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ROBOTS WILL NOT HAVE FREE WILL

                                   Do humans have free will?

                                         What is free will?

                  Originally it was God’s escape from responsibility


                     Believers were worried:
                     How could an almighty, all-knowing, omnipotent
                     creator allow innocent people to be murdered,
                     babies to die of horrible diseases.
    Note: These slides were originally prepared for a light-hearted debate
    at the end of a one day conference organised by the British Computer
    Society in honour of Sidney Michaelson, at the University of
    Edinburgh, on 7th April 2001.
       http://www.dcs.napier.ac.uk/~mac/ifaces.htm
Page 1
The ‘theological’ answer:
          It is all a result of free-will:
            humans have free-will when they lie, cheat,
              murder, and con innocent little old ladies
                out of their life-long savings




Page 2
And when it’s not humans it’s Satan

           E.g. when a coal-tip buries a
              primary school, horrible diseases
                  strike us down.

         Either way, the idea is that decisions that
         come out of free-will cannot be caused
         by anyone or anything but the decider.

         That is supposed to let God off the hook:
         God cannot be the cause!




Page 3
What they all forgot - but the ghost of
     Gilbert Ryle knows well....



                                     Every intelligent
                                       ghost must
                                        contain a
                                        machine




                                   WHAT SORT OF MACHINE?
                                   An information processing machine.
                                     There are different sorts.
                                But they all operate by causing things
                                to happen, internally or externally.

Page 4
One very common type - found in all biological organisms:

         perception                         action



                  REACTIVE PROCESSES




                      THE ENVIRONMENT


          Reactive architectures:
           our evolutionary ancestors and much of
             what we are, E.g. most of our control
              of bodily functions, posture, etc.


Page 5
A more complex, hybrid type of information processing machine:

                perception                            action

                             DELIBERATIVE PROCESSES
                                                                Long
                              (Planning, deciding,
                                                                term
                                scheduling, etc.)
                                                                memory

                                                               Motive
                                                               activation

                             REACTIVE PROCESSES




                               THE ENVIRONMENT



         Humans, and some other animals, also have
           deliberative capabilities, like intelligent robots.

Page 6
Humans also have a concurrent
          meta-management layer, which
           may give the illusion that we have
             the quot;theologicalquot; type of free-will


          But that’s just another part
            of the information processing
             machine.

           (Shown at the end)




Page 7
Humans have (most of the time) a certain kind of
           freedom:
              Our actions come from our own beliefs,
                   desires, preferences, hopes fears, etc.,
                     as oppsed to external influences that
                       we cannot resist


                But that is not good enough for quot;free willquot;
                  theorists, who want us to be undetermined also.

                But if we were undetermined, we could not function
                as biologically effective machines, e.g. eating when
                hungry, avoiding dangers, etc.




Page 8
So,
          having free-will is both undesirable and
             impossible anyway -- since we are all
               well-designed information-processing
                 machines
                   (designed mostly by biological evolution, and
                    partly by our environment, our parents,
                    our culture).


              Well-designed, human-like, robots
                will not have it either!




Page 9
So, robots, like humans, will
          not have ‘free-will’:

           Vote

             Against

                The

                   Motion!

          This was a light-hearted contribution to a debate
          on the motion quot;This house believes that robots will have free will.quot;

          To find out what I really think (about confusions in the question), look at:

          http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~axs
          http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/four-kinds-freewill.html

Page 10
For anyone interested: The H-CogAff Architecture
          See http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/03.html#200307

            perception
            hierarchy
                           META-MANAGEMENT             Personae
                                                                      action
                                                                    hierarchy
                               (reflective)
                               processes

                                                      Long
                                                      term
                                                      associative
                            DELIBERATIVE PROCESSES    memory
                             (Planning, deciding,
                             ‘What if’ reasoning)     Motive
                                                      activation
          Variable
          threshold
          attention
          filters
                                                        ALARMS
                          REACTIVE PROCESSES




                                 THE ENVIRONMENT

Page 11

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Debate on whether robots will have freewill

  • 1. ROBOTS WILL NOT HAVE FREE WILL Do humans have free will? What is free will? Originally it was God’s escape from responsibility Believers were worried: How could an almighty, all-knowing, omnipotent creator allow innocent people to be murdered, babies to die of horrible diseases. Note: These slides were originally prepared for a light-hearted debate at the end of a one day conference organised by the British Computer Society in honour of Sidney Michaelson, at the University of Edinburgh, on 7th April 2001. http://www.dcs.napier.ac.uk/~mac/ifaces.htm Page 1
  • 2. The ‘theological’ answer: It is all a result of free-will: humans have free-will when they lie, cheat, murder, and con innocent little old ladies out of their life-long savings Page 2
  • 3. And when it’s not humans it’s Satan E.g. when a coal-tip buries a primary school, horrible diseases strike us down. Either way, the idea is that decisions that come out of free-will cannot be caused by anyone or anything but the decider. That is supposed to let God off the hook: God cannot be the cause! Page 3
  • 4. What they all forgot - but the ghost of Gilbert Ryle knows well.... Every intelligent ghost must contain a machine WHAT SORT OF MACHINE? An information processing machine. There are different sorts. But they all operate by causing things to happen, internally or externally. Page 4
  • 5. One very common type - found in all biological organisms: perception action REACTIVE PROCESSES THE ENVIRONMENT Reactive architectures: our evolutionary ancestors and much of what we are, E.g. most of our control of bodily functions, posture, etc. Page 5
  • 6. A more complex, hybrid type of information processing machine: perception action DELIBERATIVE PROCESSES Long (Planning, deciding, term scheduling, etc.) memory Motive activation REACTIVE PROCESSES THE ENVIRONMENT Humans, and some other animals, also have deliberative capabilities, like intelligent robots. Page 6
  • 7. Humans also have a concurrent meta-management layer, which may give the illusion that we have the quot;theologicalquot; type of free-will But that’s just another part of the information processing machine. (Shown at the end) Page 7
  • 8. Humans have (most of the time) a certain kind of freedom: Our actions come from our own beliefs, desires, preferences, hopes fears, etc., as oppsed to external influences that we cannot resist But that is not good enough for quot;free willquot; theorists, who want us to be undetermined also. But if we were undetermined, we could not function as biologically effective machines, e.g. eating when hungry, avoiding dangers, etc. Page 8
  • 9. So, having free-will is both undesirable and impossible anyway -- since we are all well-designed information-processing machines (designed mostly by biological evolution, and partly by our environment, our parents, our culture). Well-designed, human-like, robots will not have it either! Page 9
  • 10. So, robots, like humans, will not have ‘free-will’: Vote Against The Motion! This was a light-hearted contribution to a debate on the motion quot;This house believes that robots will have free will.quot; To find out what I really think (about confusions in the question), look at: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~axs http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/four-kinds-freewill.html Page 10
  • 11. For anyone interested: The H-CogAff Architecture See http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/03.html#200307 perception hierarchy META-MANAGEMENT Personae action hierarchy (reflective) processes Long term associative DELIBERATIVE PROCESSES memory (Planning, deciding, ‘What if’ reasoning) Motive activation Variable threshold attention filters ALARMS REACTIVE PROCESSES THE ENVIRONMENT Page 11