Volcanology And Geothermal Of Lesser Sunda Islands

Loading...

Flash Player 9 (or above) is needed to view presentations.
We have detected that you do not have it on your computer. To install it, go here.

1 comments

Comments 1 - 1 of 1 previous next Post a comment

Post a comment
Embed Video
Edit your comment Cancel

Notes on slide 1

Favorites, Groups & Events

Volcanology And Geothermal Of Lesser Sunda Islands - Presentation Transcript

  1. Peta Gunung api & Potensi Geothermal Kep. Sunda Kecil ( l NTB, NTT) (Bali, ) ARMSTRONG F. SOMPOTAN 20207004
  2. Peta Gunung Api Indonesia gp Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  3. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  4. Kepulauan Sunda Kecil (Lesser Sunda Islands) Kepulauan Sunda Kecil atau sekarang bernama Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara adalah gugusan pulau-pulau di sebelah timur Pulau Jawa, dari Pulau Bali di sebelah barat, hingga Pulau Timor di sebelah timur mencakup 3 popinsi; Bali, NTB, NTT The Global Volcanism Program database for Lesser Sunda Islands currently contains 29 Holocene volcanoes, sorted below in geographical (volcano number) order Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  5. Peta G P t Gunung Api Kep. Sunda Kecil A iK S d K il Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  6. BALI Pulau Bali adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Sunda Kecil sepanjang 153 km dan selebar 112 km sekitar 3,2 km dari Pulau Jawa. Secara astronomis, Bali terletak di 8°25′23″ Lintang Selatan dan 115°14′55″ Bujur Timur 8 25 23 115 14 55 yang mebuatnya beriklim tropis seperti bagian Indonesia yang lain. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  7. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Bali terkenal dengan pesona pariwisatanya, tapi bukan cuma pantai, pasir putih dan sinar mataharinya Bali juga memiliki pegunungan yang putih, mataharinya. menawan dengan hutan dan danaunya, seperti yang ada di kawasan Bedugul, Tabanan. Juga jauh di bawah permukaan tanah di perut bumi kawasan ini ada berkah lain yang tersembunyi, yakni energi panas bumi (geotermal) yang bisa diolah menjadi listrik. Bali terdapat 3 Gunung api aktif yang terletak di bagian utara, sedangkan bagian selatan adalah dataran rendah yang dialiri sungai 2.
  8. GUNUNG AGUNG Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Bali (Indonesia) Location: Kec. Rendang, Kab. Karangasem Volcano Number: 0604-02 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1964 Summit Elevation: S it El ti 3142 m 10,308 feet 10 308 f t Latitude: 8.342°S 8°20'30\"S Longitude: 115.508°E 115°30'30\"E
  9. Gambar 1. Panorama kawasan puncak dan kawah Gunung Agung dilihat dari udara, memperlihatkan karakteristik bentuk kawah dari gunung api komposit dengan kawah terbuka (foto: I.S. Sutawidjaja, 2006). Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  10. Gunung Agung adalah titik tertinggi di Bali setinggi 3 142 m Gunung berapi 3.142 m. ini terakhir meletus pada 18 Feb 1963 s/d 27 Jan 1964. Peta kawasan rawan bencana G. Agung Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  11. G b 2Pt Sb Gambar.2 Peta Sebaran P d k E Produk Erupsi G i Gunung A Agung, 1963 (Z (Zen, 1964) dan d Peta Isopak Abu Letusan Gunung Agung, 1963 (Kusumadinata). Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  12. Eruptive History ( (G. Agung) g g) Start Date: 1963 Feb 18 Stop Date: 1964 Jan 27 Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 5 Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s) Lava Volume: 1.0 x 108 m3 Fatalities Damage (land, property, etc.) Tephra Volume: > 1 x 109 m3 Mudflow(s) (lahars) Evacuation Start Date: 1843 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1821 Mar 16 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1808 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  13. GUNUNG BATUR Location: Kec. Kintamani Kab. Bangli Bali (Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-01 Volcano Type: Caldera Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2000 Summit Elevation: 1717 m 5,633 feet Latitude : 8.242°S 8°14'30\"S Longitude: 115.375°E 115°22'30\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  14. • Gunung Batur merupakan sebuah gunung berapi aktif yang memiliki kaldera berukuran 13,8 x 10 km dan merupakan salah satu yang terbesar dan terindah di dunia (van Bemmelen, 1949). • Pematang kaldera tingginya berkisar antara 1267 m - 2152 m. g gg y • Di dalam kaldera I terbentuk kaldera II yang berbentuk melingkar dengan garis tengah lebih kurang 7 km. • Dasar kaldera II terletak antara 120 - 300 m lebih rendah dari dasar Kaldera I(Undak Kintamani). Di dalam kaldera tersebut terdapat danau yang berbentuk bulan sabit yang menempati bagian tenggara yang panjangnya sekitar 7,5 km, lebar maksimum 2,5 km, kelilingnya sekitar 22 km dan luasnya sekitar 16 km2 yang yang dinamakan Danau BaturBatur. • Kaldera Gunung Batur diperkirakan terbentuk akibat dua letusan besar, 29.300 dan 20.150 tahun yang lalu yang menghasilkan bencana yang dahsyat di bumi. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  15. Gambar.3 Panorama Kaldera Batur memperlihatkan tebing dinding kaldera (latar belakang), kerucut aktif Gunung Batur (tengah) dan danau Batur di bagian kanan. (foto: I.S. Sutawidjaja) kanan IS Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  16. Gunung Batur telah berkali-kali meletus. Kegiatan letusan G. Batur yang tercatat dalam sejarah dimulai sejak tahun 1804 dan letusan terakhir terjadi tahun 2000. Sejak tahun 1804 hingga 2005, Gunung Batur telah meletus sebanyak 26 kali. Adapun letusan yang terjadi tanggal 2 Agustus dan berakhir 21 September 1926 membuat aliran lahar panas menimbun Desa Batur dan Pura Ulun Danu Batur. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  17. Eruptive History (G. Batur) Start Date: 1999 Mar 15 Stop Date: 2000 Jun (?) Start Date: 1972 Jan 19 Stop Date: 1972 Mar Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 p y ( ) Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): (VEI) 1 Area of Activity: Batur III Start Date: 1998 Jul 4 ± 3 Stop Date: 1971 Aug 25 (on or Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1971 Mar 11 days after) Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Eruptive Characteristics: p Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Explosive eruption (VEI): 1 Stop Date: 1994 Aug 14 (on Start Date: 1994 Aug 7 Start Date: 1970 Jan 5 ± 4 days Stop Date: 1970 Jan 15 or after) Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: SW flank (1963 Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) (?) Area of Activity: Batur III vent) Start D t St t Date: 1976 M 26 Mar Stop D t St Date: 1976 M 26 Mar Start Date: 1968 Jan 23 Stop Date: 1968 Feb 15 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Volcanic Explosivity Index Eruptive Characteristics: Phreatic explosion(s) (?) Records (VEI): 1? Flank (excentric) vent Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1974 Mar 12 Stop Date: 1974 Apr p p Explosive eruption Lava V l L Volume: 5.2 x 106 m3 2 Lava flow(s) Dating Technique: Historical Area of Activity: SW flank (Batur III) Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Start Date: 1966 Apr 28 Stop Date: Unknown (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Dating Technique: Historical g q Area of Activity: Batur III Records Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 1973 Stop Date: Unknown Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Flank (excentric) vent Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Area of Activity: SW flank (west of Explosive eruption Records Characteristics: Unknown 1965 vent) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  18. Start Date: 1965 Aug 18 Stop Date: 1965 Dec Start Date: 1923 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Volcanic Explosivity Index p y Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 1 (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) (?) Area of Activity: SW flank (near Area of Activity: Batur II Damage (land, property, etc.) Batur III) Start Date: 1922 Aug 30 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1963 Sep 5 Stop Date: 1964 May 10 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: p Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Records Volcanic Explosivity Index Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Radial fissure eruption (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1921 Jan 29 Stop Date: 1921 Apr 17 Explosive eruption Lava Volume: 4.1 x 107 m3 Lava flow(s) Dating Technique: Historical Tephra Volume: > 5.1 x 105 m3 Damage (l d property, etc.) D (land, t t) Records Eruptive Characteristics: Area of Activity: SW, W flanks Evacuation Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption (near Batur III, Butus) (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1926 Aug 2 Stop Date: 1926 Sep 21 Area of Activity: SW flank Lava flow(s) Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: (Batur II) Records Flank (excentric) vent Start Date: 1905 Stop Date: Unknown Volcanic Explosivity Index Radial fissure eruption Eruptive Characteristics: (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Lava Volume: 2.1 x 107 m3 Lava flow(s) Records Flank (excentric) vent Tephra Volume: > 1.8 x 106 m3 Lava lake eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption p p Area of Activity: SW flank below Damage (land, property, etc ) (land property etc.) (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Batur III Evacuation Area of Activity: Batur I, Batur Damage (land, property, Start Date: 1925 Jan 5 ± 4 days Stop Date: 1925 Jan 5 ± 4 days II, Batur III etc.) Dating Technique: Historical Start Date: 1904 Stop Date: Unknown Records Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Volcanic E l i it I d Vl i Explosivity Index C t l vent eruption Central t ti Records Eruptive Characteristics: (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Flank (excentric) vent Area of Activity: Batur II (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1924 Mar Stop Date: 1924 Mar (?) Area of Activity: West caldera Lava flow(s) Dating Technique: Historical floor (Gunung Anti) Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Batur II
  19. Start Date: 1897 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption Start Date: 1888 May 30 Stop Date: 1888 May 31 Dating Technique: Historical Records g Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Area of Activity: SE flank of Batur I Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1854 Apr 28 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption Start Date: 1849 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1847 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Unknown Start Date: 1821 Mar 16 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption Start Date: 1804 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  20. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB GUNUNG BRATAN G. Bratan memiliki caldera dengan lebar 11 x 6 km Location: Bali (Indonesia) (Tjatur caldera / the Buyan-Bratan volcanic Volcano Number: 0604-003 complex) yang didalamnya terdapat tiga caldera Volcano Type: Caldera lakes yaitu Several post-caldera stratovolcanoes lakes, Volcano Status: Holocene straddle di rim bagian selatan; the largest post- Last Known caldera cone, Batukau, 10 km SW. Dan Tapak and Unknown Eruption: Lesong cones yang termuda dan terbentuk akibat Summit Elevation: 2276 m 7,467 feet letusan G. Batur sekitar <23,000 tahun lalu. Latitude: 8.28°S 8°17'0\"S Adapun caldera Buyan-Bratan sangat berpotensi Longitude: 115.13°E 115°8'0\"E sebagai area Geothermal.
  21. NTB Nusa Tenggara Barat terdiri dari empat pulau utama yaitu : • Pulau Lombok • Pulau Sumbawa • Pulau Moyo • Pulau Sangeang Di Provinsi NTB Terdapat 3 Gunung api aktif yang terletak di 3 pulau utama; Lombok, Sumbawa, Sangeang. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  22. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  23. Citra satelit Pulau Lombok Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  24. GUNUNG RINJANI Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Location: Lombok Island (NTB / Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-04 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2004 Summit Elevation: S it El ti 3726 m 12,224 feet 12 224 f t Latitude: 8.42°S 8°25'0\"S Longitude: 116.47°E 116°28'0\"E
  25. Gunung Rinjani merupakan gunung berapi kedua tertinggi di Indonesia dengan ketinggian 3.726 m dpl serta merupakan gunung favorit bagi pendaki Indonesia karena keindahan pemandangannya. pemandangannya Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  26. Di sebelah barat kerucut Rinjani terdapat kaldera dengan luas sekitar 3.500 m × 4.800 m, memanjang kearah timur. Di j k h ti kaldera ini terdapat Segara Anak (segara= laut/danau. Dengan warna airnya yang membiru, danau ini membiru bagaikan anak lautan, karena itulah disebut \"Segara Anak\") seluas 11.000.000 m persegi dengan p g g kedalaman 230 m. Air yang mengalir dari danau ini membentuk air terjun yang sangat indah, mengalir melewati jurang yang curam. Di Segara Anak banyak terdapat ikan mas dan mujair d ik d ji sehingga sering digunakan untuk memancing. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  27. Bagian selatan danau ini disebut dengan Segara Endut. Di sisi timur kaldera terdapat p Gunung Baru (Gunung Baru Jari) yang memiliki kawah berukuran 170m×200 m dengan ketinggian 2.296 - 2376 m dpl. Gunung kecil ini terakhir meletus pada tahun 2004. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  28. Rinjani saat meletus pada tahun 1994 Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  29. Eruptive History Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB (G. Rinjani) Start D t St t Date: 2004 O t 1 Oct Stop D t St Date: 2004 O t 5 ( or after) Oct (on ft ) Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Flank (excentric) vent Area of Activity: Summit and NE flank of Barujari Explosive eruption Start Date: 1995 Sep 12 Eruptive Characteristics: Eruption is UNCERTAIN Explosive eruption (?) Start Date: 1994 Jun 3 Stop Date: 1994 Nov 21 Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3? Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s) Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Fatalities Mudflow(s) (lahars) Start Date: 1966 Mar 28 Stop Date: 1966 Aug 8 Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Central vent eruption Lava Volume: 6.6 x 106 m3 Explosive eruption Tephra Volume: 2 x 104 m3 Lava flow(s) Area of Activity: East side of Barujari (2250 m) Start Date: 1965 Sep p Stop Date: Unknown p Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0 Flank (excentric) vent Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Lava flow(s) (?)
  30. Start Date: 1909 Nov 30 Stop Date: 1909 Dec 2 Start Date: 1953 Oct 15 ± 45 days Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Records Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0? Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Mudflow(s) (lahars) Start Date: 1906 Apr 29 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1949 Stop Date: 1950 D ti Technique: Hi t i l Dating T h i Historical Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0 Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Area of Activity: NW flank of Gunung Flank (excentric) vent (VEI): 1? Explosive eruption Barujari Lava flow(s) Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Start Date: 1944 Dec 25 Stop Date: 1945 Jan 1 (?) Start D t St t Date: 1901 J 1Jun Stop D t St Date: 1901 J 2Jun Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics: Records Flank (excentric) vent Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Crater lake eruption Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Explosive eruption Lava Volume: 7 4 x 107 m3 7.4 Start Date: 1900 Nov 30 Stop Date: 1900 Dec 2 Lava flow(s) Lava dome extrusion Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Area of Activity: NW flank of Barujari Damage (land, property, Records Central vent eruption (Rombongan) etc.) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari y g j Lava flow(s) () Start Date: 1941 May 30 y Stop Date: 1884 Aug 10 ± 1 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Start Date: 1884 Aug 8 Eruptive Characteristics: day Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Rinjani summit Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Start Date: 1915 Nov 4 Central vent eruption Stop Date: Unknown Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Dating Technique: Historical Records Start Date: 1847 Sep 10 Stop Date: 1847 Sep 12 Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics: Records Explosive eruption Central vent eruption p Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption (Segara Munjar) Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  31. Pulau Sumbawa Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  32. • P. Sumbawa terletak di jalur gunung api (volcanic belt) orogen Sunda. Sepanjang jalur ini banyak terdapat pemunculan manifestasi panas bumi, yang mengidentifikasikan adanya potensi energi panas bumi Potensi ini bumi. apabila di kelola secara baik dan terencana akan bisa menghasilkan energi listrik. • Lokasi potensi Geothermal itu terpusat di Hu’u-Daha Kabupaten Dompu Hu u-Daha, Dompu, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, dimana beberapa penyelidik terdahulu menyebutkan bahwa terdapat manifestasi panas bumi berupa mata air panas dan batuan alterasi. • Geologi regional, P. Sumbawa merupakan bagian busur gunung api Banda. Akibat gejala tektonik banyak terbentuk struktur-struktur lipatan, sesar dan kelurusan vulkanik yang mempunyai arah timurlaut-baratdaya dan timurlaut baratdaya baratlaut-tenggara (Bemmelen, 1949). • Batuan gunungapi yang ada di sini berumur Miosen Bawah dan pada bagian atasnya diendapkan aluvium dan endapan pantai yang berumur Resen. • Di bagian utara pulau ini terdapat gunung Tambora Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  33. GUNUNG TAMBORA Sumbawa Island Location: (NTB / Indonesia) Volcano 0604 05 0604-05 Number: Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Historical Status: Last Known 1967 ± 20 years Eruption: Summit 2850 m 9,350 feet Elevation: Latitude: 8.25°S 8°15'0\"S Longitude: 118.00°E 118°0'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  34. Gunung Tambora meletus dengan sangat dasyatnya pada tahun 1815 hingga menewaskan 92.000 orang. Karena kedasyatannya hingga tercatat dalam sejarah dunia. Kehebatan letusannya tercatat sekitar 6 j t k li lt t t t kit juta kali kekuatan bom atom. Gunung ini memiliki garis tengah sekitar 60 km pada ketinggian 2850 m dpl Pada tahun 1815 sebelum dpl. terjadi letusan dasyat, gunung ini diperkirakan memiliki ketinggian sekitar 4.000 meter. 4 000 meter Letusan yang maha dasyat telah membentuk kawah dengan lebar sekitar 6 km, dengan km kedalaman 1.110 meter. Menyebarkan sekitar 150 km3 debu, hingga mencapai kejauhan 1.300 1 300 km mencakup Jawa tengah dan Kalimantan. Dalam jarak sekitar 900 km dari tempat letusan, berjatuhan debu setebal 1 cm. cm Bongkahan letusan melayang hingga mencapai ketinggian 44 km. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  35. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Gambar . Panorama kaldera Tambora dilihat dari udara, memperlihatkan sisa kehebatan letusan tahun 1815, membentuk kaldera dengan diameter 6-7 km, dengan kedalaman lebih dari 1000 – 1300 m (foto: M. Halbwach).
  36. Peta isopach endapan abu hasil erupsi Gunung Tambora tahun 1815, memperlihatkan sebaran endapan jatuhan piroklastika dan ketebalannya (dalam centimeter), menurut Self drr. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  37. Table I. Comparison of selected volcanic eruptions N. hemisphere Column Eruptions Year VEI summer anomaly Fatalities height (km) (°C) 79 A.D. Mount Vesuvius 6 ? unlikely align=\"center\" | 30 Taupo 181 51 7 ? unlikely Baekdu 969 25 6–7 ? ? Kuwae 1452 ? 6 −0.5 ? Huaynaputina 1600 46 6 −0.8 ≈1400 Tambora 1815 43 7 −0.5 > 71,000 Krakatau 1883 25 6 −0.3 36,600 Santamaría 1902 34 6 no anomaly 7,000–13,000 Katmai 1912 32 6 −0.4 2 Mt. St. Helens 1980 19 5 no anomaly 57 El Chichón 1982 32 4–5 ? > 2,000 Nevado del Ruiz 1985 27 3 no anomaly 23,000 Pinatubo 1991 34 6 −0.5 1202 Source: Oppenheimer (2003),[4] and Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program for VEI.[22] Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  38. Eruptive History (G. Tambora) Start Date: 1812 Stop Date: 1815 Jul 15 (?) Start Date: 1967 ± 20 years Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Records Dating Technique: Historical Explosive eruption Records Pyroclastic flow(s) Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Fatalities Central vent eruption (VEI): 0 Volcanic Explosivity Index Damage (land, property, Lava flow(s) (VEI): 7 etc.) Area of Activity: NE part of y p Tsunami (giant sea caldera floor Tephra Volume: 1.6 x 1011 m3 waves) Caldera collapse Start Date: 1880 ± 30 years Stop Date: Unknown Evacuation Start Date: 740 AD ± 150 years Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: DatingTechnique: Radiocarbon Central vent eruption Central vent eruption (uncorrected) Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Start Date: 3050 BC (?) Stop Date: Unknown L Lava ddome extrusion ti Eruptive Characteristics: Area of Activity: SW part of Dating Technique: Radiocarbon Central vent eruption caldera (Doro Afi Toi) (uncorrected) Explosive eruption Start Date: 1819 Aug Stop Date: Unknown Pyroclastic flow(s) Start Date: 3910 BC ± 200 years Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Radiocarbon Central vent eruption Explosive eruption (uncorrected) Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s) (VEI): 2 Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  39. GUNUNG SANGEANG API Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Location: Sangeang Island (NTB / Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-06 Volcano Type: Complex volcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1988 Summit Elevation: S it El ti 1949 m 6,394 feet 6 394 f t Latitude: 8.20°S 8°12'0\"S Longitude: 119.07°E 119°4'0\"E
  40. Eruptive History (G. Sangeang api) Start Date: 1985 Jul 30 Stop Date: 1988 Feb Start Date: 1956 Dec Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption p Records Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Pyroclastic flow(s) (VEI): 3 Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1955 Stop Date: Unknown Lava Volume: 4 x 107 m3 Mudflow(s) (lahars) Area of Activity: Doro Api Dating Technique: Historical Evacuation Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption St t Date: 1966 F b 28 Start D t Feb Stop D t St Date: 1966 N Nov Volcanic Explosivity Index Phreatic explosion(s) (VEI): 1 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Start Date: 1954 Nov 4 Stop Date: Unknown Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical (VEI): 2 Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Stop Date: 1965 Dec 1 ± 30 Volcanic Explosivity Index Start Date: 1964 Jan 29 Explosive eruption days (VEI): 2 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 1954 Apr 26 Stop Date: Unknown Records Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Records R d Central vent eruption (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Lava Volume: 3 x 106 m3 Lava dome extrusion (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Doro Api Evacuation Stop Date: 1953 May 15 (on or Start Date: 1953 Mar 19 Start Date: 1958 Stop Date: Unknown after) Dating T h i D ti Technique: Hi t i l Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Records Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Lava flow(s) (VEI): 3 Start Date: 1957 Stop Date: Unknown Mudflow(s) (lahars) ( )( ) Area of Activity: Doro Api Evacuation Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Phreatic explosion(s) (VEI): 1 Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  41. Start Date: 1927 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1912 Apr Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: p Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1911 Feb 13 Stop Date: 1911 Mar 2 Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption C l i Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Doro Api Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1860 Sep 11 Stop Date: 1860 Oct Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1821 Mar 23 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating T h i D ti Technique: Hi t i l R Historical Records d Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1715 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1512 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records g q C t l vent eruption Central t ti Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3^ Explosive eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  42. NTT Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) terdiri atas tiga pulau b l besar yakni Flores, Sumba d k l b dan sebagian Pulau Timor serta pulau-pulau lain yang lebih kecil seperti Komodo, Kepulauan Alor dan Solor, Roti, Sabu, dll. Wilayah ini merupakan wilayah vulkanis memiliki alam yang berbukit- bukit dengan iklimnya yang kering. Di Provinsi NTT terdapat 23 gunung api aktif yang tersebar di pulau Fl b l Flores, L bl Lomblen, adonara, komba, pantar. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  43. • P. Flores merupakan bagian dari busur vulkanik Banda yang terdiri dari batuan vulkanik berumur Kenezoik Atas yang berselingan dengan batuan vulkanogenik dan batuan sedimen karbonatan (Hamilton 1979) (Hamilton, 1979). • Menurut Koesoemadinata (1981) batuan tertua terdiri dari batuan sedimen Tersier dari Formasi Kiro, Nangapada dan Formasi Bari. • Formasi Kiro terdiri dari lava berumur Miosen Tengah, menjemari dengan Formasi Nangapada. • Formasi Nangapada sendiri menjemari dengan Formasi Bari. • Pulau Flores terdapat 15 gunung api aktif; jumlah ini hanya dapat disaingi oleh Sumatera dan Jawa. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  44. GUNUNG WAI SANO Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-07 Volcano Type: Caldera Volcano Status: Vl S Holocene Hl Last Known Eruption: Unknown Summit Elevation: 903 m 2,963 feet Latitude: 8.72°S 8 72°S 8°43'0\"S Longitude: 120.02°E 120°1'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  45. GUNUNG RANAKAH Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-09 Volcano Type: Lava domes Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1991 Summit Elevation: S it El ti 2100 m 6,890 feet 6 890 f t Latitude: 8.62°S 8°37'0\"S Longitude: 120.52°E 120°31'0\"E
  46. Eruptive History (G. Ranakah) Start Date: 1991 Mar (on or before) Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: p Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Anak Ranakah Start Date: 1987 Dec 28 Stop Date: 1989 Apr (in or after) Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption Lava Volume: > 1.6 x 107 m3 Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s) Tephra Volume: 9.3 ± 0.3 x 106 m3 Spine extrusion Evacuation Area of Activity: Anak Ranakah Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  47. GUNUNG INIERIE Armstrong F. Sompotan SSi / UNIMA/ ITB F Sompotan, Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-10 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Radiocarbon Last Known Eruption: 8050 BC (?) Summit Elevation: 2245 m 7,365 feet Latitude: 8.875°S 8°52'30\"S Longitude: 120.95°E 120°57'0\"E
  48. Eruptive History (G. Inieri) Start Date: 8050 BC (?) Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (uncorrected) Area of Activity: NE side (Wolo Bobo) E ti Ch Eruptive Characteristics: t i ti Flank ( Fl k (excentric) vent ti ) t Explosive eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  49. GUNUNG INIELIKA Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB g p Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-11 Volcano Type: Complex volcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2001 Summit Elevation: 1559 m 5,115 feet Latitude: 8.73°S 8°44'0\"S Longitude: 120.98°E 120°59'0\"E
  50. Eruptive History (G. Inielika) Start Date: 2001 Jan 11 Stop Date: 2001 Mar Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Area of Activity: Summit crater complex Start Date: 1905 Nov Stop Date: 1905 Nov Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Damage (land, property, etc.) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  51. GUNUNG EBULOBO Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-12 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1969 Summit Elevation: S it El ti 2124 m 6,968 feet 6 968 f t Latitude: 8.82°S 8°49'0\"S Longitude: 121.18°E 121°11'0\"E
  52. Eruptive History (Ebulobo) Start Date: 1969 Feb 27 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2? Explosive eruption Start Date: 1941 Aug 23 ± 8 days Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0? Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1938 May Stop Date: 1938 Jun Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Unknown Start Date: 1924 Nov Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: upt e C a acte st cs D ti Technique: Hi t i l R Dating T h i Historical Records d Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Pyroclastic flow(s) Start Date: 1910 Apr 10 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1888 Stop Date: Unknown D ti Technique: Hi t i l R Dating T h i Historical Records d E ti Ch Eruptive Characteristics: t i ti Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1830 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  53. GUNUNG IYA Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-13 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1969 Summit Elevation: 637 m 2,090 feet Latitude: 8.897°S 8°53'48\"S Longitude: 121.645°E 121°38'42\"E
  54. Eruptive History (G. Iya) Start Date: 1871 Sep 1 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1971 Jun Stop Date: 1971 Jun Dating Technique: Historical Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index p y (VEI): 1 ( ) Phreatic explosion(s) (?) p ()() Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1969 Jan 27 Stop Date: 1969 Jan 30 Start Date: 1868 May 4 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Flank (excentric) vent Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Explosive eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s) Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 (VEI): 3 Fatalities Area of Activity: Crater II Damage (land, property, Start Date: 1867 Jan Stop Date: Unknown (upper SW flank) etc.) Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: p Evacuation Records Central vent eruption Start Date: 1953 Sep 4 Stop Date: 1953 Sep 5 Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Dating Technique: Historical Start Date: 1844 May Stop Date: Unknown Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index o ca c p os ty de Explosive e upt o p os e eruption Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: (VEI): 2? Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Start Date: 1888 Dec Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Eruptive Eruption is UNCERTAIN Start Date: 1671 (?) Stop Date: Unknown Characteristics: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Start Date: 1882 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Records Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Records Explosive eruption Central vent eruption (VEI): 3^ Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption St t Date: 1559 Start D t (VEI): 2 Eruptive Eruption is UNCERTAIN Characteristics: Unknown
  55. SUKARIA CALDERA Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) ( ) Volcano Number: 0604-14 Volcano Type: Caldera Volcano Status: Fumarolic Last Known Eruption: Unknown Summit Elevation: 1500 m 4,921 feet Latitude: 8.792°S 8°47'30\"S Longitude: 121.77°E 121°46'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  56. GUNUNG KELIMUTU Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-16 Volcano Type: Complex volcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1968 Summit Elevation: 1639 m 5,377 feet Latitude: 8.77°S 8°46'0\"S Longitude: 121.82°E 121°49'0\"E
  57. Gunung Kelimutu memiliki tiga buah danau kawah di puncaknya. Danau ini dikenal dengan nama Danau Tiga d D Ti Warna karena memiliki tiga warna yang berbeda. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  58. Eruptive History (G. Kelimutu) Start Date: 1968 Jun 3 Stop Date: 1968 Jul 29 Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Crater lake eruption Area of Activity: Tiwu Nua Muri Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Start Date: 1938 May Stop Date: 1938 Jun Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s) Start Date: 1865 ± 5 years Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s) (?) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  59. GUNUNG EGON Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-18 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2005 Summit Elevation: 1703 m 5,587 feet Latitude: 8.67°S 8°40'0\"S Longitude: 122.45°E 122°27'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  60. Eruptive History (G. Egon) Start Date: 2005 Feb 6 Stop Date: 2005 Feb 27 Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Radial fissure eruption Area of Activity: Summit and southern flank Explosive eruption Evacuation Start Date: 2004 Jul 3 Stop Date: 2004 Sep 16 (?) E Eruptive Ch i Characteristics: ii Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Evacuation Start Date: 2004 Jan 29 Stop Date: 2004 Feb 5 (?) Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical Records Explosive eruption Volcanic E l i it I d (VEI): 1 Vl i Explosivity Index (VEI) Fatalities Evacuation Start Date: 1907 Sep 28 Eruption DISCREDITED Area of Activity: (confused with 1907 Lewotobi eruption) Start Date: 1888 Stop Date: 1892 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  61. GUNUNG ILIMUDA Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-19 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Fumarolic Last Known Eruption: Unknown S Summit Elevation: it El ti 1100 m 3,609 feet 3 609 f t Latitude: 8.478°S 8°28'42\"S Longitude: 122.671°E 122°40'16\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  62. GUNUNG LEWOTOBI Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-20 Volcano Type: Vl T Stratovolcanoes St t l Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2003 Summit Elevation: 1703 m 5,587 5 587 feet Latitude: 8.542°S 8°32'30\"S Longitude: 122.775°E 122°46'30\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  63. Stop Date: 2003 Sep 1 (on or Eruptive History Start Date: 2003 May 30 after) Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: (G. Lewotobi) ( ) Records Central vent eruption p Volcanic E l i it I d Vl i Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1971 Jan Stop Date: Unknown Damage (land, property, etc.) Area of Activity: Lewotobi Evacuation Dating Technique: Historical Lakilaki Records Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 2002 Oct 12 Stop Date: 2002 Oct 12 (?) Volcanic Explosivity Index p y Central vent eruption p Dating Technique: Historical (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Records Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Start Date: 1970 Stop Date: Unknown Central vent eruption (VEI): 1 Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical Area of Activity: Lewotobi Records Eruptive Characteristics: Lakilaki Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Start Date: 1999 Mar 31 Stop Date: 1999 Jul 1 (?) (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Records Start Date: 1968 Nov 28 Stop Date: 1969 Feb 2 Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Central C t l vent eruption t ti Dating T h i D ti Technique: Hi t i l Historical (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Records Eruptive Characteristics: Area of Activity: Lewotobi Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Lakilaki (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Stop Date: 1992 Dec 31 (on or Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Start Date: 1991 May 11 after) Start Date: 1939 Dec 17 Stop Date: 1940 Apr 21 Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption (VEI): 1 Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Evacuation Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Lakilaki Stop Date: 1935 Dec 25 (on or Start Date: 1935 Dec Start Date: 1990 Jan 28 Stop Date: 1990 Jun after) Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Records Records Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: E ti Ch t i ti Volcanic E l i it I d Vl i Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Central vent eruption (VEI): 1 (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Area of Activity: Lewetobi Lakilaki Perempuan Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  64. Start Date: 1869 Jul 7 Stop Date: 1869 Jul 27 Stop Date: 1933 Dec 26 ± 5 Start Date: 1932 May 23 days Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Explosive eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Fatalities Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Explosive eruption Damage (land, property, Pyroclastic flow(s) Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki etc.) Lava Volume: 5 x 105 m3 Lava flow(s) Lava dome extrusion Start Date: 1868 Jul 13 (on or Stop Date: Unknown Area of Activity: Lewotobi L kil ki A f A ti it L t bi Lakilaki Spine t i S i extrusion before) Start Date: 1921 Jan 1 Stop Date: 1921 Dec 20 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Lava Volume: 2 x 105 m3 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Area of Activity: Lewotobi Perempuan Lava dome extrusion Start Date: 1865 May 4 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1914 Jun 29 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Explosive eruption p p Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Area of Activity: L A f A ti it Lewotobi L kil ki t bi Lakilaki Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1861 May 4 Stop Date: 1861 May 18 Start Date: 1909 Jan 8 Stop Date: 1910 May 26 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1859 Jul Start Date: 1907 Sep 28 Stop Date: 1907 Oct 30 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Eruptive Characteristics: Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Characteristics: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Start Date: 1675 ± 25 years Stop Date: Unknown Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava flow(s) Records Central vent eruption Fatalities Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3^ Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Damage (land, property, Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Lava flow(s) etc.) Start Date: 1889 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Explosive eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  65. GUNUNG LEROBOLENG Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-21 Volcano Type: Complex volcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2003 Summit Elevation: 1117 m 3,665 feet Latitude: 8.358°S 8°21'30\"S Longitude: 122.842°E 122°50'30\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  66. Eruptive History (G. (G Leroboleng) Start Date: 2003 Jun 26 Stop Date: 2003 Jul 29 Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Explosive eruption Start Date: 1881 Mar 16 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Burak (Kawah XXVII) Explosive eruption Start Date: 1876 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Records g q Eruptive Characteristics: p Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Burak (Kawah XXVI) Explosive eruption Start Date: 1873 Stop Date: Unknown p Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Area of Activity: Burak ( y (Kawah XXIV)) Explosive eruption Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  67. GUNUNG RIANG KOTANG Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-22 Volcano Type: Fumarole field Volcano Status: Fumarolic Last Known Eruption: Unknown Summit Elevation: 200 m 656 feet Latitude: 8.30°S 8°18'0\"S Longitude: 122.892°E 122°53'30\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  68. Gunung Poco Leok Subregion Name: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-08 Volcano Type: Unknown Volcano Status: Fumarolic Last Known Eruption: Unknown Summit Elevation: 1675 m 5,495 feet Latitude: 8.68°S 8°41'0\"S Longitude: 120.48°E 120°29'0\"E Gunung Ndete Napu Subregion Name: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-15 Volcano Type: Fumarole field Volcano Status: Fumarolic Last Known Eruption: Unknown Summit Elevation: 750 m 2,461 feet Latitude: 8.72 S 8 72°S 8 43 0 S 8°43'0\"S Longitude: 121.78°E 121°47'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  69. GUNUNG PALUWEH Subregion Name: Lesser Sunda Islands (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-17 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Vl St t Historical Hi t i l Last Known Eruption: 1985 Summit Elevation: 875 m 2,871 feet Latitude: 8.32 S 8 32°S 8 19 0 S 8°19'0\"S Longitude: 121.708°E 121°42'30\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  70. Start Date: 1972 Oct 22 Stop Date: 1973 Jan 16 Eruptive History Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: (G Paluweh) (G. Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 3 Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date: 1985 Feb 3 Stop Date: 1985 Feb 3 Area of Activity: Rokatenda Dating Technique: Historical Start Date: 1963 Dec 31 Stop Date: 1966 Mar 16 Records Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Central vent eruption (VEI): 1 Records Explosive eruption Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Rokatenda Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s) (west side of lava dome) (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Lava Volume: 5 x 107 m3 Start Date: 1984 May 9 Stop Date: 1984 May 21 Lava dome extrusion Area of Activity: Rokatenda Dating Technique: Historical Fatalities (1928 crater) Records Damage (land, property, etc.) Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Start Date: 1928 Aug 4 Stop Date: 1928 Sep 25 Central vent eruption Ce a e e up o (VEI) 2 (VEI): Eruptive Characteristics: Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Rokatenda Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption (west side of lava dome) Records Explosive eruption Start Date: 1980 Nov 5 Stop Date: 1981 Sep Volcanic Explosivity Index Lava dome extrusion (VEI): 3 Fatalities Eruptive Characteristics: Lava Volume: 8 x 106 m3 Damage (land, property, etc.) Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Tephra Volume: 2 x 107 m3 Tsunami (giant sea waves) Records Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Rokatenda Evacuation Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s) Debris avalanche(s) (VEI): 2 Lava dome extrusion Lava Volume: 8.5 x 106 m3 Damage (land, property, Start Date: 1831 Area of Activity: Rokatenda etc.) Eruptive Eruption is UNCERTAIN Evacuation Characteristics: Unknown Start Date: 1973 Oct 27 Stop Date: 1973 Oct 28 Start Date: 1650 ± 50 years Stop Date: Unknown Dating T h i D ti Technique: Hi t i l Historical Dating T h i D ti Technique: Hi t i l Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 (VEI): 3 Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  71. GUNUNG ILIBOLENG Location: Adonara Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-23 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1993 Summit Elevation: 1659 m 5,443 feet Latitude: 8.342°S 8°20'30\"S Longitude: 123.258°E 123°15'30\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  72. Eruptive History ( (G. ILIBOLENG) ) Start Date: 1983 May 11 Stop Date: 1984 Apr 13 Start Date: 1993 Jun (?) Stop Date: 1993 Jul Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 (VEI): 1? Start Date: 1982 Nov 17 Stop Date: 1982 Nov 17 Start Date: 1991 Nov 3 Stop Date: 1991 Nov 15 Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: p Eruptive Characteristics: Records R d Records R d Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 (VEI): 1 Start Date: 1973 Apr Stop Date: 1974 Apr Stop Date: 1991 Jun 30 (on Start Date: 1991 May 8 or after) Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical Records Explosive eruption Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Damage (land, property, Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 etc.) (VEI): 1 Start Date: 1951 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1987 Oct 2 Stop Date: 1987 Oct 2 Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI) 2? (VEI): (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1950 Mar Stop Date: 1950 Aug (?) Start Date: 1986 May 28 Stop Date: 1986 Nov 24 Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Vl Volcanic E l i it I d i Explosivity Index E l i eruption Explosive ti Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 (VEI): 1 Evacuation Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  73. St t Date: 1925 Start D t Stop D t Unknown St Date: U k Start D t St t Date: 1949 J Jun 12 Stop D t Unknown St Date: U k Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1909 Nov 9 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1949 Feb 4 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index p y Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive E l i eruption ti Explosive E l i eruption ti (VEI): 2 (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1904 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1948 Apr 29 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Records Central C t l vent eruption t ti Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1888 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1944 Aug Stop Date: 1944 Oct Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical g q Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1885 Sep Stop Date: 1885 Oct Start Date: 1927 Stop Date: Unknown Dating T h i D ti Technique: Hi t i l Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (?) (VEI): 2 (VEI): 2 Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  74. GUNUNG ILILABALEKAN Lomblen Island Location: (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano 0604-24 Number: Volcano Vl Stratovolcano Type: Volcano Fumarolic Status: Last Known Unknown Eruption: Summit 1018 m 3,340 feet Elevation: Latitude: 8.55°S 8°33'0\"S Longitude: 123.38°E 123°23'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  75. GUNUNG LEWOTOLO Location: Lomblen Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-25 Volcano Type: Stratovolcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1951 S Summit Elevation: it El ti 1423 m 4,669 feet 4 669 f t Latitude: 8.272°S 8°16'18\"S Longitude: 123.505°E 123°30'18\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  76. Eruptive History Start Date: 1852 Oct 5 Stop Date: 1852 Oct 6 Dating (G. Lewotolo) Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Explosive eruption Index (VEI): 2 Damage (land, Start Date: 1951 Dec 15 Stop Date: Unknown Area of Activity: K2 property, etc.) Dating Technique: Historical crater Records Eruptive Start Date: 1849 Oct 6 Stop Date: Unknown Volcanic Explosivity Index p y Characteristics: Unknown (VEI): 2 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 1920 Stop Date: Unknown Records Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical Volcanic Explosivity Explosive eruption Eruptive Characteristics: Records Index (VEI) I d (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Start Date: 1819 Stop Date: Unknown (VEI): 2 Dating Start Date: 1899 Jun 2 Stop Date: Unknown Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics: Records Volcanic Explosivity Explosive eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Start Date: 1660 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1864 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Dating Technique: Historical Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Explosive eruption Explosive eruption (VEI): 2 Index (VEI): 3^ Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  77. GUNUNG ILIWERUNG Location: Lomblen Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-26 Volcano Type: Complex volcano Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1999 S Summit Elevation: it El ti 1018 m 3,340 feet 3 340 f t Latitude: 8.53°S 8°32'0\"S Longitude: 123.57°E 123°34'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  78. Eruptive History ( (G. ILIWERUNG) ) Start Date: 1973 Dec 5 Stop Date: 1974 Aug 22 Stop Date: 1999 Sep (in or Start Date: 1999 May 22 after) Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Flank (excentric) vent Dating Technique: Historical Records Submarine eruption p Records Eruptive Characteristics: p Volcanic Explosivity Index New island formation Volcanic Explosivity Index Flank (excentric) vent (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption (VEI): 0 Submarine eruption Area of Activity: Hobal Fatalities Area of Activity: Hobal Explosive eruption (submarine vent on SE flank) Tsunami (giant sea waves) (submarine vent on SE flank) Start Date: 1952 Mar 24 Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1993 Sep 15 Stop Date: 1993 Sep 19 Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Flank (excentric) vent ( (VEI): 1 ) Debris avalanche(s)() ( (VEI): 2 ) Submarine eruption p Area of Activity: Hobal Explosive eruption Start Date: 1951 Nov 12 Stop Date: 1951 Nov 16 (submarine vent on SE flank) Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 1983 Aug 17 Stop Date: 1983 Aug 18 Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Records Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s) Records Flank (excentric) vent (VEI): 2 Damage (land, property, Volcanic Explosivity Index Submarine eruption etc.) (VEI): 1 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Hobal Fatalities Start Date: 1950 Sep 10 Stop Date: 1950 Oct 2 (submarine vent on SE flank) Tsunami (giant sea waves) Eruptive Ch E ti Characteristics: t i ti Start Date: 1976 Mar 8 Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical Explosive eruption Eruption is UNCERTAIN Records Pyroclastic flow(s) Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Lava flow(s) Flank (excentric) vent ( ) (VEI): 0 (VEI): 2 Damage (land, property, Submarine eruption (?) Area of Activity: Hobal etc.) Tsunami (giant sea waves) (submarine vent on SE flank) Debris avalanche(s) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  79. Start Date: 1949 Apr 9 Stop Date: 1949 Apr 29 Start Date: 1928 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption p Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption (VEI): 2 Pyroclastic flow(s) (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Lava Volume: 5 x 10 7 m3 Lava dome extrusion Start Date: 1948 Apr 7 Stop Date: 1948 Nov 26 Area of Activity: Iliwerung Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Start Date: 1910 Stop Date: Unknown Central vent eruption Records Flank (excentric) vent Dating Technique: Historical Volcanic Explosivity Index Radial fissure eruption Records Eruptive Characteristics: (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption p p Volcanic Explosivity Index o ca c p os ty de Central vent eruption Ce t a e t e upt o Lava V l L Volume: 2 x 106 m3 Pyroclastic flow(s) (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption (?) Tephra Lava dome extrusion Area of Activity: Iliwerung Volume: 6.1 ± 2.0 x 106 m3 Fatalities Start Date: 1870 Stop Date: Unknown Area of Activity: East flank Damage (land, (Iligripe) Dating Technique: Historical property, etc.) Eruptive Characteristics: Records Central vent eruption Start Date: 1941 Jun 5 Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 3 Lava dome extrusion Eruptive Area of Activity: Iliwerung y g Eruption is UNCERTAIN F t liti Fatalities Ch Characteristics: U k t i ti Unknown (Iliadowajo) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  80. GUNUNG BATU TARA Location: Komba Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-27 Volcano Type: Vl T Stratovolcano St t l Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 2006 Summit Elevation: 748 m 2,454 2 454 feet Latitude: 7.792°S 7°47'30\"S Longitude: 123.579°E 123°34'45\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  81. Eruptive History (G. Batu Tara) ( ) Start D t St t Date: 2006 J l 1 Jul Stop D t St Date: 2006 J l 1 Jul Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: C t l vent eruption Central t ti Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Explosive eruption (?) Start Date: 1847 Stop Date: 1852 Aug 31 (on or after) Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava flow(s) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  82. GUNUNG SIRUNG Location: Pantar Island (NTT/Indonesia) Volcano Number: 0604-28 Volcano Type: Vl T Complex volcano C l l Volcano Status: Historical Last Known Eruption: 1970 Summit Elevation: 862 m 2,828 2 828 feet Latitude: 8.508°S 8°30'30\"S Longitude: 124.13°E 124°8'0\"E Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  83. Eruptive History (G. Sirung) Start Date: 1953 Jun Stop Date: Unknown Start Date: 1970 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Fatalities Records Eruptive Records Damage (land, property, Volcanic Explosivity Index Characteristics: Unknown etc.) t) (VEI): (VEI) 2? Start Date: 1947 Apr Stop Date: 1947 May Start Date: 1965 Nov 2 Stop Date: 1965 Nov 2 Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Records Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) (VEI): 2 (VEI): 1 Phreatic explosion(s) (?) Stop Date: 1934 Jul 15 ± 5 Start Date: 1965 May 7 Stop Date: 1965 May 18 Start Date: 1934 Jun 14 days Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Dating Technique: Historical g q Eruptive Characteristics: p Records Central vent eruption Records Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 1 Phreatic explosion(s) (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s) Stop Date: 1964 Oct 5 (on or Start Date: 1964 Feb 8 Start Date: 1927 after) ) Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics: Eruption is UNCERTAIN Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Records Crater lake eruption (?) Crater lake eruption (VEI): 2 Volcanic Explosivity Index Phreatic explosion(s) (?) Explosive eruption (VEI): 1 ( ) Start Date: 1899 Mar Stop Date: 1899 Apr Phreatic explosion(s) Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 1960 Mar 13 Stop Date: Unknown Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Historical (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s) (?) Records Eruptive Start Date: 1852 Volcanic Explosivity Index Characteristics: Unknown (VEI): 2? Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s) (?) Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  84. Potensi Geothermal (MW) Wilayah Kep. Sunda Kecil Kep Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  85. Geothermal Bali Eksplorasi geotermal di Bali terletak di Kawasan Bedugul (60 km dari Kota Denpasar), yang merupakan kerjasama antara National company and California Energy under a JOC dengan Pertamina dan ESC dengan PLN. Three conventional exploration wells and six slim holes have encountered reservoir temperatures from 245 0C to 340 0C Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  86. Geothermal NTB Potensi geothermal NTB terletak di Hu’u, dimana struktur geologi Hu’u dicerminkan oleh g , g g bentuk-bentuk: depresi, kelurusan, paset segi tiga, dinding patahan (gawir sesar), kekar, offset batuan, kelurusan sungai, bukit dan tofografi, zona hancuran batuan/ breksiasi (fracture), manifestasi panas bumi berupa batuan alterasi argilik dan kelompok-kelompok mata air panas Berdasarkan data itu maka ada 3 perioda pembentukan sesar yaitu: panas. sesar, • Periode I, sesar-sesar berarah barat-timur, barat baratlaut-timur tenggara dan timurlaut-baratdaya yang merupakan sesar normal tertua. Sesar berarah barat-timur dinamakan sesar Lakei yang berarah barat baratlaut-timur tenggara dinamakan Lakei, baratlaut timur sesar Hu’u lama dan yang berarah timurlaut-baratdaya dinamakan sesar Daha. • Periode II, sesar-sesar berarah baratlaut-tenggara, yaitu sesar Madawa serta pasangan sesar Hu’u di utara dan sesar Ncangga di selatan. • Periode III, sesar-sesar yang berarah utara-selatan (Lamea dan Tolokuta). Kedua sesar ini merupakan sesar normal paling muda. Sesar Lamea ada di teluk Lamea, sedangkan di teluk Tolokuta terdapat sesar Tolokuta dengan blok timur relatif turun. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  87. • Di daerah Hu’u akumulasi fluida panas di kedalaman terindikasikan oleh adanya batuan ubahan dan mata air panas Lacoha, Sori rewa, Lapui, Hu’u, Lekai dan Ncangga yang bertemperatur antara 32.0 - 46.1°C dengan pH netral (6,5-7,3) dan mata air panas 46.1 C (6,5 7,3) Limea bertemperatur 80oC dengan pH asam (2,1- 2,7). • Indikasi itu menunjukkan bahwa sifat fluida di bawah relatif netral-asam dengan entalphy sedang. Di ki k t d tlh d Diperkirakan terdapat l t lempung penudung ( l cap) yang l t k d (clay ) letaknya di atas reservoar di bawah manifestasi Pure, Limea dan Cangga. • Sedangkan fluida panas yang terdapat dalam zona reservoar di daerah Hu’u diduga Hu u bersistim 2 fase, yaitu fase uap dan fase air panas. Namun fluida berfase air panas di sini jumlahnya relatif dominan apabila dibandingkan dengan fluida berfase uap. Daerah prospek panas bumi terdapat pada zona depresi S. Hu’u yang menempati bagian tengah dan timur. Kontur anomali nilai tahanan jenis sedang-rendah 15-5 Wm ini membuka ke arah timur dengan luas ± 10 Km2 g g dan mempunyai kedalaman > 900 m. Potensi energi panas bumi di daerah Hu’u, sebesar 60-70 Mwe dan mata air panas Cangga 2 yang 60- bertipe sulfat p Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  88. Geotermal NTT LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI TODA BELU, BELU MATALOKO, NGADA
  89. • Litologi sumur MT - 4 terdiri dari endapan piroklastika, selang seling antara breksi tufa terubah dan andesit terubah serta tufa dasitik terubah • Sumur MT 4 telah memotong 3 buah zona sesar yaitu pada kedalaman antara 47,20- 47,20- 54, 54,10 m, 71-126 m dan 659-702 m. 71- 659- • Sepatu selubung 13 3/8”, 10”, 8” dan Liner 6” masing-masing diset pada kedalaman 10” masing- 55, 55,22 m, 241 m, 467,85 m dan 756 m. 467, • Batuan telah mengalami ubahan hidrotermal oleh proses argilitisasi, oksidasi, silisifikasi/devitrifikasi, dengan/tanpa piritisasi, karbonatisasi, kloritisasi, anhidritisasi, gipsumisasi, ilitisasi, zeolithisasi dan epidotisasi dengan tingkat ubahan lemah sampai sangat kuat (SM/TM =10 – 85%) 85% • Batuan pada kedalaman 0-3 m belum terubah hidrotermal berfungsi sebagai lapisan penutup (Overburden), Ubahan hidrotermal uan dari kedalaman 3-493 termasuk dalam tipe ubahan Argilik yang berfungsi sebagai batuan penudung panas (cap rock / clay cap). cap). Batuan ubahan pada kedalaman 493-556 m termasuk tipe ubahan Phyllic, 493- kedalaman 556-659 termasuk zona transisi antara tipe argilik dan tipe propilitik (zona 556- reservoar). reservoar). Batuan ubahan pada kedalaman 659-756,47 m termasuk tipe ubahan 659-756, Propilitik (zona reservoar) • Mineral ubahan terbentuk sebagai replacement dari mineral utama pembentuk batuan, sebagai urat-urat pengisi rekahan pada batuan (vein) dan sebagai pengisi rongga pada urat- batuan (vug). Pada zona reservoir (tipe propilitik) terdapat mineral ubahan penunjuk (vug). temperatur tinggi seperti zeolith dan epidot. Diduga fluida pembentuk batuan ubahan epidot. bersifat asam hingga netral dengan temperatur pembentukan antara 230-280°C. 230-280° Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  90. Gb.2 Litologi Log, Konstruksi Sumur dan Logging P dan T Lapangan Panas Bumi Toda Belu, Mataloko, Ngada – Flores, NTT. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  91. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  92. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  93. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  94. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  95. • Hasil pengukuran temperatur logging pada kedalaman 245 m adalah sebesar 125. 125.8oC.dan Initial temperatur/temperatur formasi pada kedalaman 245 meter adalah 142oC. Gradient temperatur berdasarkan harga temperatur terukur adalah 36oC/100 meter dan gradient temperatur berdasarkan initial temperatur C/100 adalah 41.63 oC/100 meter. 41. C/100 meter. • Slotted liner 8” (lubang 9 5/8”) dan 6” (lubang 8” dan 7 5/8”) dipasang di masing- masing-masing interval kedalaman 241 - 467,68 m dan 462 hingga kedalaman 467, akhir (756,47 m) yang dimaksudkan untuk menangkap uap panas bumi dari 756, m), reservoar/zona permeabilitas. permeabilitas. • Setelah di swabbing d l Stlh bbi dalam waktu 15 menit (d kt it (dua k li swabbing) sumur kali bbi ) menyemburkan uap air dengan kandungan air cukup banyak. Setelah menutup banyak. master valve tekanan di kepala sumur mencapai 36 KSc. KSc. • Dengan tekanan yang cukup besar tersebut, diharapkan potensi sumur MT-4 MT- akan menghasilkan tenaga listrik yang cukup besar. besar. Armstrong F. Sompotan,, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Sompotan
  96. GEOTERMAL SUMUR EKSPLORASI AT-1 LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI ATADEI KABUPATEN LEMBATA – NTT Lapangan panas bumi Atadei terletak ± 30 km di sebelah selatan Lewoleba, Ibukota kabupaten Lembata, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Sumur AT-1 berada pada ketinggian 606.4m dpl. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  97. KARAKTERISTIK GEOTERMAL SUMUR EKSPLORASI AT-1, LAPANGAN PANAS BUMI ATADEI, KABUPATEN LEMBATA – NTT. , 1. Litologi sumur eksplorasi AT-1 disusun oleh breksi tufa terubah (0 – 18 m), g p ( ), andesit terubah (18 – 56 m) dan tufa terubah (56 – 62 m) dan andesit terubah (62 – 830.50 m). 2. Seluruh batuan mengalami ubahan hidrotermal sedang – sangat kuat (SM/TM = 35 – 85%), terdiri dari lapisan over burden (0 – 6 m), tipe ubahan argilik (clay cap) dari 6 - 416 m, transisi argilik – propilitik (416 - 590 m), dan batuan reservoir (tipe propilitik dan advanced argillc type) di antara 590 – 830.50 m. 3. Temperatur terukur maksimum adalah 145.5 oC (suhu ekstrapolasi 180 oC) di kedalaman 450 m. Temperatur reservoir sumur AT-1 berkisar antara 180 – 240 oC (korelasi terhadap mineral ubahan). (k l i t h d i l bh ) 4. Batuan terubah di sumur AT-1 dicirikan oleh permeabilitas yang sangat kecil, dipengaruhi oleh 2 jenis fluida hidrotermal, yakni fluida sulfat-asam dan fluida klorida-netral. klorida netral 5. Untuk menyemburkan sumur AT-1 diperlukan prosedur yang tepat, mengacu pada data sumur (informasi) seperti posisi puncak cairan, kolom gas/uap, feed zone titik didih dan tekanan zone, Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  98. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  99. Armstrong F. Sompotan,, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Sompotan
  100. Armstrong F. Sompotan,, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Sompotan
  101. Armstrong F. Sompotan,, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB Sompotan
  102. Pengeboran 2 (dua) sumur eksplorasi (AT-1 dan AT-2) di lapangan • panas bumi Atadei, Kabupaten Lembata, Propinsi (NTT) dilakukan Subdit Panas Bumi - Direktorat Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Mineral ( (DJGSM) . ) Sumur eksplorasi AT-1 ditajak pada 3 Agustus 2004 dan diselesaikan • dalam 67 hari setelah pemboran trayek liner 6 5/8” menembus 5/8 kedalaman 830.50 m. Pada pemanasan selama 24 jam di kedalaman 450 m dengan • temperatur terukur di bawah permukaan adalah maksimum 145.50 oC (suhu ekstrapolasi 185 oC). Semburan umur AT-1 hanya mampu bertahan selama 2 (dua) menit ketika sumur dibuka pada TKS 8 0 8.0 kscg. Armstrong F. Sompotan, SSi / UNIMA/ ITB
  103. LAMPIRAN
  104. Lampiran 1 The Volcanic Explosivity Index p y (VEI) VEI Tephra volume Eruption Stratospheric General (m3) column height injection description (km) < 104 0 < 0.1 None Non-explosive li 104-106 1 0.1 –1 None Small 106-107 2 10 1–5 None Moderate 107-108 3 3 – 15 Possible Moderate-large 108-109 4 10 – 25 Definite Large 109- 1010 5 > 25 Significant Very large 1010-1011 6 > 25 \" \" 1011-1012 7 10 > 25 \" \" > 1012 8 > 25 \" \"
  105. Volcano Type (Morphology)
  106. Lampiran 2
  107. Lampiran 3
  108. Lampiran 4

+ Armstrong SompotanArmstrong Sompotan, 2 years ago

custom

1809 views, 0 favs, 1 embeds more stats

The Global Volcanism Program database for Lesser Su more

More info about this document

© All Rights Reserved

Go to text version

  • Total Views 1809
    • 1808 on SlideShare
    • 1 from embeds
  • Comments 1
  • Favorites 0
  • Downloads 136
Most viewed embeds
  • 1 views on http://static.slideshare.net

more

All embeds
  • 1 views on http://static.slideshare.net

less

Flagged as inappropriate Flag as inappropriate
Flag as inappropriate

Select your reason for flagging this presentation as inappropriate. If needed, use the feedback form to let us know more details.

Cancel
File a copyright complaint
Having problems? Go to our helpdesk?

Categories

-->
What's New

© 2009 SlideShare Inc. All rights reserved.