2. PRESENT PERFECT
• IT IS USEd FoR:
• A .IRREgULAR VERbS
• -CoNSTRUCTIoN: FoRM oF 'hAVE' + 3Rd CoLUMN oF IRREgULAR VERbS
• ExAMPLE: I / yoU / wE / ThEy hAVE SPokEN hE / ShE / IT hAS SPokEN
• b. REgULAR VERbS
• -CoNSTRUCTIoN: FoRM oF 'hAVE' + INFINITIVE + Ed
• ExAMPLE: I / yoU / wE / ThEy hAVE woRkEd hE / ShE / IT hAS woRkEd
• IT IS IMPoRTANT To MENTIoN ThAT ThIS CATEgoRy CAN hAVE CERTAIN ExCEPTIoN
ThAT CAN ChANgE ThE MEANINg oR ACTIoN IN TIME.
• C. ExCEPTIoNS whEN AddINg Ed
• -whEN ThE FINAL LETTER IS E, oNLy Add d
• ExAMPLE: LoVE - LoVEd
• -AFTER A ShoRT, STRESSEd VowEL, ThE FINAL CoNSoNANT IS doUbLEd
• ExAMPLE: AdMIT - AdMITTEd
• -FINAL L IS ALwAyS doUbLEd IN bRITISh ENgLISh (NoT IN AMERICAN ENgLISh)
• ExAMPLE: TRAVEL - TRAVELLEd
• -AFTER A CoNSoNANT, FINAL y bECoMES I (bUT: NoT AFTER A VowEL)
• ExAMPLE: woRRy - woRRIEd bUT: PLAy - PLAyEd
3. – IT IS IMPoRTANT To STRESS ThE FACT ThAT ThE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
ShowS ThREw IT’S VARIoUS CoNSTRUCTIoNS ThE NoTIoNS oF:
I. RESULT (whAT / how MUCh / how oFTEN)
ExAMPLE: I hAVE wRITTEN 5 LETTERS. / I hAVE bEEN To LoNdoN TwICE.
II. EMPhASIS oN CoMPLETIoN
ExAMPLE: I hAVE doNE My hoMEwoRk. (MEANINg: My hoMEwoRk IS CoMPLETEd Now.)
III. dESIREd RESULT
ExAMPLE : I hAVE wAShEd ThE CAR. (RESULT: ThE CAR IS CLEAN Now.)
• IV. PERMANENT
• ExAMPLE: JAMES hAS LIVEd IN ThIS TowN FoR 10 yEARS. (MEANINg: hE IS A PERMANENT
RESIdENT oF ThIS TowN.)
• V. SINCE ThE LAST TIME
• ExAMPLE: I hAVEN'T PLAyEd ThAT gAME FoR yEARS. (MEANINg: IT'S yEARS Ago ThAT I
LAST PLAyEd ThAT gAME.)
• VI. how oFTEN
• ... TIMES
4. PAST SIMPLE
• IT IS USEd FoR:
A .IRREgULAR VERbS
-CoNSTRUCTIoN: SEE 2Nd CoLUMN oF IRREgULAR VERbS AT ThE bACk oF ThE TExT bookS
ExAMPLE: I SPokE!
b. REgULAR VERbS
-CoNSTRUCTIoN: VERb+Ed
ExAMPLE: I woRkEd.
AS IN ThE CASE oF ThE PREVIoUS TENSE ThIS Too hAS IT’S ExCEPTIoNS ThAT CAN ALTER oR
hELP ThE STUdENT UNdERSTANd ThE PRoPER MEANINg.
-whEN ThE FINAL LETTER IS E, oNLy Add d.
ExAMPLE: LoVE - LoVEd
-AFTER A ShoRT, STRESSEd VowEL, ThE FINAL CoNSoNANT IS doUbLEd
ExAMPLE: AdMIT - AdMITTEd
-FINAL L IS ALwAyS doUbLEd IN bRITISh ENgLISh (NoT IN AMERICAN ENgLISh)
ExAMPLE: TRAVEL - TRAVELLEd
-AFTER A CoNSoNANT, FINAL y bECoMES I. (bUT: NoT AFTER A VowEL)
ExAMPLE: woRRy - hE woRRIEd
bUT: PLAy - hE PLAyEd
-IT IS IMPoRTANT To STRESS ThE FACT ThAT ThE PAST SIMPLE ShowS ThREw IT’S VARIoUS
CoNSTRUCTIoNS ThE NoTIoNS oF:
I. AFTER ANoThER
ExAMPLE: ShE CAME hoME, SwITChEd oN ThE CoMPUTER ANd ChECkEd hER E-MAILS.
5. II. NEw ACTIoN
ExAMPLE: My MobILE RANg (whEN I wAS SITTINg IN A MEETINg.)
III. JUST MENTIoNINg
ExAMPLE: CoLIN PLAyEd FooTbALL yESTERdAy.
IV. SIgNAL woRdS
• FIRST
• ThEN
