Status of ESA’s Space Exploration Activities and Plans AAS 2008 National Conference and 55 th Annual Meeting, 17-19 November, Pasadena, California Andreas Diekmann ESA Washington Office [email_address]

General: International Architecture Analysis ISS Utilisation (incl. preparation of exploration technologies and capabilities) Cargo return based on ATV/AR5 (as first step to a human transportation system) Post-ISS infrastructure (LEO or LLO) Moon Cargo lander Moon surface mission technologies + capabilities Mars Robotic exploration (Enh. ExoMars, MSR) European Space Exploration Activities

General: International Architecture Analysis

ISS

Utilisation (incl. preparation of exploration technologies and capabilities)

Cargo return based on ATV/AR5 (as first step to a human transportation system)

Post-ISS infrastructure (LEO or LLO)

Moon

Cargo lander

Moon surface mission technologies + capabilities

Mars

Robotic exploration (Enh. ExoMars, MSR)

Automated Re-entry Vehicle (ARV) preliminary schedule 1 st Crew mission Phase A 1 st Cargo return mission Phase B Cargo vehicle Phase C/D Cargo download flights Crew transp. development Crew vehicle Mock-ups, bread-boards, development models Studies on A5 adaptation to human spaceflight A5 adaptation Ariane 5 CM 2008 CM 2011 2020 2015

Use the full Ariane 5 performance capability. Deliver payloads to any location on the lunar surface. Perform soft precision landing. Provide resources to the P/L (power, comm‘s etc). Lunar Cargo Lander First mission ~2020 EUROPEAN REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE

Use the full Ariane 5 performance capability.

Deliver payloads to any location on the lunar surface.

Perform soft precision landing.

Provide resources to the P/L (power, comm‘s etc).

Total landed mass ~2.8 t Payload mass of 1.2 t using existing A5ECA launcher. Main mass drivers: propulsion and structure subsystems. Complex propulsion subsystem with throttleability or multiple thrust level. Classical storable bi-propellant design 12 kN engine for high impulse manoeuvres in combination with 500 N engines Combination of 500 N (continuous) and 220 N engines (in pulse mode) to provide modulated thrust for landing Classical structure approach (aluminium and CFRP). Main Design Features Thermal control: Depend on mission scenarios, Radioisotope element might be needed. LIDAR and optical camera for landing navigation sensors. Touchdown: 4 deployable legs with crushable.

Total landed mass ~2.8 t

Payload mass of 1.2 t using existing A5ECA launcher.

Main mass drivers: propulsion and structure subsystems.

Complex propulsion subsystem with throttleability or multiple thrust level.

Classical storable bi-propellant design

12 kN engine for high impulse manoeuvres in combination with 500 N engines

Combination of 500 N (continuous) and 220 N engines (in pulse mode) to provide modulated thrust for landing

Classical structure approach (aluminium and CFRP).

Architecture Analysis Process and Products Stakeholder consultations (science, business, policy, general public) Architecture requirements European Reference Architecture International Coordination (CCA, GES, ISECG, ) ARCHITECTURE TRADE REPORT The Global Exploration Strategy A Framework for Coordination May 2007 EUROPEAN REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE The ESA-NASA Comparative Architecture Assessment European Objectives and Interests in Space Exploration

Stakeholder consultations (science, business, policy, general public)

Architecture requirements

European Reference Architecture

International Coordination (CCA, GES, ISECG, )

Architecture Key Findings (Moon) An Ariane 5 based lunar landing system (crew, cargo) is a key lunar architecture element. European human transportation capability redundant to NASA Constellation architecture requires heavy-lift launcher (at least 50 tons) and could benefit from staging posts in LEO or LLO. Interest in utilisation of Lunar ISRU for consumables Moon-Mars synergies for advanced robotics, long-range exploration, long-term surface habitation, soft precision landing, surface operations, in-space operations, communications and navigations. EXPLORATION ARCHITECTURE High-level findings

Strategic Approach - Autonomy for Cooperation Human operations in LEO Strategic Approach - Autonomous Capabilities Possible European role in International Exploration Missions Participation in international human transportation architecture Provision of: Cargo and logistics services Consumables based on local resource exploitation Communication/ navigation services Long-duration and sustainable surface habitation capabilities Large area surface exploration capabilities Landing Capability ISRU Operations Communications Elements of a LEO Station Human Access Automated lunar surface operations

Human operations in LEO

Participation in international human transportation architecture

Provision of:

Cargo and logistics services

Consumables based on local resource exploitation

Communication/ navigation services

Long-duration and sustainable surface habitation capabilities

Large area surface exploration capabilities

Human Transportation – Example: LLO staging LLO Staging Post in polar quasi-circular frozen orbit (minimum configurations 28 tons) providing also crew rescue (anytime return, safe haven) and provision of power, attitude control, communications, refuelling to crew vehicle in LLO. LEO LLO Lx ARCHITECTURE TRADE REPORT

NASA-ESA CAA Findings Ariane 5 based lunar transportation and landing system Any lunar exploration endeavor obviously requires some means of access to the lunar surface for crew and cargo. Phase 2 objective: Identification and analysis of cooperative mission scenarios . Communication and Navigation Support Systems ESA systems for enhanced communication and navigation could provide significant mission enhancement for all NASA mission scenarios. Low Lunar Orbit Station Safe Haven: habitation failure, Orion failure, crew injury or health problem, radiation event, cargo-staging location Pressurized rover and a surface habitation module fundamental, enabling components of any surface architecture.

Ariane 5 based lunar transportation and landing system

Any lunar exploration endeavor obviously requires some means of access to the lunar surface for crew and cargo.

Phase 2 objective: Identification and analysis of cooperative mission scenarios .

Communication and Navigation Support Systems

ESA systems for enhanced communication and navigation could provide significant mission enhancement for all NASA mission scenarios.

Low Lunar Orbit Station

Safe Haven: habitation failure, Orion failure, crew injury or health problem, radiation event, cargo-staging location

Pressurized rover and a surface habitation module

fundamental, enabling components of any surface architecture.

ESA-JAXA CAA Phase 1 Objectives Development of common high-level requirements for (a) lunar power systems and (b) mobility systems ; Development of a modular pressurised rover concept facilitating cooperative development; Development of a power architecture for lunar exploration, assessment of associated ESA-JAXA cooperation scenarios; Identification of cooperation opportunities for lunar cargo lander development and operations ; Development of common requirements for an international human lunar transportation architecture enabling ESA and JAXA contributions. .

Development of common high-level requirements for (a) lunar power systems and (b) mobility systems ;

Development of a modular pressurised rover concept facilitating cooperative development;

Development of a power architecture for lunar exploration, assessment of associated ESA-JAXA cooperation scenarios;

Identification of cooperation opportunities for lunar cargo lander development and operations ;

Development of common requirements for an international human lunar transportation architecture enabling ESA and JAXA contributions.

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Conclusion (1) ESA has performed a detailed analysis of human exploration architecture for Moon and Mars responding to European stakeholders’ interests considering the international context (coordination and cooperation on the basis of autonomous capabilities) ESA will continue its engagement in the ongoing multilateral (ISECG) and bilateral (NASA, JAXA) architecture analysis The ESA MC in November 2008 will decide on first concrete steps to establish architecture elements (see next slide)

ESA has performed a detailed analysis of human exploration architecture for Moon and Mars

responding to European stakeholders’ interests

considering the international context (coordination and cooperation on the basis of autonomous capabilities)

ESA will continue its engagement in the ongoing multilateral (ISECG) and bilateral (NASA, JAXA) architecture analysis

The ESA MC in November 2008 will decide on first concrete steps to establish architecture elements (see next slide)

MC Objectives (Space Exploration) Development of a cargo download system (ARV) (Phase A/B) in support of the ISS operations, which can also serve as the basis for a future Crew Transportation capability development; Development of a Moon Cargo Lander (Phase A/B1) as a potential European contribution to the US-lead Moon exploration programme; To continue the development of specific human exploration capabilities (e.g. life support and habitation systems, resource/energy management); To identify trends in human space exploration and prepare for a post-ISS and Moon outpost scenario; Mars Robotic Exploration (Enh. ExoMars, MSR)

Development of a cargo download system (ARV) (Phase A/B) in support of the ISS operations, which can also serve as the basis for a future Crew Transportation capability development;

Development of a Moon Cargo Lander (Phase A/B1) as a potential European contribution to the US-lead Moon exploration programme;

To continue the development of specific human exploration capabilities (e.g. life support and habitation systems, resource/energy management);

To identify trends in human space exploration and prepare for a post-ISS and Moon outpost scenario;

Mars Robotic Exploration (Enh. ExoMars, MSR)

Backup

Backup

3 top-level scenarios identified with associated timeframes: Human preparation (Before 2020): Location of first human mission (to increase base capability). Any location (to increase mission capability). Human support (2020-2025): Provision of base logistics and/or equipment (3 sub-categories). Provision of sortie logistics and/or equipment (3 sub-categories). Autonomous lunar exploration missions (2020-2025): Utilising a hopper (to access permanently-shaded craters). Utilising a deep-driller (to access lunar sub-surface). Search for territes (amongst the regolith top layer). Special case : LOFAR (far-side location). Mission Types

3 top-level scenarios identified with associated timeframes:

Human preparation (Before 2020):

Location of first human mission (to increase base capability).

Any location (to increase mission capability).

Human support (2020-2025):

Provision of base logistics and/or equipment (3 sub-categories).

Provision of sortie logistics and/or equipment (3 sub-categories).

Autonomous lunar exploration missions (2020-2025):

Utilising a hopper (to access permanently-shaded craters).

Utilising a deep-driller (to access lunar sub-surface).

Search for territes (amongst the regolith top layer).

Special case : LOFAR (far-side location).

Human Transportation Infrastructure Elements LLO or LEO Staging Post Human-rated Lander 26 tons Crew of 2 to Lunar surface Cryo-Transfer Stage 24 and 50 tons Crew Vehicle 13 tons Crew of 3 to LLO Human-rated launcher > 13 tons payload Heavy Lift Launcher 50 tons payload EUROPEAN REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE