3. 2 Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Static Route Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
4. 2 Static Routes Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur.
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6. 2 Static Route Example Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so Ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 This a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.
10. Administrative Distance Interface 128.31.7.1 Administrative Distance=100 Interface 128.5.1.3 Administrative Distance=120 Router D Router C Router B Router A I need to send a packet to Router D. Both router B and C will get it there. Which route is more reliable?
11. Classes of Routing Protocols Distance Vector Hybrid Routing Link State C D B A C D B A
27. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time D B E A
28. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down D B E A
29. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Packet for Network 10.4.0.0 D B E A
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43. Rip Configuration Example A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router rip network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router rip network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router rip network 10.0.0.0
44. Verifying the Routing Protocol_RIP A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router A # sh ip protocols routing protocol is “rip” sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is incoming update filter list for all interfaces is redistributing : rip Default version control : send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key_chain Ethernet 0 1 1 2 Serial 2 1 1 2 Routing for networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing information sources: Gateway distance last update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance : (default is 120 )
45. Displaying the IP Routing Table Router> show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 144.253.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.0), 1 subnets C 144.253.100.0 is directly connected, Ethernet1 R 153.50.0.0 [120/1] via 183.8.128.12, 00:00:09, Ethernet0 183.8.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.128), 4 subnets R 183.8.0.128 [120/1] via 183.8.128.130, 00:00:17, Serial0 [120/1] via 183.8.64.130, 00:00:17, Serial1 C 183.8.128.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 183.8.64.128 is directly connected, Serial1 C 183.8.128.128 is directly connected, Serial0
46. debug ip rip Command Router# debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: received update from 172.8.128.130 on Serial0 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.64.128 in 16 hops (inaccessible) RIP: received update from 172.8.64.130 on Serial1 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.128.128 in 1 hops RIP: received update from 172.8.128.130 on Serial0 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.64.128 in 1 hops RIP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.8.128.2) subnet 172.8.0.128, metric 2 subnet 172.8.64.128, metric 6 subnet 172.8.128.128, metric 1 network 10.253.0.0, metric 1 RIP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet1 (10.253.100.202) network 10.50.0.0, metric 2 network 172.8.0.0, metric 1
47. Verifying the Routing Protocol_RIP A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router A # sh ip protocols routing protocol is “rip” sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is incoming update filter list for all interfaces is redistributing : rip Default version control : send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key_chain Ethernet 0 1 1 2 Serial 2 1 1 2 Routing for networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing information sources: Gateway distance last update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance : (default is 120 )
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53. IGRP Configuration Example A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router igrp 100 network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 network 10.0.0.0
54. Displaying the Routing Protocol—IGRP Router> show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "igrp 100" Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0 IGRP maximum hopcount 100 IGRP maximum metric variance 1 Redistributing: igrp 100 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 100 00:01:01 Distance: (default is 100) --More--
55. show ip interfaces Command Router> show ip interfaces Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 183.8.128.2 subnet mask is 255.255.255.128 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by non-volatile memory MTU is 1500 bytes Helper address is not set Directed broadcast forwarding is enabled Outgoing access list is not set Inbound access list is not set Proxy ARP is enabled Security level is default Split horizon is enabled ICMP redirects are always sent ICMP unreachables are always sent ICMP mask replies are never sent IP fast switching is enabled IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled IP SSE switching is disabled Router Discovery is disabled IP output packet accounting is disabled --More--
56. show ip route Command Router> show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 144.253.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.0), 1 subnets C 144.253.100.0 is directly connected, Ethernet1 I 133.3.0.0 [100/1200] via 144.253.100.200, 00:00:57, Ethernet1 I 153.50.0.0 [100/1200] via 183.8.128.12, 00:00:05, Ethernet0 183.8.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.128), 4 subnets I 183.8.0.128 [100/180671] via 183.8.64.130, 00:00:27, Serial1 [100/180671] via 183.8.128.130, 00:00:27, Serial0 C 183.8.64.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 183.8.64.128 is directly connected, Serial1 C 183.8.128.128 is directly connected, Serial0 I 172.16.0.0 [100/1200] via 144.253.100.1, 00:00:55, Ethernet1 I 192.3.63.0 [100/1300] via 144.253.100.200, 00:00:58, Ethernet1
Editor's Notes
ip route command sets up a static route. ip route field description: network—destination network or subnet mask—subnet mask router—IP address of next hop router interface—name of interface to use to get to destination network A static route allows manual configuration of the routing table. No dynamic changes to this table entry will occur as long as the path is active. Routing updates are not sent on a link if only defined by a static route; hence, conserving bandwidth.
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Dynamic routing uses broadcasts to communicate with other routers. The routing “metric” helps routers find the best path to each network or subnet.
router command starts a routing process. router field descritions: protocol—one of the following: RIP, IGRP, HELLO, OSPF, BGP, EGP autonomous system—used with those protocols which require an AS (IGRP, BGP, EGP)
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