English sentence structure

ENGLISH SENTENCE STRUCTURE Aragorn Yeh aragornyeh@gmail.com

Today’s Overview 1 • Part of Speech 2 • Phrase & Clause 3 • Sentence

Part of Speech

Nouns mean every thing to us!.

Noun • a ‘name’ of any people, places, or things • apple, milk, justice, fairness, temperature, Bali, • Make a Sentence!

Verbs We can’t do without them!

Verb • a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence • go, run, buy, walk, be, think, feel, taste, choose... • Make a sentence!

Adjectives Color your world!

Adjective • a word added to a noun to modify or describe it • smart, quick, helpful, precise, believable, good, minor, magnificent • Make a Sentence!

Participle • a verb form used as an adjective to modify nouns • Present participle: V + ing the laughing lady, the falling temperature, the stinging remark • Past participle: V + ed the tired dancer, the injured player, the cracked vase

Adverbs The way it’s done!

Adverb • a word modifies an adjective, verb, or How? When? adverb, expressing a relation of circumstance, time, place, degree, etc. • well, badly, abroad, precisely, thoughtfully, often, rarely... Where? What degree? • Make a Sentence!

Pronouns So we don’t repeat ourselves!

Pronoun • a word that can refers to someone or something mentioned before • i, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, us, them, which, who, that • Make a Sentence!

Prepositions What’s the position?

Preposition • a word usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word • about, after, among, around, by, in, on, under, off... • Make a Sentence!

Articles Any old one?

Article • A: nonspecific • The: has already been mentioned • Make a Sentence!

Identify Part of Speech • Bosco showed up for work two hours late. • He will have to work until midnight. • His work permit expires next month.

Phrases & Clauses

All About Combination

Phrase Vs. Clause Vs. Sentence • A group of related words • Subject & Verb • Complete Statement

Phrase a small group of words as a unit, forming a component of a clause • Noun phrase, Verb phrase, Adjective phrase, Adverb phrase, Preposition phrase,...

Phrase(2) • Adjective Phrase “You are an exceptionally good liar.” • Adverb Phrase “Movements very quickly take on the characteristics of the thing they oppose.” • Noun Phrase “Buy a big bright green pleasure machine”

Phrases(3) • Prepositional Phrase I could dance with you until the cows come home. • Participial Phrase "He moved ahead more quickly now, dragging his heels a little in the fine dust." • Absolute Phrase Their reputation as winners secured by victory, the New York Liberty changed into the semifinals.

Prepositional Phrase Like adjectives and adverbs, prepositional phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in sentences. • A young woman with long hair and a short white halter dress walks through the casino at the Riviera in Las Vegas at one in the morning.

Participial Phrase Participial phrases add information to our sentences. • Mary waved the torch over her head, making a great ring of white light. • Discouraged by the long hours and low pay, my sister finally quit her job.

Absolute Phrase An absolute phrase adds details to an entire sentence. • The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack, their breaths white in the frosty air.

Clause A group of words that contains a subject and a verb. • A clause may be either a sentence or a sentence-like construction within another sentence.

Independent Clause • The cause of the problem is not completely clear. • The answer lies in the details. • The essay has several strength.

Dependent Clause • ...which I will discuss in the next section • Although the argument is poorly developed... • If we examine the author’s argument carefully...

Sentence

Simple Sentence • Subject + Verb + Words complete the thought • Elise won the race S V object The core of the sentence is the connection between the subject and verb. • The cake looks delicious S V complement If you can recognize subjects and verbs, you can express your ideas correctly.

Function of Verb • Action: run, write, take, give, think, calculate • State of being: be(am, is, are), seem, look • State of owning: have, possess, own • Sensation: feel, smell, tast

Tense of Verb • Verb changes according to time. • Present, Past, Future • Simple, Continues, Perfect

Example: Identify Verb • Students are generally happy about taking new courses and making a new beginning. • They feel unusual about being able to learn enough material in the course to pass. • However, by setting realistic goals and working hard to achieve them, students will succeed in their studies.

Recognizing Subject • Find the Verb!

Identify Subject & Verb • Skiing in the mountain is dangerous in the spring. • Jack doe not have the right attitude to succeed at university. • Successful students regard assignments and tests as opportunities to learn.

Special Case • Request or Command Stop. Help! Run! Turn to page 23 in the textbook. • Begin with Here or There Here are the new office supplies. There is Jackson at the front door. • Questions What is your name? Where do you live?

Simple Sentence Patterns

Simple Sentence Patterns(2) 1. S + LV + SC Aslan is the King of Narnia. 2. S + Vi I run everyday. 3. S + Vt + DO Joe kicked the ball. 4. S + Vt + IO + DO My friend bought me a gift. 5. S + Vt + DO +OC He left the door open.

Different Verbs • Intransitive Verb: with or without an object I can walk. Jeff walked the dog. • Transitive Verb: must be with an object Jane threw the ball. • Linking Verb: am, is, are, be, been, seems, feels, looks, becomes...

Pattern 4 • S + Vt + IO + DO ✓My friend bought me a gift. IO DO ✓My friend bought a gift to me. DO OC

Pattern 5 • S + Vt + DO +OC • consider, call, think. find, make, elect... ✓His sister called him a genius. ✓Mother made us some cake. ✓The class elected Amy president.

Sentence with more than one clause Simple Compound Complex Connecting two clauses to form a complete sentence

Types of Sentence • Simple Sentence • Compound Sentence • Complex Sentence

Compound Sentence Contains two independent clauses, combined in two ways: • Conjunction The author’s claim is very interesting, but it is ultimately not convincing. • Transition She includes various argument to support her views; however, some contain flows.

Complex Sentence Consist of an independent clause and a dependent clause, linked by dependent words • Although the author’s claim is very interesting, it is ultimately not convincing. • After I had read all of her arguments, I thought up some better ones.

Short-term Objective

Assignment Reading Reading Comprehension Exercise Writing Write a Paragraph every week Listening Listen to T.E.D Presentation Speaking Speak your opinion about the presentation

James Cameron – a Curious Boy

Quotes • Don’t put limitations on yourself. Because others will… • Take risks! Failure has to be an option. But fear is not…

Jane McGonigal: Gaming can make a better world

Internet Learning Resources • Smart.FM: <http://smart.fm/> • The Voice of America: <http://www1.voanews.com/learningenglish/> • Australia Network: <http://australianetwork.com/learningenglish/>

Learning only happens by yourself!

QUESTIONS?

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English sentence structure

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