Aquatic biofuels presentation KMFRI

KARIBU
Aquatic Biofuels
New Options for Food and Bio-EnergyKMFRI June 10, 2011
Antonio (Tony) Piccolo
Aquatic BiofuelsSpecialist

What are aquatic biofuels
Why produce aquatic biofuels
Conversion systems
Growth and harvesting
Potential for developing countries
Challenges and Opportunities

WHAT ARE AQUATICBIOFUELS?

Why MICRO - ALGAE?
Does not compete with agriculture
High yield per acre
Contains no sulphur therefore no SO2 emissions
Non toxic and highly biodegradable
Does not require soil for growth
Uses as little as 30cm of water per year per hectare (open pond system) Photo Bio-Reactors dependin on the size can take up as much as 50,000 lt of water, however there is no waste and no evaporation
Adaptable anywhere even at great distances from water, particularly for PBRs
Abatement of CO2 – carbon neutral

Oil yield per hectare of microalgae significantly exceeds other common oil sources such as soya and rapeseed
33 times
more than
rapeseed
88 timesmore than
soya
39 500
39 500
PBR*
1190
1 190
446
448
*PBR – Photo Bio-Reactor

Photo Bio-Reactors?
Using Photo Bio-Reactors is expensive
but it is a State of the Art Technology, it
produces higher yields than other systems. Given the right climatic conditions and the right algae strain, some systems can produce 3kg of biomass per 1m3 of water. i.e. almost 1.5 litres of oil.
Vertical-column PBR
Flat-plate PBR
Pyramid PBR
Tubular PBR

Microalgae Biofixation Process – with wastewater

Open pond wastewater has demonstrated productivities of 100 tonne/ha/yr

Costs and key performance parameters for Open Pond biofixation systems for GHG abatement are:
Land capital, cost of ponds, harvesting, processing, water supply, infrastructure + operating costs (around US$120/tonne)
Raceway mixed ponds capital costs of about US$100,000 per hectare
Availability or transport of flue gas and/or waste water to the ponds
Algal productivity / harvestability / processing
Product values: biofuels, GHG abatement, reclaimed water, fertilisers, other
co products.
Caution – With present technology fuel only algal systems are not plausible on their own - they require additional revenues.

Adaptability to developing countries – other key factor requirements
Algae production with Photo Bio-Reactors (PBR)
More suitable for Higher Income Countries (due to higher start-up costs)
Algae production with MBP (Microalgae Biofixation Process) (open/close ponds)
More suitable for Lower Income Countries (due to lower start-up costs)

AVIATION INDUSTRY

FISH WASTE – From Aquaculture Farms
Press the fish waste
Oil is extracted through a water separation process at 90o C

Manganese (Mn), methanol (9%) and caustic soda is added.
The by-product glycerine is sold to the cosmetic industry and the residues are made into fishmeal.
1kg of fish waste can produce just over 1lt of bio-diesel(if right conditions prevail)

Aquafinca - Honduras
Agifish – Viet Nam

Fish Waste - Key points and feasibility for developing countries
Technology is adaptable and transferable in many developing regions.
It can provide livelihoods through the production of fish, and produce local energy free from GHG emissions.
Relatively little investment required.
Fish waste could also promote more efficient utilization of aquatic living resources and generate additional income for fishers' and fish farmers' communities.
Adaptable on large fishing trawlers.
Fishing Ports

Aquatic Biofuels – Challenges, Opportunities and Gains
Algae
Cost intensive especially for Photo Bio-Reactors may be suitable for Higher Income Countries.
Open pond systems are much more viable although real costs are still not available, by-products can however make the process completely viable.
Abatement of CO2 Mitigation from the conversion of the algal biomass to renewable fuels – directly substituting fossil fuels – coal and gas
Each tonne of microalgae biomass produced = about a tonne of CO2 abated
Both algal to bio-fuel technologies are therefore completely Carbon Neutral

Fish waste
The oil produced for bio-diesel is already marketable as fish oil, more fish oil
would have to be produced to cater for the demand in bio-diesel this may disrupt fish oil markets.
The technology is in place and is transferable to other developing countries as pilot project studies.

Algae for Food
Micro-Algae come in a variety of strains (variants) each strain has different proportions of lipids (fats), starches and proteins.
Depending on the strain used we can produce bio-crude (high lipid content) or protein supplements like spirulina (high protein content).
Spirulinaplatensisor more commonly known as Spirulina is a highly digestible micro-algae used as a food supplement and it is also used to combat and malnutrition and alleviate the suffering of HIV/AIDS patients.
Kisumu has the perfect weather conditions to grow spirulina in open ponds or photo bio-reactors.
Companies in Kisumu producing spirulina are: (in alphabetical order)
AVIVA , DUNGA SPIRULINA, GALAXY, IIMSA, and KKEO.

What does Spirulina contain?
Balanced proteins, (supply the body with high amounts of Vitamin B (particularly B12)
Minerals and micro-nutrients which provide a variety of benefits for the human body, like nourishment, mental clarity, assisting in cancer recovery, depression help and many others.
Several scientific studies show spirulina to have the ability to inhibit viral replication; in particular it was found that 5-10 mg/ml of spirulina will inhibit the HIV-1 virus otherwise known as the AIDS virus.

The beneficial properties of Spirlina are quite remarkable – 10 of the main benefits after taking 5-10 grams of spirulina are listed below;

Increases the CD4 count – Strengthens the immune system (particularly useful for AIDS/HIV patients.
Increases RNA (Ribonucleic acid) in the brain for more energy
The beta carotene (contains 10 times more that of carrots) is an excellent source of disease fighting antioxidants, and is also good for healthy eyes and vision.
Contains vegetable protein and amino acids to build muscle
High concentration of B Vitamins; which not only break down carbohydrate and lipids but also maintain cardiovascular health.
It is also an excellent anti-inflammatory, which is an essential benefit to arthritis patients and prevents heart disease.
Contains anti-aging properties.
Improves digestive health
Contains easy to absorb iron supplements ideal for women and children.
Reduces cancer with antioxidant protection

How can we combine Aquatic Resources for food and for fuel?
We need to find a strain or variant of algae that can produce enough lipids to satisfy crude oil production and contain enough protein to be used as a food supplement.
These can be genetically modified but we do not know the consequence of the modification and could enter and affect the food chain.
The most efficient natural strain for crude-oil production is Botryococcusbrauniiand the best source for spirulina food supplement is Spirulinaplatensis.
A natural identified strain which could cater for both food and fuel is Prymnesiumparvum.

Aquatic Biofuels – An Integrated Aquaculture Energy System (IAES)
nutrients

Asante SanaErokomano
tony.piccolo@gmail.comwww.aquaticbiofuel.com
tony.piccolo@fao.org

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