1. By...
Ram Lalji
Dagar Amit
David Arisa
Shelly Singh
Gurung Chena
Mac Kwan Kith
Patel shreyash
Nirjan Kathayat
Lopez Lah Nina A.
Keanne Uswawechmongkol
5. It produces a net energy of 2ATP
It produces pyruvate which can enter into
kreb’s cycle, capable of producing energy for
the body.
6. Gluconeogenesis provides the body with energy, in
times of fasting and severe hunger by converting
lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids to
glucose for metabolism.
It keeps blood glucose level within critical limits.
Thereby preventing death of erythrocytes and
keeping normal functioning of brain.
7. The absence or deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate
kinase can lead to the disease called hemolytic
anemia.
Inhibition of glycolysis in cells severely depletes
ATP and may result in apoptosis of
cell(programmed cell death). NB: This malfunction
is now studied as means of tackling cancer cells
8. Deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
(converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate) in
gluconeogenesis leads to the brain and red blood
cells using up the glucose in the body which leads
to HYPOGLYCEMIA.
Malfunctions in gluconeogenesis can also lead to
lactic acidosis (high level of lactate acid in the
body)
9. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate.
-a 10-step biochemical pathway
-occurs in the cytoplasm
-2 molecules of pyruvate are formed
-net production of 2 ATP molecules by
substrate-level phosphorylation
-2 NADH produced by the reduction of NAD+
9
10. For glycolysis to continue, NADH must be
recycled to NAD+ by either:
1. aerobic respiration – occurs when oxygen is
available as the final electron acceptor
2. fermentation – occurs when oxygen is not
available; an organic molecule is the final
electron acceptor
10
19. Glucose is the
primary energy
source for the brain,
skeletal muscle, and
red blood cells
Deficiency can
impair the brain
function
Gluconeogenesis is
the synthesis of
glucose from carbon
atoms of
noncarbohydrates
- required when
glycogen stores are
depleted
20. Carbon atoms for
gluconeogenesis come from
lactate, some amino acids,
and glycerol, and are
converted to pyruvate or
other intermediates
Seven reactions are the
reverse of glycolysis and use
the same enzymes
3 glycolysis reactions are not
reversible:
- reaction 1
Hexokinase
- reaction 3
Phosphofructokinase
- reaction10 Pyruvate kinase
21. Reversing the non-reversible
reactions in
glycolysis requires a high
amount of energy
The cell therefore carries
out a by pass reaction
instead of a reverse of the
non reversible reaction of
glycolysis, making use of
different enzymes i.e.
Pyruvate kinase- pyruvate
carboxylase
Phosphofructo kinase-
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Hexokinase- glucose 6
phosphate
22. A carbon is added to pyruvate to form
oxaloacetate by two reactions that replace the
reverse of reaction 10 of glycolysis
Then a carbon is removed, and a phosphate
added, to form phosphoenolpyruvate
23. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to fructose-
1,6-bisphosphate using the same enzymes in
glycolysis
24. A loss of a phosphate from fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate forms fructose-6-phosphate and
Pi
A reversible reaction converts fructose-6-
phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
The removal of phosphate from glucose-6-
phosphate forms glucose
25.
26. High glucose levels and insulin promote glycolysis
Low glucose levels and glucagon promote
gluconeogenesis
