides using Beamer you must use the frame environment.
\\begin{frame}[options]...\\end{frame}

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Creating a Slide
To create slides using Beamer you must use the frame environment.
\\begin{frame}[options]...\\end{frame}
The [options] parameter can be used to specify a number of
features:
• fragile or containsverbatim will allow you to include verbatim
text on the slide using the verbatim pakage
• allowframebreaks will allow Beamer to create extra slides to
accommodate overflow text
• shrink will shrink contents to fit onto one slide

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Sample Frame Code
Here is the code for a basic frame:
\\section{}
\\subsection{}
\\begin{frame}
\\frametitle{This is the title}
Contents...
end{frame}

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Hyperlinks
Beamer allows you to create links between slides.
For example: Jump to next slide

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Target Frame
This is the target frame.

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Target Frame
This is the target frame.
To create a hyperlink you must include the hyperref package in the
preamble. Then you must use the following code:
\\hyperlink{target_label}{\\beamergotobutton{text}}
The target label argument specifies the label you have given to the
target slide and can say anything you want. You must label the
target slide as follows:
\\begin{frame}[label=target_label]

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Overlays
Beamer allows you to create overlays in your slide presentations.
The overlays can be simple or intricate.
Here is an example of a very simple overlay:

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Overlays
Beamer allows you to create overlays in your slide presentations.
The overlays can be simple or intricate.
Here is an example of a very simple overlay:
• First item

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Overlays
Beamer allows you to create overlays in your slide presentations.
The overlays can be simple or intricate.
Here is an example of a very simple overlay:
• First item
• Second item

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Overlays
Beamer allows you to create overlays in your slide presentations.
The overlays can be simple or intricate.
Here is an example of a very simple overlay:
• First item
• Second item
• Third item

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Overlays
Beamer allows you to create overlays in your slide presentations.
The overlays can be simple or intricate.
Here is an example of a very simple overlay:
• First item
• Second item
• Third item
You can create this overlay by inserting the pause command after
each item in the list.
Code:
\\begin{itemize}
\\item First item \\pause
\\item Second item \\pause
\\item Third item \\pause
\\end{itemize}

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More Examples
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\only<1>{First}\\only<2>{Second}\\only<3>{Third}
First
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\alt<5>{I am here}{I am not here}
I am not here

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
More Examples
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\only<1>{First}\\only<2>{Second}\\only<3>{Third}
Second
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\alt<5>{I am here}{I am not here}
I am not here

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
More Examples
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\only<1>{First}\\only<2>{Second}\\only<3>{Third}
Third
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\alt<5>{I am here}{I am not here}
I am not here

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
More Examples
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\only<1>{First}\\only<2>{Second}\\only<3>{Third}
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\alt<5>{I am here}{I am not here}
I am not here

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
More Examples
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\only<1>{First}\\only<2>{Second}\\only<3>{Third}
Example: The following overlay can be created using this code
\\alt<5>{I am here}{I am not here}
I am here

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Acquiring Beamer
In order to use the Beamer class you must first install it. You can
download it here:
http://sourceforge.net/projects/latex-beamer/

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Where to get Help
There are several different resources for learning LaTeX
Books:
• LaTeX Concisely by Adrian Johnstone
• The LaTeX Companion by Michel Goossens
• A Guide to LaTeX by Melmut Kopka
• LaTeX For Scientists and Engineers by David J. Buerger
• The LaTeX Graphics Companion
• The LaTeX Web Companion

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources
Online: There are numerous online tutorials and user guides for
LaTeX, specific commands, packages, etc.
The Research Computing Lab: You can send questions to me
through our ticket system
http:
//www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/rescomp/help/index.html