Behaviorism ppt

Behaviorism
It explains learning in terms of observable behaviours and how they are influenced by stimuli from the environment.

Content Page
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov’s 5 concepts
Generalization
Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning
A type of learning that occurs when individuals learn to produce involuntary emotional or physiological responses similar to instinctive or reflexive responses.

Unconditioned stimulus
Object or event causing the instinctive or reflexive physiological or emotional response.

Unconditioned response
Instinctive or reflexive physiological or emotional response caused by the unconditioned stimulus.

Neutral stimulus
An object or event that does not initially impact behaviour one way or the other.

Conditioned stimulus
Formerly neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned response
A learned physiological or emotional response that is similar to the unconditioned response.

Main idea for classical conditioning
The conditioned and unconditioned stimuli must exist at the same time.

Pavlov’s Experiment

Using classical conditioning in the classroom
Teachers or peers affect how you feel when you enter the class.
When a teacher creates a friendly environment in the class, the pupils will generally feel comfortable entering the class.

Generalization
Occurs when stimuli is similar- but not identical - to a conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response by themselves (N. Jones, Kemenes, & Benjamin, 2001)

Operant ConditioningLearning
in terms of observable responses that change in frequency or duration as the result of consequences, events that occur following behaviours. (B.F. Skinner, 1953, 1954)
In summary, behaviours are largely controlled by consequences rather that by stimuli preceding the behaviour. The consequence of an action results in the behaviour portrayed.

Reinforcements
The process of applying reinforcers to increase behaviour

Positive reinforcements
Process of increasing the frequency or duration of a behaviour as the result of presenting a reinforcer. Sometimes, reinforcing of undesirable behaviour may result.

Negative reinforcements
Process of increasing behaviour by avoiding or removing an aversive stimulus (Baldwin & Baldwin, 2001; B.F. Skinner, 1953)

Explanation of Video
Pavlov's experiment based on Operant Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement because it is the removal of an adverse stimulus which is ‘rewarding’ to the animal. Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience.

Shaping

Punishment
Use of punishers to weakens behaviour.

Desirable
Strengthen
Positive
Reinforcement
Present
Remove
Present
Strengthen
Aversive
Negative
Reinforcement
Weaken
Aversive
Type 1 punishment

Remove
Withheld
Desirable
Weaken
Type 2 punishment:
time out
Desirable
Weaken

Co-Relation

Explanation of diagram
Learning is about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behaviour include the consequences of previous behaviour.

Behaviorism ppt

by arashiimonoyama

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