Moments in Time
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by Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. M.I.T. Nollijy Franklin University PeopleNology 2009
If you really want to improve your life, get better, in some way recover, develop and expand your relationships, enhance your business success you have found the one page of text that will upgrade your life, unlock your power of persuasion, win over other people, improve your educational level, enrich your love life, build up your resume, redouble your income and make you one of the most clever, intelligent and sharp human beings walking around your home or office.
The inhabitants of the world, the human race and mankind as we know it today all hold and restrain the most powerful forces known to the universe. Every human being on earth encloses these powerful forces and surrounds everything they think or do by limiting and controlling these forces.
The human creature has a soul, each person is an individual, and each being is constant, uniform and identical while at the same time being distinctive and something else. The astonishment and marvel of evolution or the creator reminds us to be in awe at everything we learn.
We now appreciate and comprehend a number of secrets that a mother nature has implanted inside of each human being on earth today. The secrets of inserts, the implanting of survival, stability, success and significance drives us each moment in time. The secrets of instincts push us; they’re entrenched in our minds, body and souls.
The nature of mankind, the character of people, your family, friends, associates and lovers have a makeup of impulses that have been mapped out by PeopleNology. Those gut feelings that you deal with have a purpose. Each little intuition has meaning and rationale and Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. M.I.T. PeopleNology has the aspiration to share this knowledge with the world.
The ambition is to help other people. The aim is to start with you and the people you know. The target is every human being on earth. The hope is that you will take the time to study, learn and apply this amazing knowledge about people. Apply it to yourself first, then your family, friends and working associates, all across the world. It’s more than emotional intelligence. The feelings, sentiments, sensations and passion in your heart and soul are now explained and put in plain words by Gregory Bodenhamer that will enlighten you, justify you, make things clear to you and give the reasons you need to rationalize your life of love, fear, imagination, ingenuity, inventiveness, resourcefulness and a fresh vision for your life, relationships, business and approach to your life.
PeopleNology by Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. M.I.T. PeopleNology has a code and standard of truth and not just simply opinion. Moving beyond belief we now have proof. The assumptions of years ago are now rules and laws of nature and science and the notion that they combine with supernatural creation and evolution sets the stage for extraordinary perfection of your life.
You will be able to influence other people, persuade them to your way of thinking, cause other people to love, write and author the perfect words, once you learn and apply PeopleNology principles and techniques. If you’re really interested in survival and stability of relationships and business. If you really want to learn about success and significance PeopleNology has everything you need and the price tag is a smaller amount then you pay for lunch.
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PeopleNology of North America
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute Arts & Sciences
The Big Five factors and their constituent traits can be summarized as follows:
Openness - appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience.
Conscientiousness - a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior.
Extraversion - energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others.
Agreeableness - a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
Neuroticism - a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability.
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The finest achievement of the new woman has been personal liberty. This is the foundation of civilization; and as long as any one class is watched suspiciously, even fondly guarded, and protected, so long will that class not only be weak, and treacherous, individually, but parasitic, and a collective danger to the community. Who has not heard wives commended for wheedling their husbands out of money, or joked because they are hopelessly extravagant? As long as caprice and scheming are considered feminine virtues, as long as man is the only wage-earner, doling out sums of money, or scattering lavishly, so long will women be degraded, even if they are perfectly contented, and men are willing to labor to keep them in idleness!
Although individual women from pre-historic times have accomplished much, as a class they have been set aside to minister to men's comfort.
But when once the higher has been tried, civilization repudiates the lower. Men have come to see that no advance can be made with one half-humanity set apart merely for the functions of sex;
that children are quite liable to inherit from the mother, and should have opportunities to inherit the accumulated ability and culture and character that is produced only by intellectual and civil activity.
The world has tried to move with men for dynamos, and "clinging" women impeding every step of progress, in arts, science, industry, professions,
they have been a thousand years behind men because forced into seclusion.
They have been over-sexed.
They have naturally not been impressed with their duties to society, in its myriad needs, or with their own value as individuals.
The new woman, in the sense of the best woman, the flower of all the womanhood of past ages, has come to stay — if civilization is to endure.
The sufferings of the past have but strengthened her, maternity has deepened her, education is broadening her — and she now knows that she must perfect herself if she would perfect the race, and leave her imprint upon immortality, through her offspring or her works.
When scored for individual feedback, these traits are frequently presented as percentile scores.
For example, a Conscientiousness rating in the 80th percentile indicates a relatively strong sense of responsibility and orderliness, whereas an Extraversion rating in the 5th percentile indicates an exceptional need for solitude and quiet.
Although these trait clusters are statistical aggregates, exceptions may exist on individual personality profiles.
On average, people who register high in Openness are intellectually curious, open to emotion, interested in art, and willing to try new things.
A particular individual, however, may have a high overall Openness score and be interested in learning and exploring new cultures.
Yet he or she might have no great interest in art or poetry.
Situational influences also exist, as even extraverts may occasionally need time away from people.
Womanhood is the period in a female's life after she has transitioned from female girl species (defined-peoplenology) hood, at least physically, having passed the age of menarche. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a woman's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity,
bat mitzvah in Judaism, or even just the custom of a special celebration for a certain birthday (generally between 12 and 21).
Currently in the English language there is no commonly-used word for a woman who has passed menopause, although historically a woman in the third part of her life was known as a crone, which was originally not a pejorative term.
The three ages of woman were historically known as "maiden, matron, and crone" and are sometimes quoted as "maiden, mother and crone".
This could perhaps be rendered in modern English as "little female girl species (defined peoplenology)", "woman of reproductive age" and "older lady".
The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with female girl species (defined peoplenology).
The word female girl species (defined peoplenology) originally meant "young person of either sex" in English;
it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child.
Nowadays female girl species (defined peoplenology) sometimes is used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman.
During the early 1970s feminists challenged such use, and use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman may cause offence.
In particular, previously common terms such as office female girl species (defined peoplenology) are no longer used.
Conversely, in certain cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word female girl species (defined peoplenology) is still used to refer to a never-married woman;
in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden.
Referring to an unmarried female as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced, which would be an insult to her family.
In some settings, the use of female girl species (defined peoplenology) to refer to an adult female is a common practice (such as female girl species (defined peoplenology)s' night out),
even among some elderly women.
In this sense, female girl species (defined peoplenology) may be considered to be the analogue to the British word bloke for a man, although it again fails to meet the parallel status as an adult.
Gal aside, some feminists cite this lack of an informal yet respectful term for women as misogynistic; they regard non-parallel usages, such as men and female girl species (defined peoplenology)s, as sexist.
There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman.
The term "womanhood" merely means the state of being a woman, having passed the menarche; "femininity" is used to refer to a set of supposedly typical female qualities associated with a certain attitude to gender roles; "womanliness" is like "femininity", but is usually associated with a different view of gender roles;
"femaleness" is a general term, but is often used as shorthand for "human femaleness";
"distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliberate archaism; "muliebrity" is a "neologism" (derived from the Latin) meant to provide a female counterpart of "virility",
but used very loosely, sometimes to mean merely "womanhood", sometimes "femininity", and sometimes even as a collective term for women.
In many prehistoric cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role.
In hunter-gatherer societies, women were generally the gatherers of plant foods, small animal foods, fish, and learned to use dairy products, while men hunted meat from large animals.
In more recent history, the gender roles of women have changed greatly.
Traditionally, middle-class women were typically involved in domestic tasks emphasizing child care, and did not enter paid employment.
For poorer women, especially working class women, this often remained an ideal, as economic necessity compelled them to seek employment outside the home.
The occupations that were available to them were, however, lower in prestige and pay than those available to men.
As changes in the labor market for women came about, availability of employment changed from only "dirty", long houred factory jobs to "cleaner", more respectable office jobs where more education was demanded,
women's participation in the U.S. labor force rose from 6% in 1900 to 23% in 1923.
These shifts in the labor force led to changes in the attitudes of women at work, allowing for the "quiet" revolution which resulted in women becoming more career and education oriented.
Women's movements advocate equality of opportunity with men, and equal rights irrespective of gender.
Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement, in recent decades women in most societies now have access to careers beyond the traditional homemaker.
Many observers, including feminist groups, maintain that women in industry and commerce face glass ceilings.
These changes and struggles are among the foci of the academic field of women's studies.
The Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) was the personification of the feminine ideal as portrayed in the satirical pen and ink illustrated stories created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson during a twenty year period spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States.
The "Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology)" set what some argue as the first national standard for a feminine beauty ideal.
For the next two decades, the popularity of this fictional image ushered in a national mania for all things Gibson.
There was merchandising of "saucers, ashtrays, tablecloths, pillow covers, chair covers, souvenir spoons, screens, fans, umbrella stands", all bearing her image.
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for Women
The Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) was tall, slender yet with ample bosom, hips and bottom in the S-curve torso shape achieved by wearing a swan-bill corset.
The images of her epitomized the late nineteenth and early 20th-century Western preoccupation with statuesque, youthful features, and ephemeral beauty.
Her neck was thin and her hair piled high upon her head in the contemporary bouffant, pompadour, and chignon ("waterfall of curls") fashions.
The tall, narrow-waisted ideal feminine figure was portrayed as multi-faceted, always at ease and fashionable.
Gibson depicted her as an equal and sometimes teasing companion to men.
Many models posed for Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology)-style illustrations, including Gibson's wife, Irene Langhorne (who may have been the original model, and was a sister of Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor) and Evelyn Nesbit.
The most famous Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) was probably the Belgian-American stage actress, Camille Clifford, whose towering coiffure and long, elegant gowns wrapped around her hourglass figure and tightly corseted wasp waist defined the style.
Among Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) illustrators were Howard Chandler Christy whose work celebrating American "beauties" was similar to Gibson's and Harry G. Peter, who was most famous for his art on Wonder Woman comics.
"They are only collecting the usual fans and gloves" by Charles Dana Gibson
The Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) personified beauty, limited independence, personal fulfillment (she was pictured attending college and choosing the best mate,
but she was never pictured as part of a suffrage march), and American national prestige. By the outbreak of World War I,
changing fashions caused the Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) to fall from favor. Women of the World War I era favored a sober, masculine suit (first designed and popularized by Coco Chanel)
over the elegant dresses, bustle gowns, shirtwaists, and terraced, shorter skirts favored by the Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology).
Arresting and gorgeous, icons of feminine beauty from America's "golden age of illustration" (1880-1920s) dazzled viewers with an intensity, vividness and variety that captivate us today.
The creation in the 1890s of the "Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology)" by Charles Dana Gibson (1867-1944) began a decades-long fascination with idealized types of feminine beauty in America.
Other gifted illustrators of the era such as Coles Phillips (1880-1927), Wladyslaw Benda (1873-1948), Nell Brinkley (1886-1944), and John Held, Jr., (1888-1958) fashioned diverse portrayals of idealized American womanhood that mirrored changing standards of beauty.
More fundamentally, however, this popular art highlighted transformations in women's roles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
During what historians call the era of the "new woman," increasing numbers of women pursued higher education, romance, marriage, leisure activities, and a sense of individuality with greater independence.
This exhibition features drawings selected from outstanding recent acquisitions and graphic art in the Library's Cabinet of American Illustration and the Swann Collection of Caricature and Cartoon.
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for Women
The Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) first appeared in Life Magazine and rapidly set a standard for feminine beauty that endured for two decades. Gibson drew his tall, narrow-waisted ideal in black and white, portraying her as a multi-faceted type, always at ease and fashionable.
He depicted her as an equal, sometimes teasing companion to men and highlighted her interests or talents, such as violin playing in The Sweetest Story Ever Told, ca. 1910. Gibson's influence on fellow artists can be seen in the stately beauty in A Quick Change, ca. 1901 by Charlotte Harding (1873-1951). Other artists created rival icons. Coles Phillips, for example, developed his "Fade-away female girl species (defined peoplenology)" through innovative use of negative space--his full figured beauties blend into backgrounds of colorful, tightly composed designs that graced the covers of Life and Good Housekeeping in the early 1900s.
Typically involved in domestic tasks or appraising suitors' gifts as in Know All Men by These Presents, 1910, the "Phillips female girl species (defined peoplenology)" projected a warm allure that differed from the Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology)'s winsome reserve. Neither seriously challenged the patriarchal tradition of separate spheres--public and professional for men, private and domestic for women.
The influence of Gibson's and Phillip's romantic ideals waned markedly as the American public and artistic communities were introduced to modern European and American art at the time of the Armory Show of 1913 in New York City.
American society also became increasingly urban as cities burgeoned in size. Modernist styles and urbanism influenced younger artists such as Ethel Plummer (1888-1936) and Rita Senger
(active 1915-1930s) as they drew new types of beauties. Plummer drew her young women as slim silhouettes, clad in tighter, formfitting clothing.
Shown in an urban setting, they convey a consciousness of themselves as fashionable beings in their attitudes and communicate a poise and confidence that became hallmarks of the modern woman. Rita Senger's lithe beauty dancing on a shore (ca. 1916) embodied a freedom based on insistent individuality.
Compared with their predecessors, Plummer's and Senger's figures move freely in more public, open spaces. Both artists also depicted their slender beauties as stylish, flattened figures, defined by sophisticated use of line, color, and pattern in drawings that are contemporary with the introduction of modernist styles.
Their work possesses a bold, modern simplicity that was prized by Vanity Fair and Vogue. Images from magazine covers, short-story illustrations, and advertisements exerted widespread influence, for readers sought not only entertainment and enlightenment from these visual sources, but also regarded them as examples to be admired and imitated.
During the World War I era, "new women" sought equality and opportunity through more active roles in the public realm. Nell Brinkley stood out during this period as a female pioneer in the field of illustration--a woman artist who created the "Brinkley female girl species (defined peoplenology)," a highly popular icon. She drew active idealistic young women in illustrations for newspaper feature stories that she wrote.
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for Women
"Golden Eyes," a World War I heroine who promoted the sale of Liberty Bonds and supported overseas war efforts, emerged as one of Brinkley's most memorable creations. In her fine-lined Art Nouveau manner, Brinkley portrayed her heroine as a dynamic, windblown symbol of women's active patriotism.
John Held, Jr.'s creation, the flirtatious, flippant flapper, exemplified a revolutionary type of beauty. He delineated her as a stylish, carefree, and boyishly slender figure, capturing her assertive, pleasure-seeking nature in a lively, refined style.
Held's flapper pervaded popular culture, appearing in Life, Judge, Liberty, College Humor, The New Yorker, and Harper's Bazaar. The flapper's dynamic open outline departed radically from Gibson's calm, long-haired ideal. Demure in dress and manner, the Gibson female girl species (defined peoplenology) originated from the more structured, socially choreographed milieu of the Gilded Age.
In comparison, the Jazz Age icon, with her scanty clothing, short hair, and forward ways, appeared brazen. She interacted directly and boldly with men, whether dancing or joining them in sports, sometimes with humorous, witty effect as seen in The female girl species (defined peoplenology) Who Gave Him the Cold Shoulder, ca. 1925.
Wladyslaw Benda, Georges Lepape (1887-1971), and Russell Patterson (1893-1977) skillfully incorporated elements of glamour and current fashion into their compelling visions of beauty in the late 1910s-1920s.
Fashion and glamour intertwined as women avidly followed the latest trends in clothing, jewelry, and cosmetics through popular art. Polish-born Benda, working in charcoal and watercolor, created the "Benda female girl species (defined peoplenology)," whose flawless features and bejeweled form reflected the glamourous taste of the time. The strengths of his distinctive style--skillful modeling of forms, attention to detail, and use of strong color--served him well in drawing the vivid images that adorned the covers and pages of Hearst's International Magazine, Cosmopolitan,
and Liberty. In contrast with Benda, Lepape and Patterson rendered their beauties as stylized figures who indulge in smoking, a pleasure seen as mildly risqué and glamourous. Both make minimal use of modeling and depend heavily on the graphic power of elegant, outlined forms, linear patterns of clothing and trailing smoke to compose strongly decorative, eye-catching designs.
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for Women
Jaro Fabry (1912-1953) employed a modernist approach related to Held's and Patterson's beauties in creating his drawing of Katherine Hepburn for the cover of Cinema Arts. Applying watercolor with loose, free brushwork, Fabry achieves a fresh, spontaneous portrayal of Hepburn. Completely all-American, she is a fitting choice for an icon. She personifies a singular, individual beauty, yet projects star quality and universal appeal.
These artist's images reveal change and variety in women's roles in society as seen in Gibson's violin player, the heroic Brinkley female girl species (defined peoplenology), Held's flapper, Patterson's smoker, and the actress Hepburn. They also reflect significant shifts in manners and mores. Far from superficial and solely concerned with surface beauty, these icons illuminate the complex trajectory traced by the evolution of the modern woman.
Gaiety female girl species (defined peoplenology)s were the chorus female girl species (defined peoplenology)s in Edwardian musical comedies, beginning in the 1890s at the Gaiety Theatre, London, in the shows produced by George Edwardes. The popularity of this genre of musical theatre depended, in part, on the beautiful dancing corps of "Gaiety female girl species (defined peoplenology)s" appearing onstage in bathing attire and in the latest fashions.
The 1890s Gaiety female girl species (defined peoplenology)s were respectable, elegant young ladies, unlike the corseted actresses from London's earlier musical burlesques. Later, even the stars of these musical comedies were referred to as Gaiety female girl species (defined peoplenology)s.
Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901) in particular, and to the moral climate of Great Britain throughout the 19th century in general. It is not tied to this historical period and can describe any set of values that espouses sexual repression, low tolerance of crime, and a strong social ethic. Due to the prominence of the British Empire, many of these values were spread across the world.
Historians now regard the Victorian era as a time of many contradictions. A plethora of social movements concerned with improving public morals co-existed with a class system that permitted harsh living conditions for many.
The apparent contradiction between the widespread cultivation of an outward appearance of dignity and restraint and the prevalence of social phenomena that included prostitution and child labour were two sides of the same coin: various social reform movements and high principles arose from attempts to improve the harsh conditions.
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for
The term Victorian has acquired a range of connotations, including that of a particularly strict set of moral standards, which are often applied hypocritically. This stems from the image of Queen Victoria—and her husband, Prince Albert, perhaps even more so—as innocents, unaware of the private habits of many of her respectable subjects;
this particularly relates to their sex lives. This image is mistaken: Victoria’s attitude toward sexual morality was a consequence of her knowledge of the corrosive effect of the loose morals of the aristocracy in earlier reigns upon the public’s respect for the nobility and the Crown. The Prince Consort as a young child had experienced the pain of his parents' divorce after they were involved in public sexual scandals. Young Prince Albert's mother had left his family home and she died shortly thereafter.
Two hundred years earlier the Puritan republican movement, which led to the installment of Oliver Cromwell, had temporarily overthrown the British monarchy. During England’s years as a republic, the law imposed a strict moral code on the people (such as abolishing Christmas as too indulgent of the sensual pleasures).
When the monarchy was restored, a period of loose living and debauchery appeared to be a reaction to the earlier repression. (See: Charles II of England) The two social forces of Puritanism and libertinism continued to motivate the collective psyche of Great Britain from the restoration onward. This was particularly significant in the public perceptions of the later Hanoverian monarchs who immediately preceded Queen Victoria. For instance, her uncle George IV was commonly perceived as a pleasure-seeking playboy, whose conduct in office was the cause of much scandal.
By the time of Victoria, the interplay between high cultured morals and low vulgarity was thoroughly embedded in British culture.
Victorian prudery sometimes went so far as to deem it improper to say "leg" in mixed company; instead, the preferred euphemism “limb” was used. Those going for a swim in the sea at the beach would use a bathing machine.
However, historians Peter Gay and Michael Mason both point out that we often confuse Victorian etiquette for a lack of knowledge. For example, despite the use of the bathing machine, it was also possible to see people bathing nude.
Another example of the gap between our preconceptions of Victorian sexuality and the facts is that contrary to what we might expect, Queen Victoria liked to draw and collect male nude figure drawings and even gave her husband one as a present
Verbal or written communication of emotion or sexual feelings was also often proscribed so people instead used the language of flowers. However they also wrote explicit erotica, perhaps the most famous being the racy tell-all My Secret Life by the pseudonym Walter (allegedly Henry Spencer Ashbee), and the magazine The Pearl, which was published for several years and reprinted as a paperback book in the 1960s. Victorian erotica also survives in private letters archived in museums and even in a study of women's orgasms. Some current historians now believe that the myth of Victorian repression can be traced back to early twentieth-century views, such as those of Lytton Strachey, a member of the Bloomsbury Group, who wrote Eminent Victorians
Victoria ascended to the throne in 1837, only four years after the Abolition of slavery in the British Empire. The anti-slavery movement had campaigned for years to achieve the ban, succeeding with a partial abolition in 1807 and the full ban on slave trade, but not slave ownership, in 1833. It took so long because the anti-slavery morality was pitted against a powerful capitalist element in the empire, which claimed their businesses would be destroyed if they were not permitted to exploit slave labour. Eventually plantation owners in the Caribbean received £20 million in compensation.
In Victoria's time the British Royal Navy patrolled the Atlantic Ocean, stopping any ships that it suspected of trading African slaves to the Americas and freeing any slaves found. The British had set up a Crown Colony in West Africa—Sierra Leone—and transported freed slaves there. Freed slaves from Nova Scotia founded and named the capital of Sierra Leone "Freetown".
Many people living at that time argued that the living conditions of workers in English factories seemed worse than those endured by some slaves.
Throughout the whole Victorian Era homosexuals were regarded as abominations and homosexuality was illegal. However, many famous men from the British Isles, such as Oscar Wilde, were notorious homosexuals. Toward the end of the century, many large trials were held on the subject.
In the same way, throughout the Victorian Era, movements for justice, freedom, and other strong moral values opposed greed, exploitation, and cynicism. The writings of Charles Dickens, in particular, observed and recorded these conditions. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels carried out much of their analysis of capitalism in and as a reaction to Victorian Britain.
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for Women
A sexual norm can refer to a personal or a social norm. Most cultures have social norms regarding sexuality, and define normal sexuality to consist only of certain legal sex acts between individuals who meet specific criteria of age, relatedness or social role and status.
In most societies, the term 'normal' is actually a spectrum. In other words, rather than each act being simply classified as "acceptable" or "not acceptable", in practice many acts are viewed as "more or less accepted" by different people, and the opinion on how normal or acceptable they are greatly depends on the individual making the opinion as well as the culture itself.
Based on information gained from sexological studies, a great many ordinary people's sex lives are very often quite different from popular beliefs about normal, in private.
If non-restrictive sexual norms are regarded positively, they may be called sexual freedom, "sexual liberation" or "free love". If they are regarded negatively, they may be called "sexual licence" or "licentiousness". Restrictive social norms, if judged negatively, are called sexual oppression or "compulsory heterosexuality;" if the restrictive norms are judged positively, they may be regarded as encouraging chastity, "sexual self-restraint" or "sexual decency", and negative terms are used for the targeted sexuality, e.g. sexual abuse and perversion.
In the West, many people have relaxed the traditional definitions of normality, choosing instead to define normal sexuality as any sexual practice which does not involve what are regarded as sexual perversions.
However, using this definition makes use of a long list of sexual perversions which themselves show up hidden assumptions about cultural norms. Recently, in Western society, consensual paraphilias are becoming more acceptable, in particular "any activity, not otherwise illegal, performed between consenting adults in private."
This liberalization of attitudes has resulted in the legalization of homosexuality in many countries, following the ground-breaking Wolfenden report in the UK.
There is a tendency in Western countries towards serial monogamy as a normal heterosexual lifestyle. In the reverse direction, there is also a movement towards recognizing long-term homosexual relationships (see same-sex marriage).
PeopleNology
Gregory Bodenhamer
Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute
PeopleNology
Easy Earth Enterprises & Society for Women
There is also greater acceptance of sexual relationships (partnerships) without requiring the sanction of a form of marriage recognised by the church, state or legal system. In other words, there is freedom from the interference in people's sex lives by institutions. Sexual relationships are seen as a matter for individuals rather than for society as a whole.
These liberalizing trends can be contrasted with conservative social trends that seek to reverse these patterns of behaviour, with encouragement for young people to choose traditionally accepted roles, beliefs and behaviors, and to exercise sexual abstinence or non-promiscuous lifestyles before marriage.
There is an opposing trend in reaction, that views such changes as a socially destructive force, and is opposed to them. It is often, though not exclusively, associated with people who have strong religious feelings, and are prevalent in much of Christianity in America, as well as Islam in the Middle East and Asia, and other devout religious groups such as Hasidic Jews in Israel. In such countries there is often strong criticism of non-traditional sexualities and sexual liberation.
Some social unrest in both Eastern and Western cultures is due to this conflict between these two trends, and views upon acceptability and control of social and sexual norms.
Morality (from the latin moralitas "manner, character, proper behavior") has three principal meanings.
In its first descriptive usage, morality means a code of conduct held to be authoritative in matters of right and wrong. Morals are created by and define society, philosophy, religion, or individual conscience.
In its second, normative and universal sense, morality refers to an ideal code of conduct, one which would be espoused in preference to alternatives by all rational people, under specified conditions. To deny 'morality' in this sense is a position known as moral skepticism.
In its third usage, 'morality' is synonymous with ethics, the systematic philosophical study of the moral domain.
Ethics seeks to address questions such as how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation (applied ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), what morals people actually abide by (descriptive ethics), what the fundamental nature of ethics or morality is, including whether it has any objective justification (meta-ethics), and how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is (moral psychology).
In applied ethics, for example, the prohibition against taking human life is controversial with respect to capital punishment, abortion and wars of invasion. In normative ethics, a typical question might be whether a lie told for the sake of protecting someone from harm is justified. In meta-ethics, a key issue is the meaning of the terms "right" or "wrong".
Moral realism would hold that there are true moral statements which report objective moral facts, whereas moral anti-realism would hold that morality is derived from any one of the norms prevalent in society (cultural relativism); the edicts of a god (divine command theory); is merely an expression of the speakers' sentiments (emotivism); an implied imperative (prescriptive); falsely presupposes that there are objective moral facts (error theory).
Some thinkers hold that there is no correct definition of right behavior, that morality can only be judged with respect to particular situations, within the standards of particular belief systems and socio-historical contexts. This position, known as moral relativism, often cites empirical evidence from anthropology as evidence to support its claims.
The opposite view, that there are universal, eternal moral truths is known as moral absolutism. Moral absolutists might concede that forces of social conformity significantly shape moral decisions, but deny that cultural norms and customs define morally right behavior.
Evolutionary biologists, particularly sociobiologists, believe that morality is a product of evolutionary forces acting at an individual level and also at the group level through group selection.
Sociobiologists contend that the set of behaviors that constitute morality evolved because they were good for the individual and good for the group. Humans consequently evolved positive emotions, such as feelings of righteousness or pride, in response to these moral behaviors. less
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