This presentation was done as a group effort to research water issues in relation to green buildings in the Pacific Northwest, I contributed to the portions on Seattle, Washington and Honolulu, HI
8. LEED Regional Priority CreditsSeattle Brownfields Tree Canopy http://www.djc.com/stories/images/20100902/Brownfields_Duwamish_big.jpg Urban Heat Island Effect http://www.seattle.gov/environment/documents/Final_UFMP.pdf http://www.greenyour.com/files/images/urban%20heat%20island.gif
9. Former Wagstaff Battery Recycling Facility Port City Development Center AFTER BEFORE http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=44612& LEED Regional Priority Credits Portland Water Efficiency http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=46238&a=179529 Brownfields
14. LEED Regional Priority Credits San Diego Water Supply Energy Sources http//www.sandag.org/resources/demographics_and_other_data/demographics/fastfacts/sad.html http://www.sdfoundation.org/Portals/0/Newsroom/PDF/Reports/Focus2050glossySDF-ClimateReport.pdf
15. LEED Regional Priority Credits Honolulu Water Pollution Water Conservation http://www.boardofwatersupply.com/cssweb/display.cfm?sid=1406 http://www.boardofwatersupply.com/files/West_Honolulu_Watershed_Study.pdf and http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2
16. Climate Change Seattle Temperature Increases versus Snowmelt water decreases http://cses.washington.edu/cig/pnwc/cc.shtml
17. Climate Change Portland Historic and Forecast CO2 Emissions in Oregon http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/GBLWRM/docs/GWReport-FInal.pdf
18. Climate Change San Francisco San Francisco has created a Climate Action Plan that focuses the city's areas that will have the greatest impact, such as transportation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and solid waste management. http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/climateactionplan.pdf
19. What the County would look like if global greenhouse gas emissions are reduced What the county would look like if the global greenhouse gas emissions continued to increase http://www.sdfoundation.org/Portals/0/Newsroom/PDF/Reports/Focus2050glossySDF-ClimateReport.pdf Climate Change San Diego Projected change in summer daytime peak temperatures in San Diego County in the Year 2050 +2-4ºF +2-4 °F +4-6 °F +0-2F +0-2F +6 or more degrees F
20. Climate Change Honolulu Projected Land Lost from Sea Level Rise Historical Sea-Level Rise http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=1612340 http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/FloodingOahu/index.php
21. Resiliency Seattle Seattle’s reliance on hydropower is stressing the water supply further. adapted from http://www.seattle.gov/light/FuelMix/
22. Resiliency Portland Portland’s Power Supply Mix Green Power Supply Mix http://www.portlandgeneral.com/residential/your_account/billing_payment/basic_service.aspx http://www.portlandgeneral.com/residential/renewable_energy/green_source.aspx?res
23. Resiliency San Francisco The low lying lands of the bay area and surrounding small islands are at risk of sea level rise and salt-water intrusion. from http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/theresilientcity_020109
24. Resiliency San Diego “Projected Temperature Increase For San Diego County” SOLARA Apartments: The first solar apartments in San Diego http://www.chworks.org/affordable_housing/solara.asp http://www.sdfoundation.org/Portals/0/Newsroom/PDF/Reports/Focus2050glossySDF-ClimateReport.pdf
25. Resiliency Honolulu Groundwater pumping + sea-level rise = salt-water intrusion Rainwater Harvesting can alleviate stress on the water supply http://cdn2-b.examiner.com/sites/default/files/styles/image_full_width/hash/6e/5d/6e5dbb29652333bd57c19b214a51bd18.jpg http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gw/images/Intrusion(pg15).gif
26. The Green Compact Green Buildings Seattle Seattle City Hall http://www.builtgreen.net/studies/1061.html Alley24 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=310 http://casestudies.uli.org/CaseStudies/C037020.htm
27. The Scott’s Home Green Buildings Portland The Jean Vollum National Capital Building The Morrison Building
28. Natural Resource Defense Council Office Green Buildings San Francisco California Academy of Sciences http://leedcasestudies.usgbc.org/overview.cfm?ProjectID=438 Arterra Condominium from http://www.calacademy.org/academy/building/the_living_roof/ http://www.intracorpcompanies.com/html/sf-portfolio.shtml#
29. Sun Harbor Marina Green Buildings San Diego The Ranch House Photo by USGBC San Diego Chapter, n.d. Retrieved from http://www.usgbc-sd.org/success-stories-sun-harbor-marina#nogo Fire Station 47 Photo by USGBC San Diego Chapter, n.d. Retrieved from http://www.usgbc-sd.org/success-stories-ranch-house-at-del-sur#nogo Photo Courtesy STK Architecture, Inc., n.d. Retrieved from http://www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/energy/pdf/091118FS47x.pdf
30. The Hawaii Baptist Academy Green Buildings Honolulu Kahala House http://www.group70int.com/project.aspx?p=19&s=2 The NOAA Pacific Regional Center http://lai-hawaii.com/portfolio.aspx http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/do/annualreport09/overview_of_the_center.php
31. Bibliography Black Mountain Ranch. (2007, July 10). Ranch House at Del Sur Named One of the World's 'Greenest': Scores Platinum LEED Rating from U.S. Green Building Council. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from CSR Press Release: http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/15485-Ranch-House-at- Del-Sur-Named-One-of-the-World-s-Greenest-Scores-Platinum-LEED-Rating-from-U-S-Green-Building-Council Board of Water Supply. (2004). Watershed Partnerships. Retrieved 2010 28-October from City and County of Honolulu: http://www.hbws.org/cssweb/display.cfm?sid=1096 Board of Water Supply, City and County of Honolulu. (2004). Watershed Management Plans: The Districts. Retrieved 2010 3-November from Board of Water Supply: http://www.hbws.org/cssweb/display.cfm?sid=1406 Brown, M., Southworth, F., & Sarzynski, A. (2008). Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America. Retrieved 2010 11-November from Brookings Institute: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/05_carbon_footprint_sarzynski/tables.pdf Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. (2010). About Us. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from City of Portland: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=42133 Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. (2009). City of Portland and Multnomah County Action Climate Plan. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from City of Portland, Oregon: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=49989&a=268612 Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. (2009). City of Portland and Multnomah County Action Climate Plan 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from City of Portland, Oregon: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=49989&a=268612 Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. (2010). History of Portland's Solid Waste and Recycling System. Retrieved November 12, 2010, from City of Portland, Oregon: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=41621&a=109782 Byerly, C. (2010 28-April). Local Architect Awarded LEED Gold Rating for Green Home in Kahala. Retrieved 2010 18-November from Choi Realty: http://www.choi-realty.com/sharedImages/props/869/lre_brochure_1011869_3.pdf California Academy of Sciences. “Living Roof.” (2010). Retrieved November 18, 2010 from http://www.calacademy.org/academy/building/the_living_roof/ California Academy of Sciences. “sustainable Design.” (2010). Retrieved November 18, 2010 from http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2008/leed_platinum.php
32. Bibliography California Energy Commission. (2008). Background. Retrieved November 6, 2010, from Climate Change: http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/background/index.html California Natural Resources Agency. (2009). Executive Summary: 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy. Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Energy: http://www.energy.ca.gov/2009publications/CNRA-1000-2009-027/CNRA-1000-2009-027-F-ES.PDF City of Seattle. (2007 April). Urban Forestry Management Plan. Retrieved 2010 13-November from Seattle reLeaf: http://www.seattle.gov/environment/documents/Final_UFMP.pdf City of Seattle. (n.d.). Seattle Green Building incentives. Retrieved December 6, 2010 from The City of Seattle: http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cms/groups/pan/@pan/@sustainableblding/documents/web_informational/dpdp017693.pdf Community Housing Works. (n.d.). Solara. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.chworks.org/affordable_housing/solara.asp Dashiell, E. (2003). West Honolulu watershed study. Retrieved 2010 30-October from Honolulu Board of Water Supply: http://www.boardofwatersupply.com/files/West_Honolulu_Watershed_Study.pdf Diamond, Hayley. (October 25, 2010). Schofield's rainwater harvesting project yields water, energy savings. Retrieved December 6, 2010 from Hawaii Army Weekly http://www.army.mil/-news/2010/10/25/47134-schofields-rainwater-harvesting-project-yields-water-energy-savings/ Department of Planning and Development. (2010). Seattle City Hall: Seattle Fleets and Facilities Department. Retrieved November 17, 2010, from City Project Case Study: http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/static/CityHall%20web_LatestReleased_DPDP016103.pdf Department of Planning and Development. (2006 January). Green Home Case Study: The Green Compact. Retrieved 2010 17-November from City of Seattle: http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cms/groups/pan/@pan/@sustainableblding/documents/web_informational/dpds_007229.pdf Ecotrust. (2010). The Jean Vollum National Capital Building. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from Ecotrust: http://www.ecotrust.org/ncc/ Environmental Protection Agency. (1998 November). Brownfields Showcase Community: Seattle/King County, WA. Retrieved 2010 28-October from Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/success/showcase/sc_seatt.pdf Environmental Protection Agency. (2010 29-June). NOAA Pacific Region Center, Ford Island, Hawaii: Innovative, Collaborative Design and Delivery Methods. Retrieved 2010 18-November from Labs for the 21st Century: http://www.epa.gov/lab21gov/training/conf/past/2005/abstracts/e1_mendler.html Environmental Services Department. (2005, July). City of San Diego Climate Protection Action Plan. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from City of San Diego: http://www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/sustainable/pdf/100401ActionPlan.pdf
33. Bibliography Environmental Services Department. (2003). Fire Station 47 - LEED SILVER. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from The City of San Diego: http://www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/energy/pdf/091118FS47x.pdf Intracorp Companies. 鄭rterra.� 2008. Retrieved from http://www.intracorpcompanies.com/html/sf-portfolio.shtml# Kaneshiro, C. (2009 July). Web Exclusive: A Gold Star. Retrieved 2010 18-November from Environmental Design and Construction: http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/Articles/Web_Exclusive/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000615781 Kriscenski, A. (2007). SOLARA: CA’s First Solar-powered Apartment Community. Retrieved November 16, 2010, from Inhabitat: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/12/05/solara-californias-first-solar-powered-apartment-community/ Macomber, Patricia. (2010) Guidelines on Rainwater Catchment Systems for Hawaii. Retrieved December 6, 2010 from University of Hawaii at Manoa: http://www.hawaiirain.org/files/Guidelines_2010.pdf Morrison. (2007). The Morrison Affordable Housing Community. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from Morrison Apartments: http://www.themorrisonapartments.com/index.html National Assessment Synthesis Team. (2001). Climate Change Impacts on the United States. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. (2009 18-May). NOAA Forsd Island Pacific Center: Project Description. Retrieved 2010 18-November from Corporate Services: http://www.corporateservices.noaa.gov/~ocao/PRC.pdf Portland Bureau Environmental Services. (2010). Projects. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from City of Portland, Oregon: http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=44612& Portland General Electric. (n.d.). Basic Service. Retrieved November 17, 2010, from Portland General Electric Residential: http://www.portlandgeneral.com/residential/your_account/billing_payment/basic_service.aspx Portland General Electric. (n.d.). Portland General Electric Green Source. Retrieved November 17, 2010, from Portland General Electric Residential Renewable Energy: http://www.portlandgeneral.com/residential/renewable_energy/green_source.aspx?res Portland Water Bureau. (2010 July). Water Management and Conservation Plan. Retrieved 2010 15-November from City of Portland, Oregon: http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=46238&a=179529 San Diego Association of Govenors. (2010). Fast Facts: San Diego. Retrieved 2010 1-November from SANDAG: http://www.sandag.org/resources/demographics_and_other_data/demographics/fastfacts/sad.html
34. Bibliography San Diego Association of Governments. (2009 31-July). Regional Energy Strategy Update. Retrieved 2010 13-November from San Diego Association of Governments: http://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1443_9904.pdf San Diego Gas and Electric. (2007). Sun Harbor Marina, Mixed Use. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from Sustainable Communities Program: http://www.sdge.com/documents/environment/SHC.pdf San Diego Gas and Electric. (2008). The Ranch House at Del Sur. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from Sustainable Communities Program: http://sdge.com/documents/environment/RanchHouse.pdf San Francisco Department of the Environment and San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. “Climate Action Plan for San Francisco: Local Actions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions” (2004). Retrieved on November 4, 2010 from http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/climateactionplan.pdf San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association. “Defining what San Francisco needs from its seismic mitigation policies.” (2010). Retrieved on November 11, 2010 from http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/theresilientcity_020109 San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. “Providing Water, Treating Waste Water and Generating Power” (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2010 from http://sfwater.org/home.cfm San Francisco Public Utilities Commission and San Francisco Department of Environment. “The Electricity Resource Plan: Choosing San Francisco’s Energy Future.” December 2002. Retrieved on November 11, 2010 from http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/1_planreviseddecember2002pdf.pdf Seattle Public Utilities Water Quality Lab. (2010 April). Cedar River Instream Flow Commission: Final Minutes. Retrieved 2010 4-November from City of Seattle: http://cityofseattle.net/util/groups/public/@spu/@ssw/documents/webcontent/spu01_006674.pdf State of Oregon. (2004). Oregon Strategy for Greenhouse Gas Reductions. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from Oregon State: http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/GBLWRM/docs/GWReport-FInal.pdf The City of Portland. (2003). The Rivas-Scott Home. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from City of Portland Office of Sustainability and Planning: http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=110838 The City of San Diego. (n.d.). General Information Overview. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Water: http://www.sandiego.gov/water/gen- info/overview.shtml
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Editor's Notes
The Duwamish Corridor is the largest industrial region in Washington, and the majority of the corridor is within Seattle. The corridor contains 8,500 acres of land with 2,000 businesses and provides 87,000 jobs to the area, but more than two hundred properties on this land are polluted with chemicals that could be contaminating the groundwater. (Environmental Protection Agency, 1998) “In 1972, trees covered about 40% of the city. Since then, tree cover has declined to about 18%” (City of Seattle, 2007). This lack of tree cover is leading to what is known as the urban heat island effect – this is important in Seattle because high temperatures are leading to snowmelt in the Cascade Mountains.
Water Conservation - One hundred percent of Oahu’s drinking water comes from groundwater. Honolulu’s 97% reliance on interbasin water transfers has brought attention to the effects of land degradation on the health of the watersheds (Board of Water Supply, 2004).Water Pollution - The Honolulu area reports problems with storm water polluting the region’s waterways, “waters have been identified as having elevated levels of metals, pesticides, nutrients, and sediment loading problems” (Dashiell, 2003). Chart one shows the Nuuanu Stream in Honolulu - EPA maximum load are too small to even be displayed on the chart showing the gross overage of the Nuuanu Stream (Dashiell, 2003).
Seattle depends on snowmelt from the Cascades for potable water supply, but increasing temperatures in Seattle are decreasing snowfall over the winter period which is leading to less snowmelt during the summer months – this is causing summer droughts. “The average decline in the Cascade Mountains, for example, was about 25 percent over the past 40 to 70 years, with most of this due to the 2.5°F increase in cool season temperatures over that period” (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2009). The increasing temperatures are also affecting the rate at which snow melts during the spring period. “Snowpack is averaging 62% of normal in the Tolt River Watershed and 58% of normal in the Cedar River Watershed,” (Seattle Public Utilities Water Quality Lab, 2010) this is leading to drought conditions during the summer months. “Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) experienced summer droughts and potential shortages in 1987,1992,and 1998” (National Assessment Synthesis Team, 2001).The figures show the closely correlated relationship between temperature increases and snowmelt decreases in the Washington and Oregon region.
As global temperatures rise, sea levels increases due to thermal expansion as well as melting glaciers. The Pacific islands are at specific risk from sea level rise. Since Honolulu is 100% dependent on ground water (Board of Water Supply, 2004), increasing sea levels not only concern the city’s buildings and coasts, but also wells. Salt water intrusion will affect the city’s access to ground water.
Seattle City Light, a city program, offers up to $2,000 per year to customers that generate their own electricity from “solar, wind or anaerobic digesters” (City of Seattle, n.d.).There are also water conservation rebates and incentives for customers that install water efficient appliances and fixtures as well as irrigation systems.
Rainwater Harvesting has become more popular, because saltwater intrusion threatens the use of groundwater pumping. “An Estimated 30,000 to 60,000 people in the state of Hawaii are dependent on a rainwater catchment system for their water needs” (Macomber, 2010). Schofield Barracks has implemented a rainwater catchment system. Annually, “the system collects around 11.5 million gallons of water.” The rainwater is used for toilet flushing and irrigation (Diamond, 2010)
Seattle City Hall implemented a 13,000 sq. ft green roof to reduce urban heat island effect (Seattle City Hall: Seattle Fleets and Facilities Department, 2010).The Green Compact used Low Impact Development as well as xeriscaping to increase rainwater infiltration. Rainwater harvesting was also used to reduce stress on the city’s water supply. Water efficient appliances reduces the homes need for potable water by up to 30% (Green Home Case Study: The Green Compact, 2006). Alley 24 is a multi use development with underground parking and green roofs. (SKANSKA, 2008) All three building’s demonstrate ways to reduce the urban heat island effect in the city to keep temperatures low. This is important in Seattle because of the close proximity to the Cascade mountains which are experience less snowpack during the winter month.
The Kahala home uses synthetic turf as well as xeriscaping to reduce the need for water for irrigation purposes by 100%(Byerly, 2010) The Hawaii Baptist Academy reduces the need for potable water for irrigation by using a 20,000 gallon rainwater catchment system (Kaneshiro, 2009) . The NOAA Pacific Regional Center will use a seawater HVAC system to reduce the need for potable water for cooling purposes as well as a rainwater catchment system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, 2009). The building intends to reduce the need for potable water by 50% compared to other similar buildings (Environmental Protection Agency, 2010).
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