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Physics of  Echocardiography Dr. Anil Kumar H.R Junior Consultant Department of Anaesthesiology Narayana Hrudayalaya
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I will be discussing about.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sound  ,[object Object],[object Object],Surface Vibration Pressure Wave Ear Vibration Propagation Perception
As sound propagates through a medium the particles of the medium vibrate  Air at equilibrium, in the absence of a sound wave Compressions and rarefactions that constitute a sound wave
Compressions and rarefactions which constitute the sound wave can be represented as “Sine wave” Amplitude  -  maximal compression of particles above the baseline  Wavelength  -  distance between the two nearest points of equal pressure and density
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sound velocity in different materials Material Velocity ( m/s) Air 330 Water 1497 Metal 3000 - 6000 Fat 1440 Blood  1570 Soft tissue 1540
ULTRASOUND ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object], 
Interaction of ultrasound wave with tissues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attenuation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reflection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Acoustic Impedance
Scattering  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
How is ultrasound imaging done? “ From sound to image”
Pierre Curie (1859-1906), Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903 Jacques Curie (1856-1941) PIEZOELECTRIC  EFFECT
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Construction of a Transducer Backing Material Electrodes Piezoelectric  crystal
Electronic Phased Array which uses the principle of  Electronic Delay Phased Array Transducers
Electronic Focusing Electronic beam steering
Characteristics of ULTRASOUND BEAM
  Length of near field  = ( radius) 2  / wavelength of emitted ultrasound
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schematic representation of the recording and display of the 2-D image
Our TEE Work Station..
Resolution   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Temporal resolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Trade off ..
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],So..
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A – mode shows the  Amplitude  of reflected energy   at certain depth  B- Brightness  mode shows the energy as the brightness of the point M- Motion mode  the  reflector is moving so if the depth is shown in a time plot, the motion will be  seen as a curve  A B C
M - mode ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
M – Mode uses.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
M-mode beam through Mitral Valve M-Mode Imaging
2 – D  MODE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2-D  imaging by  steering the transducer  over an area that needs to be imaged
Mechanical Steering of  the Transducer
Electronic Phased Array Transducers for 2-D imaging Linear Array Curvilinear Array
A single ‘FRAME’ being formed from  one full sweep of  beams A ‘CINE LOOP’ from multiple FRAMES
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Doppler Study
Comparison between 2-D and Doppler So, both are complementary to each other 2-D Doppler Ultrasound target Tissue Blood Goal of diagnosis Anatomy  Physiology Type of information  Structural Functional
Christian Andreas Doppler (1803 – 1853) DOPPLER  EFFECT
DOPPLER EFFECT-  ,[object Object],[object Object]
OBSERVER 2 Long wavelength  Low frequency OBSERVER 1 Small wavelength High frequency
Doppler Frequency Shift -  Higher returned frequency if RBCs are moving towards the and lower if the cells are moving away  Doppler principle as applied in Echo..
The Doppler equation  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Doppler Equation
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Important consideration !
“ Twin Paradoxes of Doppler” ,[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of being parallel to flow when detecting flow through the aortic valve
Velocity is directly proportional to frequency shift and for clinical use it is usual to discuss velocity rather than frequency shift ( although either is correct) V     f d   /  cos   V = c f d  / 2 f o  cos   V     f d
Applications of Doppler - Different  modes to measure blood velocities  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER ,[object Object]
CWD at LVOT in Deep TG Aortic Long axis view
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1/2  PV 2 Pressure Kinetic Energy Potential Energy P =  4V 2 Bernoulli Equation Balancing Kinetic and Potential energy This goes down.. As this goes up..
PULSED WAVE DOPPLER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transducer alternately transmits and receives the ultrasound data to a sample volume. Also known as  Range-gated Doppler.
PWD at LVOT in Deep TG aortic long axis view
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ALIASING  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Full spectral display of a high velocity profile fully recorded by CW Doppler PW display is aliased, or cut off, and the top is placed at the bottom
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Color Flow Doppler ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multigated, PW Doppler in which blood flow velocities are sampled at many locations along many lines covering the entire imaging sector
Echo data is processed through two channels that ultimately combine the image with the color flow data in the final display.
Color Flow Doppler.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CFM  v/s Angiography CFM Angiography Records velocity not flow; So in MR, CFM jet area consists of both atrial and ventricular blood –  Billiard Ball Effect Records flow Larger regurgitant orifice area there will be smaller jet area Larger regurgitant orifice area there will be larger jet area
Instrumentation factors in Color Doppler Imaging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
To Summarise.. ,[object Object],[object Object]
To Summarise.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 

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Basic Physics Of Transoesophageal Echocardiography For The Workshop2

  • 1. Physics of Echocardiography Dr. Anil Kumar H.R Junior Consultant Department of Anaesthesiology Narayana Hrudayalaya
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. As sound propagates through a medium the particles of the medium vibrate Air at equilibrium, in the absence of a sound wave Compressions and rarefactions that constitute a sound wave
  • 6. Compressions and rarefactions which constitute the sound wave can be represented as “Sine wave” Amplitude - maximal compression of particles above the baseline Wavelength - distance between the two nearest points of equal pressure and density
  • 7.
  • 8. Sound velocity in different materials Material Velocity ( m/s) Air 330 Water 1497 Metal 3000 - 6000 Fat 1440 Blood 1570 Soft tissue 1540
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.  
  • 16. How is ultrasound imaging done? “ From sound to image”
  • 17. Pierre Curie (1859-1906), Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903 Jacques Curie (1856-1941) PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
  • 18.
  • 19. Construction of a Transducer Backing Material Electrodes Piezoelectric crystal
  • 20. Electronic Phased Array which uses the principle of Electronic Delay Phased Array Transducers
  • 23. Length of near field = ( radius) 2 / wavelength of emitted ultrasound
  • 24.
  • 25. Schematic representation of the recording and display of the 2-D image
  • 26. Our TEE Work Station..
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. A – mode shows the Amplitude of reflected energy at certain depth B- Brightness mode shows the energy as the brightness of the point M- Motion mode the reflector is moving so if the depth is shown in a time plot, the motion will be seen as a curve A B C
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37. M-mode beam through Mitral Valve M-Mode Imaging
  • 38.
  • 39. 2-D imaging by steering the transducer over an area that needs to be imaged
  • 40. Mechanical Steering of the Transducer
  • 41. Electronic Phased Array Transducers for 2-D imaging Linear Array Curvilinear Array
  • 42. A single ‘FRAME’ being formed from one full sweep of beams A ‘CINE LOOP’ from multiple FRAMES
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. Comparison between 2-D and Doppler So, both are complementary to each other 2-D Doppler Ultrasound target Tissue Blood Goal of diagnosis Anatomy Physiology Type of information Structural Functional
  • 46. Christian Andreas Doppler (1803 – 1853) DOPPLER EFFECT
  • 47.
  • 48. OBSERVER 2 Long wavelength Low frequency OBSERVER 1 Small wavelength High frequency
  • 49. Doppler Frequency Shift - Higher returned frequency if RBCs are moving towards the and lower if the cells are moving away Doppler principle as applied in Echo..
  • 50.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55. Importance of being parallel to flow when detecting flow through the aortic valve
  • 56. Velocity is directly proportional to frequency shift and for clinical use it is usual to discuss velocity rather than frequency shift ( although either is correct) V   f d / cos  V = c f d / 2 f o cos  V   f d
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60. CWD at LVOT in Deep TG Aortic Long axis view
  • 61.
  • 62. 1/2 PV 2 Pressure Kinetic Energy Potential Energy P = 4V 2 Bernoulli Equation Balancing Kinetic and Potential energy This goes down.. As this goes up..
  • 63.
  • 64. Transducer alternately transmits and receives the ultrasound data to a sample volume. Also known as Range-gated Doppler.
  • 65. PWD at LVOT in Deep TG aortic long axis view
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68. Full spectral display of a high velocity profile fully recorded by CW Doppler PW display is aliased, or cut off, and the top is placed at the bottom
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72. Multigated, PW Doppler in which blood flow velocities are sampled at many locations along many lines covering the entire imaging sector
  • 73. Echo data is processed through two channels that ultimately combine the image with the color flow data in the final display.
  • 74.
  • 75. CFM v/s Angiography CFM Angiography Records velocity not flow; So in MR, CFM jet area consists of both atrial and ventricular blood – Billiard Ball Effect Records flow Larger regurgitant orifice area there will be smaller jet area Larger regurgitant orifice area there will be larger jet area
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.  
  • 80.