2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
Upcat 2009 handout
1. UPCAT REVIEWER 2009
~AJDRC (arrajeuneze@yahoo.com) : UPCAT Lecturer SCIENCES
Solar System
Mang Mercury Nearest to the sun, thin atmosphere
Victor Venus Hottest planet, greenhouse effect, retrogade
Espinosa Earth Planet of life
Mag Mars The red planet
Jogging Jupiter Largest planet, with rings
Sa Saturn 100 rings
Umaga Uranus Rotates on side, retrogade
Ng Neptune Has rings
Pumayat Pluto (not a planet anymore)
Principles of biology
• Cell theory. Cell Theory is the study of everything that involves cells.All living
organisms are made of at least one cell, the basic unit of function in all organisms.
In addition, the core mechanisms and chemistry of all cells in all organisms are
similar, and cells emerge only from preexisting cells that multiply through cell
division. The study of cell theory will tell you how cells are made, how they
reproduce, how they interact with their environment, what it is composed of, and
how the materials that make up a cell work and there interaction with the other
sections of the cells.
• Evolution. Through natural selection and genetic drift, a population's inherited traits
change from generation to generation.
• Gene theory. A living organism's traits are encoded in DNA, the fundamental
component of genes. In addition, traits are passed on from one generation to the
next by way of these genes. All information flows from the genotype to the
phenotype, the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of the organism.
Although the phenotype expressed by the gene may adapt to the environment of the
organism, that information is not transferred back to the genes. Only through the
process of evolution do genes change in response to the environment.
• Homeostasis. The physiological processes that allow an organism to maintain its
internal environment notwithstanding its external environment.
Levels of Biological Organization
Subatomic Particle - Atom - Molecule - Organelle – Cell (unit of life) - Tissue - Organ -
Organ System - Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere.
Classification of Matter
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2. Matter
Anything with mass and volume.
Substance Mixture
Matter with constant composition Matter with variable composition
Element Compound Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixtures
Substance Two or more Mixtures that are made Also called solutions.
made up of elements that are up of more than one Mixtures that are made up
only one type chemically phase of only one phase
of atom combined
Examples - Examples - water, Examples - sand, soil, Examples - salt water,
gold, silver, carbon dioxide, chicken soup, pizza, pure air, metal alloys,
carbon, sodium chocolate chip cookies. seltzer water.
oxygen and bicarbonate, carbon
hydrogen monoxide
List of animal phyla
Phylum Meaning Group
Acanthocephala Thorny head Thorny-headed worms
Acoelomorpha Without gut Acoels
Annelida Little ring Segmented worms
Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods
Brachiopoda Arm foot Lamp shells
Chordata Cord Chordates
Cnidaria Coelenterates
Echinodermata Spiny skin Echinoderms
Mollusca Thin shell Mollusks / molluscs
Nematoda Thread like Round worms
Nematomorpha Thread form Horsehair worms
Nemertea A sea nymph Ribbon worms
Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms
Orthonectida Straight swim
Platyhelminthes Flat worms Flat worms
Porifera Pore bearer Sponges
King Phillip came over for good spaghetti
~kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Branches of Biology
Guest Author - Alegra Bartzat
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3. Branches of Biology
Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodies
Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually
a focus on the cellular level
Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the
manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
Botany - the study of plants
Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical
interactions that occur within a living cell.
Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and
groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements.
Entomology - the study of insects
Ethology - the study of animal behavior.
Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
Herpetology - the study of reptiles
Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy.
Ichthyology - the study of fish
Mammology - the study of mammals
Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.
on alleviating or curing the body from states of disease
Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with
other living things
Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some
cross over with biochemistry
Mycology - the study of fungi
Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology
Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather,
and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine Biology
Ornithology - the study of birds
Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
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4. Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and
development of disease
Parisitology - the study of parasites and parasitism
Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living
organisms
Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of
microbiology or pathology
Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology,
development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology,
Mammology, Ornithology
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5. Layers of the Atmosphere.
1) The troposphere is where weather
occurs. You breathe the air in the
troposphere.
2) Many airplanes fly in the stratosphere
because it is very stable. Also, the ozone
layer is there.
3) Many rock fragments from space burn
up in the mesosphere.
4) The thermosphere is very thin. It's
where the space shuttle orbits. It is
exposed to the ulta violet rays of the sun
5) The upper limit of our atmosphere is the
exosphere.
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
~ Liquid part of the earth
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6. UPCAT REVIEWER
~AJDRC (arrajeuneze@yahoo.com) : UPCAT Lecturer
MATHEMATICS
Polynomial Identities
a 2 - b 2 = (a+b)(a-b) (Difference of squares)
a 3 +b 3 = (a +b)(a 2- ab + b 2) (Sum and Difference of Cubes)
a 3 -b 3 = (a -b)(a 2+ab + b 2) (Sum and Difference of Cubes)
Complex numbers
i 4k = 1; i (4k+1) = i; i (4k+2) = -1; i (4k+3) = -i (k = integer)
Area Formulas
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a"
times "a".
square = a 2 trapezoid = h/2 (b1 + b2)
rectangle = ab circle = pi r 2
parallelogram = bh ellipse = pi r1 r2
one half times the base length times
triangle =
the height of the triangle
equilateral triangle =
regular polygon = (1/2) n sin(360°/n) S2
when n = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner
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7. Volume Formulas
cube = a 3 pyramid = (1/3) b h
rectangular prism = a b c
cone = (1/3) b h = 1/3 pi r 2 h
irregular prism = b h
sphere = (4/3) pi r 3
cylinder = b h = pi r 2 h
Conversion of Decimal to fraction
Note the following pattern for repeating decimals:
0.22222222... = 2/9
0.54545454... = 54/99
0.298298298... = 298/999
Division by 9's causes the repeating pattern.
Note the pattern if zeros precede the repeating decimal:
0.022222222... = 2/90
0.00054545454... = 54/99000
0.00298298298... = 298/99900
Adding zero's to the denominator adds zero's before the repeating decimal.
Polygon Formulas
(N = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner)
Area of a regular polygon = (1/2) N sin(360°/N) S2
Sum of the interior angles of a polygon = (N - 2) x 180°
The number of diagonals in a polygon = 1/2 N(N-3)
The number of triangles (when you draw all the diagonals from one
vertex) in a polygon = (N - 2)
Information collected by Arra Corpuz. Home service Tutor 2008-present; UP Diliman BS
Mathematics (1st year). 09175386393
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